DIP Final Manual-2014

CONTENTS
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING LAB
EE-792D
Credit: 2
Contact: 3P
1. READ AND DISPLAY DIGITAL IMAGES
2. CONTRAST STRETCHING, FLIPPED IMAGE AND NEGETIVE IMAGE
3. IMAGE ARITHMATIC OPERATIONS
4. HISTOGRAM EQUALIZATION
5. LINEAR AND NONLINEAR FILTERING
6. EDGE DETECTION OF AN IMAGE USING OPERATORS
FUTURE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING LAB MANUAL
PAPER CODE : (EE 792D)
INTRODUCTION
An image may be defined as a two-dimensional function, f ( x, y) , where x and y are spatial coordinates,
and the amplitude of f at any pair of coordinates ( x, y) is called the intensity or gray level of the image at that
point. When x, y and the amplitude values of f are all finite, discrete quantities, we call the image a digital image.
The field of digital image processing refers to processing digital images by means of a digital computer. Note that a
digital image is composed of a finite number of elements, each of which has a particular location and value. These
elements are referred to as pixels.
A digital image can be represented naturally as a matrix:
f (1,1)
f (2,1)
f
...
f ( M ,1)
f (1, 2)
f (2, 2)
...
...
...
...
f ( M , 2) ...
f (1, N )
f (2, N )
...
f (M , N )
We use letters M and N , respectively, to denote the number of rows and columns in a matrix.
PAPER CODE: EE-792D 4TH Yr. (7TH SEM)

EXPERIMENT 01:
TITLE: READ AND DISPLAY DIGITAL IMAGES
OBJECTIVE: To read and display digital images using matlab
1.1 THEORY:
The imread function reads an image from any supported graphics image file format. The syntax is:
imread(filename);
Here filename is a string containing the complete name of the image file.
Example 1.1:
f = imread('moon.tif') ; %reads the JPEG image moon into image array f.
imshow(f) ; %display the image in a matlab figure window.

1.2 Read and display images in medical file format:
To read image data from a DICOM file, use the dicomread function. To view the image data imported
from a DICOM file, use one of the toolbox image display functions imshow or imtool. Note, however, that
because the image data in this DICOM file is signed 16-bitdata, you must use the auto scaling syntax with
either display function to make the image viewable.
Example 1.2:
I = dicomread('CT-MONO2-16-ankle.dcm'); %reads the .dcm image into image array I.
imshow(I,'DisplayRange',[]); %display the image in a matlab figure window.
1.3 Read and display Colour images:

An RGB Colour image is an M x N x 3 array of Colour pixels, where each Colour pixel is a triplet
corresponding to the red, green and blue components of an RGB image at a specific spatial location. An
RGB image may be viewed as a stack of three gray scale images that, when fed into the red, green, and
blue inputs of a Colour monitor, produce a Colour image on the screen. By convention, the three images
forming an RGB Colour image are referred to as the red, green, and blue component images. The RGB

Colour space usually is shown graphically as an RGB Colour cube, as depicted in figure. The vertices of
the cube are the primary (red, green and blue) and secondary (cyan, magenta and yellow) Colours of light.
Colour images can also be read by imread function.
Example 1.3:
I = imread('football.jpg'); %reading the colour image
Imshow(I); %showing the image
1.4 Converting Colour images into gray scale images:

Colour images can be converted into gray scale images by function rgb2gray.

Example 1.4:
clear all;
close all;
clc;
I = imread('football.jpg');
grayfootballimage=rgb2gray(I);
subplot(1,2,1),imshow(I),title('original Colour image');
subplot(1,2,2),imshow(grayfootballimage),title('gray image');
1.4 Converting colour images into binary images:

Colour images can be converted into binary images by function im2bw.
Example 1.4:
clear all;
close all;
clc;
I = imread('football.jpg');
bwfootballimage=im2bw(I);
subplot(1,2,1),imshow(I),title('original gray image');
subplot(1,2,2),imshow(I),title('binary image');

1.5 Image resizing:
Image resizing can be done by the following command:
imresize(image,[parameters]);
Example 1.5:
clear all;
close all;
clc;
I=imread('rice.png');
Isize=size(I);
Iresize=imresize(I,[150 150]);
figure,imshow(I),title('original image');
figure,imshow(Iresize),title('resize image');
original image
Assignment 1.1:
Read the image football.jpg. Find size of the image. Resize it to 150x150.


