Millennium Development Goals in PDF

65th Anniversary Radio Series Exclusively from
Faith & Global Hunger

In Support of the Millennium Development Goals
The Millenium Development Goals

PDF
Courtesy of the
End Poverty 2015 Millennium Campaign
www.endpoverty2015.org
For more information about the radio program contact 1-800-229-3788
or visit us online at hunger.Day1.org
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The Millennium Development Goals: An Overview

• At the United Nations Millennium Summit in 2000, the United States joined 189 world governments in the
commitment to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015. The MDGs are a set of 8 goals
aimed at halving global poverty and hunger, achieving universal primary education, eradicating gender
inequality, vastly reducing child and maternal mortality, halting and reversing the spread of HIV/AIDS, ensuring
environmental sustainability, and creating global partnerships for development.

• In September 2009, the US government reaffirmed that the MDGs are “America’s Goals” by pledging to
“approach next year’s [2010 MDG Review] Summit with a global plan to make them a reality” and to
“…eradicat[e]…extreme poverty in our time.”

• 2010 is a year to assess progress to date, accelerate achievement, and offers a unique opportunity to catalyze
public discussion and policy development on the MDGs; particularly leading up to 2010 MDG Review Summit
scheduled for September 20‐23, as part of the 65th UN General Assembly, possibly the most important event on
the global policy calendar for 2010.

• Each country determines its own development strategy in terms of achieving the MDGs and how to measure
progress. The MDGs guide and unite donors and partners toward reaching crucial targets, such as reducing
poverty and hunger, improving health and education and ensuring gender equality. The United States uses the
MDGs to inform development strategy and its position on best practices and policy.

• Between 1990 and 2005, tremendous progress has been made, even in the poorest countries. The world’s
population living in extreme poverty has been reduced from 50 to 25 percent; however, the global economic
crisis has severely altered the economic landscape, causing stagnation and even regression of achieving the
MDGs. Recently, an additional 35 million people reached extreme levels of poverty, and for the first time in
world history, the number of chronically malnourished has reached 1 billion.1

• Most MDGs are still achievable in most countries, provided that policies and sufficient implementation
mechanisms are in place. Despite recent setbacks, evidence demonstrates that the MDGs can be achieved when
good policies and projects are backed by adequate resources. For example, significant progress has been made
toward achieving universal primary education (Goal 2) in the developing world as a whole, as enrolment
coverage in primary education reached 88 percent in 2007.1 Combating diseases (Goal 6) such as measles
through immunization campaigns has contributed to the reduction of measles‐related illnesses by 74 percent,
with the largest reduction in sub‐Saharan Africa.1

• As part of the Global Health Initiative (GHI), and the promise to “not confront diseases in isolation”, the US
government has committed to make strong investments in health care systems to provide better health care to
women (Goal 4) and children (Goal 5), and to combat HIV/AIDS and tropical diseases (Goal 6). In FY2010,
approximately $500 million additional dollars have been dedicated to family planning and maternal and child
health.

1
United Nations, The Millennium Development Goals Report 2009, (New York: United Nations, 2009).

The 8 Millennium Development Goals
www.standupagainstpoverty.org and www.endpoverty2015.org

Millennium Development Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty

Achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Together

World leaders made a historic promise at the 2000 United Nations Millennium Summit when they signed the Millennium
Declaration, agreeing to work together to improve the lives of the poorest people. For the first time, there was an
agreed global compact in which rich and developing countries recognize that they share the responsibility to end
poverty and its root causes. Ten years later, with significant progress made, the UN continues to work with partners,
supporters and friends ʹ like the faith-‐based community ʹ to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
Faith-‐based communities have long been at the forefront of the fight against poverty and hunger. For centuries,
Christian communities have recognized and acted upon their moral obligation to help those in need. Consequently, it is
no surprise that Day 1, as part of the Alliance for Christian Media, has forged a partnership with the United Nations
Millennium Campaign to raise awareness of the MDGs and to call the Christian community to action.

The target of MDG 1: Eradicating Extreme Poverty is to halve the number of people living on less than $1 per day by
ϮϬϭϱ͘ĞƚǁĞĞŶϭϵϵϬĂŶĚϮϬϬϱ͕ƐŝŐŶŝĨŝĐĂŶƚƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐǁĂƐŵĂĚĞ͕ƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͛ƐƉŽƉƵůĂƚŝŽŶůŝǀŝŶŐŝŶĞǆƚƌĞŵĞƉŽǀĞƌƚǇ
from 50 percent to 25 percent. However, the global economic crisis in 2009 has severely altered the economic
landscape, causing stagnation and even regression of achieving the Goal. An additional 35 million people recently
reached extreme levels of poverty, and for the first time in world history, the number of chronically malnourished has
reached 1 billion.1

