DISCIPLINE RECORD

Total hours (per semester) of

curriculum (84 SEM. II)

Discipline title
Year of study
Discipline conditions
Total hours of curriculum
Discipline coordinator

ANATOMY EMBRIOLOGY
Semester
type
of
final
II
II The
assessment
Number of credits
Ob
Total
hours
of
Total
hours
per
134
50
individual study
semester
Assoc.prof. Dumitru Pduraru

Faculty
Department

Medicine
Morpho-functional
sciences
Profile
Medicine
Specialization Medicine

Total
84

Lecture
28

S
-

E2
5
84

Laboratory P
56
-

The objectives of the lecture

1. Knowledge of the human body developmental stages and anomalies
2. Knowledge of the human body structures, their organization in systems and in
between relations
3. Anatomo-functional correlations regarding the human body structures
4. Anatomical exploration of the human body structures, applied anatomy and clinical
correlations

Lecture contents - syllabus 28 hours

1. Central nervous system. Principles of functional organization. Stages of organization of
the central nervous system. The place of the central nervous system in the systemic
theory. Principles of synaptic organization. Cortical and nuclear structures. The neuropile.
Morphogenesis of the cephalic extremity: The neural plate. The neural tube. The
primitive brain. Segmental organization. Derivatives of the cerebral vesicles.
2. The spinal cord: the gray matter. Functional organization of the ventral horn, dorsal horn
and of the fundamental substance.
3. The spinal cord: the white matter. The system of the posterior funiculus. The system of
the anterior and lateral funiculi. The associative systems. Applied anatomy.
4. The brainstem. Functional organization of the gray matter. The somatic motor column.
The branchiomeric motor column. The motor visceral column. The somatic sensitive
column. The general visceral sensitive column. Intersegmental nuclei, reticular formation.
Applied anatomy.
5. The brainstem: functional organization of the white matter. The descending and

ascending tracts. The fibers of association. The cerebellar fibres.

6. The cerebellum. The cerebellar cortex. The cerebellar nuclei. Cerebellar-cerebral,
spinocerebellar and vestibulocerebellar circuits. Applied anatomy.
7. The diencephalon. Functional organization of the thalamic nuclei. The nuclear
topography. Functional connexions of the thalamic nuclei. The thalamic peduncles.
8. The diencephalon. Functional organization of hypothalamus, epithalamus, metathalamus
and subthalamus. Topography of the hypothalamic nuclei. Classification of the main
nuclear structures according to the systemic connexions. The neuroendocrine
hypothalamus. The periventricular gray matter. Applied anatomy.
9. The cerebral hemispheres. Functional organization. The cerebral cortex: laminar
structure. The cortical input. Organization of the cortical column, hipercolumn and
cortical module. Cortical output. Cortical areas. Hemisphere dominance.
10. The basal ganglia. Functional organization. Neostriatum and paleostriatum. The acetylcholinergic circuits and the striosomes. The dopaminergic input. The functional loops and
the striatum.
11. The afferent systems. Synaptic and functional organization of the olphactory and limbic
systems. Limbic circuits.
12. The afferent systems. Synaptic and functional organization of the optic, auditory and
vestibular systems. Applied anatomy. Anatomical models of cochlear implants.
13. The motor systems. Hierarchical levels. The supplementary aria and the genetic program
of movement. The efferent system of voluntary movement. The efferent systems of the
movements control.
14. The autonomic nervous system. Principles of functional organization. Topography of
the presynaptic autonomic neurons. Medullar sympathetic centers. Parasympathetic
centers. Topography of the postsynaptic autonomic neurons. The intermediate and
terminal ganglia. Superior centers of the autonomic system control.

Content of seminar / laboratory - Syllabus 56 hours; 4 hours/week

1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.

1.
2.
1.

1.

1st week
Spinal cord: definition, limits, external features, relations, blood supply. Spinal meninges.
Spinal cord: segmental organization, anatomical cross sections. Spinal nerves.
2nd week
Brainstem: definition, limits, external features, relations, blood supply. Vascular syndroms.
Brainstem: cross sectional features.
3rd week
Cerebellum: definition, external features, relations, blood supply.
Cerebellum: lobulation, cross sectional features.
4th week
Diencephalon. Thalamus and epithalamus: definition, external features, relations, blood supply.
Diencephalon: hypothalamus and subthalamus: definition, external features, relations, blood
supply.
5th week
Diencephalon: cross sectional features.
Cerebral hemispheres: definition, external features, relations, blood supply.
6th week
Basal ganglia. Lentiform nucleus: definition, external features, relations, blood supply. Caudate
nucleus: definition, external features, relations, blood supply. Other nuclei of the corticosubcortical system.
The brain commissures. Corpus callosum: definition, external features, relations, blood supply.