EXPERIMENT 2:
TITLE: CONTRAST STRETCHING, FLIPPED IMAGE AND NEGETIVE IMAGE
OBJECTIVE: To write and execute image processing methods to obtain negative image, flip image.
2.1 THEORY:
In threshold operation, pixel value greater than threshold value is made white and pixel value less than
threshold value is made black. If we consider image having gray levels r and if grey levels in output image is
s then,
s0
if r m
s 255 if r m , where m is threshold.

Negative image can be obtained by subtracting each pixel value from 255.
Contrast stretching means darkening level below threshold value and whitening level above threshold value. This
technique will enhance contrast of a given image. Threshold is example of extreme contrast stretching.
Example 2.1: Thresholding (Extreme contrast stretching)
% threshold operation
close all;
clear all;
clc;
y=imread('football.jpg');%read original image
if ndims(y)==3
z=rgb2gray(y);%if the image is a Colour image transform it to gray
end
T=input('enter threshold value between 0 to 255:');%enter threshold
[m,n]=size(z);%size of gray image
for i=1:m
for j=1:n
if z(i,j)>T
x(i,j)=255;
else x(i,j)=0;
end
end
end
figure,imshow(y),title('original image');%display original image
figure, imshow(z),title('gray scale image');%display gray image
figure,imshow(x),title('threshold image');%display threshold image

Assignment 2.1:
Read the image cameraman.tif.Run the above program for different threshold values and find out optimum
threshold value for which you are getting better result.

Example 2.2: flip the given image horizontally
%flip image horizontally
clear all;
close all;
clc;
z=imread('cameraman.tif');%read original image
for i=1:m
for j=1:n
horizontal_flipped_image(i,j)=z(i,n+1-j);%horizontal flip image
end
end
subplot(1,2,1),imshow(z),title('original image');
subplot(1,2,2),imshow(horizontal_flipped_image),title('horizontal flipped image');
original image horizontal flipped image

Assignment 2.2: Read the image football.jpg and modify the program for getting vertical flipping.

Example 2.3: Obtain negative image
% negative image
clear all;
close all;
clc;
for i=1:m
for j=1:n
negative_image(i,j)=255-z(i,j);%generate horizontal flip image
end
end
subplot(1,2,1),imshow(z),title('original image');
subplot(1,2,2),imshow(negative_image),title('negative image');
original image
negative image

Assignment 2.3: Read the image football.jpg and obtain the negative image.

Example 2.4: Contrast stretching using three slopes and two threshold values T1 and T2
%contrast stretching using three slopes and two threshold values
close all;
clear all;
clc;
T1=input('enter threshold value between 0 to 255:');%enter threshold
T2=input('enter threshold value between 0 to 255:');%enter threshold
for i=1:m
for j=1:n
if z(i,j)<=T1
newimage(i,j)=z(i,j);
end
if z(i,j)>T1&&z(i,j)<=T2
newimage(i,j)=2*z(i,j);
end
if z(i,j)>T2
newimage(i,j)=z(i,j);
end
end
end
subplot(1,2,1), imshow(z),title('original image');%display gray image
subplot(1,2,2),imshow(newimage),title(contrast stretching');%contrast image
original image
contrast stretching

1. Read the image cameraman.tif. Apply contrast stretching using three slopes and two suitable
threshold values T1 and T2.

EXPERIMENT 3:
TITLE: IMAGE ARITHMATIC OPERATIONS
OBJECTIVE: To write and execute programs for image arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction
and complement
3.1 THEORY: If there are two images I1 and I 2 then addition of image can be given by:
I ( x, y) I1( x, y) I 2 ( x, y)
Where I ( x, y) is resultant image due to addition of two images. x, y are coordinates of image. Image addition is
pixel to pixel. Value of pixel should not cross maximum permissible value that is 255 for grey scale image. When it
exceeds value 255, it should be clipped to 255.
Exercise 3.1: Image addition and subtraction
clear all;close all;clc;
x=imread('cameraman.tif');%read original image
y=imread('rice.png');
addition_image=imadd(x,y);
subtraction_image=imsubtract(x,y);
subplot(2,2,1),imshow(x),title('original image I1');
subplot(2,2,2),imshow(y),title('original image I2');
subplot(2,2,3),imshow(addition_image),title('addition of image I1+I2');
subplot(2,2,4),imshow(subtraction_image),title('subtraction of image I1-I2');

Assignment 3.1: Add and subtract two images 'coins.png' and rice.png without using standard matlab
functions.