/ŶϮϬϬϵ͕ƚŚĞh^ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƌĞĂĨĨŝƌŵĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞD'ƐĂƌĞ͞ŵĞƌŝĐĂ͛ƐŐŽĂůƐ͘͟More specifically, the US supports MDG 1
through a variety of government programs to promote economic growth in developing and transitioning economies.
However, in order to make MDG 1 a reality, these programs must be significantly strengthened to stay on track for
2015.2

Where Success Has Been Achieved

Many countries that have already achieved targets under MDG 1 have implemented ambitious policies and programs to
transfer resources and assets to the poor. These policies and programs can have a quick impact on current poverty and
hunger and can contribute to long term poverty reduction if coupled with investments in health and education. For
example, Brazil has greatly expanded its transfer programs at the start of the millennium and consolidated many under
the Bolsa Família program, which now covers one quarter of the population. Conditional cash transfers are provided to
families depending on education attendance and health service utilization. Egypt subsidizes the staple Baladi bread, a
policy responsible for lifting 730,000 people out of poverty, according to estimates. School feeding programs in Ghana
and Guyana are redistributive tools that not only alleviate short term hunger in children, but also provide effective
incentives for school attendance and help to improve performance in the classroom. Programs that target vulnerable
groups, including women, children, and ethnic minorities, have been particularly effective at reducing poverty.

Furthermore, in the mid-‐1990s, rice production in sub-‐Saharan Africa was being outstripped by rapid population growth
resulting in rice imports draining foreign reserves by nearly $1 billion annually. Most rice producers also had to choose
between a high-‐yield species poorly adapted to African conditions and a well-‐adapted, but low-‐yield, species. With

1
2
InterAction, The United States and the MDGS, (Washington, DC: InterAction, 2007).


funding from international organizations, hybrid rice ʹ New Rice for Africa (NERICA) ʹ was developed to be high-‐yielding,
drought resistant and protein-‐rich. This breakthrough development contributed to food security and improved nutrition
in several African countries, saving millions of lives. Currently there are several hybrid species available to rice farmers
across sub-‐Saharan Africa, enabling millions of people to have access to living saving food.3

The Role of the Christian Community

The Christian community plays a vital role in the fight against poverty and hunger. In collaboration with the United
Nations Millennium Campaign, Day 1 and the Alliance for Christian Media, the Christian community can raise awareness
of the importance of achieving the MDGs and encourage the United States government to fulfill their commitment to
end poverty by 2015.

MDG awareness raising campaigns can be created within local parishes by participating in several actions that can be
taken to further the poverty eradication agenda. For example, the Christian community can pray, sing, meditate,
message around poverty eradication in sermons and other elements of worship that support ending poverty and
advocating for socio-‐economic justice. Individually, you can take action by sending a letter to your local, regional and/or
national representative expressing concern regarding the US͛ progress in achieving the MDGs.

In addition, the Christian community can join the global movement of over 173 million people who refuse to stay seated
or silent in the face of poverty by participating in STAND UP, TAKE ACTION: Make a Noise for the MDGs taking place
from Friday, September 17 ʹ Sunday, September 19, 2010. Past events conducted by Christian communities include
church services highlighting poverty and social injustices, candlelight vigils, ringing bells and concert performances by
church choirs. For more information on how you can participate in Stand Up, please visit www.standagainstpoverty.org.


3
MDG Monitor, www.mdgmonitor.org


Millennium Development Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education



The target of MDG 2: Universal Primary Education is to guarantee that children everywhere ʹ boys and girls alike ʹ will
be able to attend, and complete, a full course of primary schooling by 2015. Presently, over 100 million children in the
world are not enrolled in primary school ʹ 58 million of them are girls.1 In order to implement universal primary
education, it would cost $10 billion a year ʹ approximately half of what Americans spend annually on ice cream.2 The US
government has significantly contributed to achieving Goal 2 by doubling funding for basic education between 2000 and
2005; however, in order to meet the global commitment for all children to be enrolled in school, the US must ensure
that resources are concentrated in countries with the greatest need.

In 2009, the US govĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ƌĞĂĨĨŝƌŵĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞD'ƐĂƌĞ͞ŵĞƌŝĐĂ͛ƐŐŽĂůƐ͘͟&ƌŽŵϮϬϬϭƚŽϮϬϬϲ͕ƐĞǀĞŶŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ
agencies, including the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Department of State,
funded and managed basic education projects in over seventy countries around the world. To reach the global
commitment to get all children in school, however, the US must ensure that resources are concentrated in countries
with the greatest need.3


In Africa, Ethiopia and the United Republic of Tanzania are making remarkable progress in increasing enrolment in
primary education. Ethiopia has registered one of the fastest Net Enrolment Ratio (NER) increases in sub-‐Saharan Africa
(38.5% to 72.3%), cutting the number of out-‐of-‐school children by over 3 million from 2000 to 2007. Tanzania also nearly
doubled its NER between 1999 (50%) and 2006 (98%), decreasing the number of out-‐of-‐school children of primary
school age dramatically: from over 3 million to under 150,000. Other African countries, such as Benin, Madagascar and
Zambia, have also registered strong gains over the past decade with a similar mix of policies, investments and
partnerships. Among the Arab States, Djibouti, Mauritania, Morocco and Yemen have also had excellent results.