Fornix: definition, external features, relations, blood supply. Other commissural structures.
2. Ventricular system of the brain. Lateral ventricles. Diencephalic ventricle. Cerebral aqueduct.
Rombencephalic ventricle. Cerebrospinal fluid and its circulation.Cranial meninges. Dura mater:
disposition, prolongations, venous sinuses, epidural and subdural spaces. Leptomeninges:
disposition, relations, subarachnoid space.
7th week
1. Cerebral hemispheres cross-sections: vertical (Charcot), horizontal (Flechsig) and sagital
(Yakovlev).
2. Oculomotor nerves (III, IV and VI): definition, real origin, superficial origin, course, relations,
distribution and branches.
8th week
1. Trigeminal nerve: definition, real origin, superficial origin, course, relations, collateral branches.
Ophthalmic nerve.
2. Maxillary and mandibular nerves: definition, real origin, superficial origin, course, relations,
collateral and terminal branches.
9th week
1. Facial nerve: definition, real origin, superficial origin, course, relations, collateral and terminal
branches.
2. Glossopharyngeal nerve: definition, real origin, superficial origin, course, relations, collateral
and terminal branches.
10th week
1. Vagus nerve: definition, real origin, superficial origin, course, relations, collateral and terminal
branches (except those cervical and thoracic).
2. Accessory and hypoglossal nerves: definition, real origin, superficial origin, course, relations,
collateral and terminal branches.
11th week
1. Eyeball: structure and blood supply.
2. Accessory visual apparatus.
12th week
1. External ear and middle ear.
2. Internal ear: osseous and membranous labyrinths.
13th week
1. Acoustic pathway. Vestibular pathway.
2. Gustatory system: lingual mucosa (topography and receptors nerve supply), gustatory pathway.
14th week
1. Olphactory mucosa (topography and special features of the olphactory receptors), olphactory
pathway. Vomeronasal organ, nervus terminalis.
2. Internal carotid system. Anterior cerebral artery. Middle cerebral artery. Vertebro-basilar system.
Posterior cerebral artery. Venous system of the brain.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Afifi AK, Bergman RA: Functional neuroanatomy, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1998.
2. Carpenter MB: Core text of neuroanatomy, 4th ed., Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore,
1991
3. Drake R, Voegl W, Mitchell A. Gray's Anatomy for Students. Churchill Livingstone,
2004.
4. Kiernan M. Barrs The Human Nervous System: An Anatomical Viewpoint, Lippincott
Williams Wilkins, 2008.
5. Ross LM, Lamperti ED, Taub E. Head and Neuroanatomy. Thieme, Stuttgart, New York,
2007.
6. Standring S. Gray's Anatomy, 40th ed, Elsevier, 2005.

COMPETENCIES
1. Exploring of the supratentorial, subtentorial spaces and trigeminal cavum.
2. Identification and anatomical exploration of spinal and cranial meninges with their prolongations
and spaces.
3. Anatomical, sectional and imagistic exploration of central nervous system segments with their
corresponding details.
4. Anatomical and imagistic exploration of cerebral vascular systems.
5. Identification and anatomical exploration of cranial nerves and their branches.
6. Anatomical exploration of sensory organs with identification of their structural components.

In determining the final mark is taken into

account
answers to exam / oral (final evaluation):
choice test
practical example
Testing continues throughout the semester

Expressed as weight in scoring

percent (Total = 100%)

50%
35%
15%

Describe the final practical assessment E / V (eg written paper (descriptive and / or multiple
choice test and / or problems, etc..), Oral, individual or group oral examination, project, etc.).
- Road tests and final examination, all computer
study on the specific problems, dissection ppt presentation., projector and DVD, the cadaver
dissection, pieces of dissection
7.
8. Estimate the total time (hours per semester) claimed for the students self-study activities
(fill with 0 activities that are not required)
1
Deciphering the study notes the
7
course
2
Study by manual, course support
7
3
Study of the minimal
6
indicated bibliography
4
Additional documentation into the
3
library
5
Specific training activity
5
Seminar and / or laboratory
6
Creating of themes, reports, essays,
0
translations, etc..
7
Training control works
5
8
Preparing oral presentations
3
9
Final preparation for examination
10
10 Consultations
3
11 Field Documentation
0
12 Internet Documentation
1

13
14

Other activities ...

Other activities ...

0
0
Total hours of individual study (the
semester) = 50

Date of completion: 2012

Signature of the discipline coordinator :