EXPERIMENT 4:
TITLE: HISTOGRAM EQUALIZATION
OBJECTIVE: To write programs for generating and plotting image histograms and equalizations
4.1 THEORY: The histogram of a digital image with L total possible intensity levels in the range [0, G] is
defined as the discrete function h(rk ) nk where, rk is the kth intensity level in the interval [0, G] and nk is the
number of pixels in the image whose intensity level is rk . The value of G is 255 for images of class unit8, 65535
for images of class unit16, and 1.0 for images of class double. Keep in mind that indices in MATLAB cannot be 0,
so r1 corresponds to intensity level 0, r2 corresponds to intensity level 1, and so on, with rL corresponding to level
G . Note also that, G L 1 for images of class unit8 and unit16.

Histogram equalization is a technique for adjusting image intensities to enhance contrast. Let pr (r j ), j 1, 2,..., L,
denote the histogram associated with the intensity levels of a given image. For discrete quantities we work with
summations, and the equalization transformation becomes
sk T (rk )
j 1
k n
j
pr (r j )
n
j 1
for k 1, 2,..., L where sk is the intensity value in the output image
corresponding to value rk in the input image.

Example 4.1: Histogram equalization
%histogram equalization
close all;clear all;clc;
z=imread('football.jpg');%read original image
y=rgb2gray(z);%gray scale image
new_image=histeq(y);%histogram equalized image
subplot(2,2,1),imhist(y),title('histogram of original image');
subplot(2,2,2),imhist(new_image),title('histogram of new image');
subplot(2,2,3),imshow(y),title('original image');
subplot(2,2,4),imshow(new_image),title('histogram equalized image');

histogram of original image
histogram of new image

1500
1000
1000
500
500
0
0
100
original image
200
100
200
histogram equalized image
Assignment 4.1: Read the image cameraman.tif'. If the image is a color image change it to a gray image.
Obtain histogram of the gray image using and without using standard MATLAB functions. Obtain
histogram equalization using & without using standard MATLAB functions.


EXPERIMENT 5:
TITLE: LINEAR AND NONLINEAR FILTERING
OBJECTIVE: To write programs for generating linear and nonlinear filtered image
5.1 THEORY:
Linear Filtering: Linear operations consist of multiplying each pixel in the neighbourhood by a
corresponding coefficient and summing the results to obtain the response at each point ( x, y) . If the
neighbourhood is of size m x n, [mn] coefficients are required. These coefficients are arranged as a matrix, called a
filter, mask etc.
Nonlinear Filtering: Nonlinear spatial filtering is based on neighbourhood operations also, and the mechanics of
defining m x n neighbourhood by sliding the center point through an image are the same as linear filtering.
However, whereas linear spatial filtering is based on computing the sum of products (which is a linear operation),
nonlinear spatial filtering is based as the name implies, on nonlinear operations involving the pixels of a
neighbourhood.
Example 5.1: Linear Spatial Filter
% linear filter with matlab command
close all;
clear all;
clc;
f=imread('moon.tif');%read image
f=im2double(f);
w4=fspecial('laplacian',0);%laplacian filter with -4 at centre
w8=[1 1 1;1 -8 1;1 1 1];%laplacian filter with -8 at centre
g4=f-imfilter(f,w4,'same','conv');%same size and convolution
g8=f-imfilter(f,w8,'same','conv');%same size and convolution
subplot(2,2,1),imshow(f),title('original image');
subplot(2,2,2),imshow(g4),title('filtered image by laplacian filter with -4 at
center');
subplot(2,2,4),imshow(g4),title('filtered image by laplacian filter with -8 at
center');

original image
filtered image by laplacian filter with -4 at center
original image
filtered image by laplacian filter with -8 at center
Assignment 5.1: Read the image cameraman.tif. Filter image using laplacian filter using standard
MATLAB functions.


Example 5.2: Non linear Spatial Filter
% Non-Linear Filter
close all;
clear all;
clc;
f=imread('eight.tif');%read image
fn=imnoise(f,'salt & pepper',0.02);%add noise
K = medfilt2(fn);%median filter
subplot(2,2,2),imshow(fn),title('image with salt and pepper noise');
subplot(2,2,4),imshow(K),title('filtered image by nonlinear filter');
original image
image with salt and pepper noise
filtered image by nonlinear filter

Assignment 5.2: Read the image cameraman.tif Add salt and pepper noise, poisson noise to the given
image. Remove the noise using median filter.