In sub-‐Saharan Africa, school fees consume nearly a quarter of a poor family's income, paying not only for tuition, but
also indirect fees such as textbook and compulsory uniforms. In short, fees are keeping school children out of the
classrooms. Several countries such as the Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, and Uganda have abolished school fees, resulting to a

1
^ƚĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞtŽƌůĚ͛ƐDŽƚŚĞƌƐϮϬϬϱ͗dŚĞWŽǁĞƌĂŶĚWƌŽŵŝƐĞŽĨ'ŝƌůƐ͛ĚƵĐĂƚŝŽŶ, Save the Children
2
ActionAid, www.actionaid.org
3


surge in enrolment. In Ghana, public school enrolment soared from 4.2 million to 5.4 million between 2004 and 2005.
In Kenya, enrolment of primary school children increased dramatically by 1.2 million in 2003 alone, and by 2004 the
school enrolment number had climbed to 7.2 million ʹ of which 84 percent were of primary school age.4


The Christian community plays a vital role in the fight to help achieve the MDGs. In collaboration with the United
of the importance of achieving the MDGs and press the United States government to fulfill their commitment to end
poverty by 2015.

MDG awareness raising advocacy campaigns can be created within local parishes by participating in several actions that
can be taken to further the poverty eradication agenda. For example, organize a school supply drive and donate the
collected supplies to a school in a developing country. Individually, you can take action by sending a letter to your local,
ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůĂŶĚͬŽƌŶĂƚŝŽŶĂůƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚŝǀĞĞǆƉƌĞƐƐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐƚŚĞh^͛ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŶĂĐŚŝĞǀŝŶŐƚŚĞD'Ɛ͘



4


Millennium Development Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality

World leaders made a historic promise at the 2000 United Nations Millennium Summit when they signed the
Millennium Declaration, agreeing to work together to improve the lives of the poorest people. For the first
time, there was an agreed global compact in which rich and developing countries recognize that they share the
responsibility to end poverty and its root causes. Ten years later, with significant progress made, the UN
continues to work with partners, supporters and friends ʹ like the faith-‐based community ʹ to achieve the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
Faith-‐based communities have long been at the forefront of the fight against poverty and hunger. For
centuries, Christian communities have recognized and acted upon their moral obligation to help those in need.
Consequently, it is no surprise that Day 1, as part of the Alliance for Christian Media, has forged a partnership
with the United Nations Millennium Campaign to raise awareness of the MDGs and to call the Christian
community to action.
The target of MDG 3: Promoting Gender Equality and Empowering Women is to eliminate gender disparity in
primary and secondary education by 2005 and in all levels of education by 2015. In addition, MDG 3 aims to
increase both the share of women in wage employment in the non-‐agricultural sector and the proportion of
seats held by women in national governments. Poverty disproportionately affects women, who represent 70
ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌůĚ͛Ɛ ƉŽŽƌ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ ĨŝŶĂŶĐŝĂů ĐƌŝƐŝƐ ŝƐ ůŝŬĞůǇ ƚŽ ĂĨĨĞĐƚ ǁŽŵĞŶ ƉĂƌƚŝĐƵůĂƌůǇ ƐĞǀĞƌĞůǇ͘ 1
According to estimates, of the 771 million illiterate adults worldwide, 64 percent are women.2
/ŶϮϬϬϵ͕ƚŚĞh^ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƌĞĂĨĨŝƌŵĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞD'ƐĂƌĞ͞ŵĞƌŝĐĂ͛ƐŐŽĂůƐ͘͟DŽƌĞƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĐĂůůǇ͕ƚŚĞDŝůůĞŶŶŝƵŵ
Challenge Corporation (MCC), a US government agency, created a policy requiring that gender be integrated
into all stages of MCC processes ʹ from the selection of eligible countries to the monitoring and evaluation of
program results and impacts.


Many countries, including low income and lower middle income countries such as Bhutan, Djibouti, Ethiopia,
Guinea, India, Senegal and Yemen, have made impressive strides on the path towards parity in primary
education. Fewer countries have managed to increase girls͛ participation at both the primary and secondary
level at the same pace, but success stories do exist.

