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Lecture 1
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S(t)
Microphone
Telephone
Computer
Scanner
Transmitter
Transformer
Encoder
Compress
Modulator
Transformer
Decoder
Uncompress
Demodulator
Speaker
Earphone
Computer
Printer
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Text, voice
Video, etc
Digital
Text, voice
Video, etc
Converter
Encoder
Digital Signal
s(t) voltage
Analog
Analogy Signal
s 2(t)dt
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General
Communication
Component H()
Digital-to-Digital
Analogy-to-Digital
Digital-to-Analogy
3
Analogy-to-Analogy
4 classes/types
of systems
- Input-to-Output
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Transformation
Periodic
cos2f1t
T=1/f1
t
T
period
f: frequency
S(f)
f1
A
s(t)=Acos2f1t + Bcos2f2t
Fourier Transform
Analogy Signal
S(f)=s(t)e -j2f df
s(t)
f2
S(f)
Aperiodic
Digital Signal
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T=LCM(1/f1, 1/f2)
f1
s(t)
B = F2 F1
F1 Bandwidth F2
S(f)
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Lecture 1
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Frequency Domain
Low Frequency
High Frequency
Signal Bandwidth
small
large
Frequency Unit: Hertz (Hz), Kilohertz (KHz), Megahertz (MHz), Gigahertz (GHz), Terahertz (THz)
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System: H()
Transmission
Bandwidth
System Bandwidth
B = F2 F1
F1
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F2
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Lecture 1
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Transmission Media
A transmission medium: - a connection between a sender and a receiver
- a signal can pass but with attenuation/distortion
- a special system with a transmission bandwidth
(lines)
- Twisted pair (0~10MHz)
- Coaxial cable (100K~500MHz)
- Optical fiber (180~370THz)
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LF (30~300KHz, Navigation)
MF/HF (300~3000KHz, AM/SW radio)
VHF (30~300MHz, TV & FM radio)
UHF (0.3~3GHz, TV, mobile phone)
SHF (3~30GHz, satellite, microwave)
EHF (30~300GHz, experimental com)
Infrared (no frequency allocation)
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LF
30kHz
10km
MF
300kHz
1km
VHF
HF
3MHz
30MHz
100m
10m
UHF
300MHz
SHF
3GHz
EHF
30GHz
300GHz
1cm
100mm
10cm
1m
X rays
infrared visible UV
1 kHz
1 MHz
1 GHz
1 THz
1 PHz
Gamma rays
1 EHz
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Sender
N
Receiver
Parallel Transmission
Sender
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
Receiver
Serial Transmission
Sender
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0110001
P/S converter
0
1
1
0 Receiver
0
0
1
S/P converter
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Asynchronous transmission:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Frame4
1 0110001 0
Frame2
Frame3
Frame1
idle
1 1001100 0
1 0011101 0 1 1011100 0
Receiver
Independent clocks
Synchronous transmission:
1)
2)
3)
4)
A bit stream is segmented into relative large groups/blocks many characters or bytes
Add control bits at the beginning and end of each block
Frame = H_control_bits + characters (data_bits) + T_control_bits
No gap/interval/idle between two characters in a data block/frame
Trailer
Sender
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Con_bits 0110001
...
Frame
Header
0110001 1001100 0011101 1011100 Con_bits
Synchronized
10 clocks
Receiver
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Lecture 1
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Half Duplex
Transmission
Direction of data
Device A
Device B
One can send and the other can receive
Device B
Full Duplex
Transmission
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Device A
Device B
Both can send and receive simultaneously
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Standard Organizations:
-
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Lecture 1
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EIA/RS-232 Standard
bit 0
Device B
Receiver
Device A
Sender
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Lecture 1
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Exercise 1
1. Two signals are given in the following figures. Whose bandwidth is large? Why?
s(t)
s(t)
(a)
(b)
2. Draw the RS-232 waveform diagrams of ASCII letters of R (1010010) and S (1110011).
3. Give at least one example for each of the following transmission/communication modes:
parallel transmission, serial transmission, simplex transmission and duplex transmission.
4. Suppose one sent 10000 7bit characters across an EIA-232 or RS-232 connection that
operated at 9600 bps (9.6Kbps). How long will the minimum transmission time be required?
(Hint: remember to add a start bit and a stop bit on each character.)
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