EXPERIMENT NO. 06
TITEL: - EDGE DETECTION OF AN IMAGE USING OPERATORS.
OBJECTIVE: - TO DETECT THE EDGE OF AN IMAGE BY USING OPERATORS.
6.1 THEORY:
Edges are calculated by using difference between corresponding pixel intensities of an image. All the
masks that are used for edge detection are also known as derivative masks. As image is also a signal so
changes in a signal can only be calculated using differentiation. So thats why these operators are also
called as derivative operators or derivative masks.
All the derivative masks should have the following properties:
Opposite sign should be present in the mask.

Sum of mask should be equal to zero.
More weight means more edge detection.
Prewitt operator provides us two masks one for detecting edges in horizontal direction and another for
detecting edges in a vertical direction. When we apply this mask on the image it prominent vertical edges.
It simply works like as first order derivate and calculates the difference of pixel intensities in a edge
region. As the centre column is of zero so it does not include the original values of an image but rather it
calculates the difference of right and left pixel values around that edge. This increase the edge intensity
and it became enhanced comparatively to the original image.
Example 6.1: Edge Detection by Prewitt Operator

% edge detection operation
by prewitt operator
close all;
clear all;
clc;
f1=imread('coins.png');%read original image
f2=im2double(f1); %converting the image value in to double
f3=edge(f2,'prewitt'); % prewitt operation
figure,imshow(f1),title('original image');%display original image
figure,imshow(f3),title(after edge detection image');%display edge image

Original Image
After edge detection image
Assignment 6.1: Read the image football.jpg and fiend the edge with various operators (sobel, canny,
Roberts, laplacian etc.).


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CONTENTS

DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING LAB

1. READ AND DISPLAY DIGITAL IMAGES

2. CONTRAST STRETCHING, FLIPPED IMAGE AND NEGETIVE IMAGE

3. IMAGE ARITHMATIC OPERATIONS

5. LINEAR AND NONLINEAR FILTERING

6. EDGE DETECTION OF AN IMAGE USING OPERATORS

FUTURE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

PAPER CODE: EE-792D 4TH Yr. (7TH SEM)

FUTURE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

PAPER CODE: EE-792D 4TH Yr. (7TH SEM)

FUTURE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

1.3 Read and display Colour images:

PAPER CODE: EE-792D 4TH Yr. (7TH SEM)

FUTURE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

1.4 Converting Colour images into gray scale images:

PAPER CODE: EE-792D 4TH Yr. (7TH SEM)

FUTURE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

1.4 Converting colour images into binary images:

PAPER CODE: EE-792D 4TH Yr. (7TH SEM)

FUTURE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

PAPER CODE: EE-792D 4TH Yr. (7TH SEM)

FUTURE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

PAPER CODE: EE-792D 4TH Yr. (7TH SEM)

FUTURE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

s 255 if r m , where m is threshold.

PAPER CODE: EE-792D 4TH Yr. (7TH SEM)

FUTURE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

PAPER CODE: EE-792D 4TH Yr. (7TH SEM)

FUTURE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

original image horizontal flipped image

PAPER CODE: EE-792D 4TH Yr. (7TH SEM)

FUTURE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

PAPER CODE: EE-792D 4TH Yr. (7TH SEM)

FUTURE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

PAPER CODE: EE-792D 4TH Yr. (7TH SEM)

FUTURE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

PAPER CODE: EE-792D 4TH Yr. (7TH SEM)

FUTURE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

PAPER CODE: EE-792D 4TH Yr. (7TH SEM)

FUTURE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

PAPER CODE: EE-792D 4TH Yr. (7TH SEM)

FUTURE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

PAPER CODE: EE-792D 4TH Yr. (7TH SEM)

FUTURE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

PAPER CODE: EE-792D 4TH Yr. (7TH SEM)

FUTURE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

G . Note also that, G L 1 for images of class unit8 and unit16.

for k 1, 2,..., L where sk is the intensity value in the output image

corresponding to value rk in the input image.

PAPER CODE: EE-792D 4TH Yr. (7TH SEM)

FUTURE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

histogram of original image

histogram of new image

histogram equalized image

PAPER CODE: EE-792D 4TH Yr. (7TH SEM)

FUTURE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

PAPER CODE: EE-792D 4TH Yr. (7TH SEM)

FUTURE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

PAPER CODE: EE-792D 4TH Yr. (7TH SEM)

FUTURE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

filtered image by laplacian filter with -4 at center

filtered image by laplacian filter with -8 at center