Bangladesh͛Ɛ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ŐĞŶĚĞƌ ƉĂƌŝƚǇ ŝŶ ďŽƚŚ ƉƌŝŵĂƌǇ ĂŶĚ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌǇ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŝŽŶ ĞǀĞŶ ďĞĨŽƌĞ ϮϬϬϱ͕
ĚĞƐƉŝƚĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͛Ɛ ƉŽǀĞƌƚǇ ĂŶĚ ǀƵůŶĞƌability to natural disasters, has been acknowledged world-‐wide.
Starting from a very low gender parity index in primary education (0.35) in 1980s, the country closed the
gender gap in education within a decade.

In 2002, with the help of donor funds and debt relief, Tanzania was able to make primary education free for all
children. Almost overnight, an estimated 1.6 million children enrolled in school and by 2003, 3.1 million

1
United Nations Development Fund for Women (www.unifem.org)
2
Oxfam International, www.oxfam.org


additional children were attending primary education. In Burkina Faso, the government allocates 71 per cent
of its budget to education and in Guinea, girls' enrollment rates have quadrupled in five years.

Mozambique signed a new law in 2005 that gave women equal rights as members of a household. Women
finally received the legal right to divorce, create pre-‐nuptial agreements and inherit property. In addition to
limiting marriage to women of 18 years of age and older, the law allowed women to work outside the home
without acquiring permission and to buy and manage financial assets.


The Christian community plays a vital role in the fight against poverty and hunger. In collaboration with the
United Nations Millennium Campaign, Day 1 and the Alliance for Christian Media, the Christian community can
raise awareness of the importance of achieving the MDGs and press the United States government to fulfill
their commitment to end poverty by 2015.
MDG awareness raising advocacy campaigns can be created within local parishes by participating in several
actions that can be taken to further the poverty eradication agenda. For example, women within the
community can facilitate educational workshops to raise awareness of the MDGs and to share their personal
experiences and perspectives. Individually, you can take action by sending a letter to your local, regional
ĂŶĚͬŽƌŶĂƚŝŽŶĂůƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚŝǀĞĞǆƉƌĞƐƐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐƚŚĞh^͛ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŶĂĐŚŝĞǀŝŶŐƚŚĞD'Ɛ͘

In addition, the Christian community can join the global movement of over 173 million people who refuse to
stay seated or silent in the face of poverty by participating in STAND UP, TAKE ACTION: Make a Noise for the
MDGs taking place from Friday, September 17 ʹ Sunday, September 19, 2010. Past events conducted by
Christian communities include church services highlighting poverty and social injustices, candlelight vigils,
ringing bells and concert performances by church choirs. For more information on how you can participate in
Stand Up, please visit www.standagainstpoverty.org.



Millennium Development Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality




The target of MDG 4: Reducing Child Mortality is to reduce the under-‐five mortality rate by two-‐thirds between 1990
and 2015. Out of 29,000 children under the age of five, approximately 21 children a minute die every day, mainly from
preventable causes. Every year, more than 70 percent of almost 11 million child deaths are attributable to six causes:
diarrhea, malaria, neonatal infection, pneumonia, preterm delivery or lack of oxygen at birth. Research and experience
show that six million of the almost 11 million children who die each year could be saved by low-‐tech, evidence-‐based,
cost-‐effective measures such as vaccines, antibiotics, micronutrient supplementation, insecticide-‐treated bed nets and
improved family care and breastfeeding practices.1

/ŶϮϬϬϵ͕ƚŚĞh^ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƌĞĂĨĨŝƌŵĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞD'ƐĂƌĞ͞ŵĞƌŝĐĂ͛ƐŐŽĂůƐ͘͟DŽƌĞƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĐĂůůǇ͕ƚŚĞh^Ɛupports MDG 4
ďǇ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ WƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚ͛Ɛ DĂůĂƌŝĂ /ŵŝƚĂƚŝǀĞ ;WD/Ϳ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƐĞĞŬƐ ƚŽ ƌĞĚƵĐĞ ŵĂůĂƌŝĂ-‐related
deaths by 50 percent in 15 African countries and is focused on the most vulnerable groups ʹ children under five and
pregnant women.2


In South Asia, massive immunization campaigns have reached vast numbers of children. UNICEF has helped Afghanistan,
India, Nepal and Pakistan train female volunteers to administer polio vaccines and promote immunization against
maternal and child tetanus. Afghanistan has implemented a few successful projects to include: (a) vaccinating more
than one million children under the age of five against measles; and, (b) in 2006, disseminating a tetanus vaccine to
more than 700,000 women of childbearing age through a comprehensive immunization campaign led by the local
Ministry of Health. The same year, Bangladesh, with support from UNICEF and WHO, conducted the world's largest ever
measles eradication campaign in just 20 days, vaccinating 33.5 million children between the ages of nine months and 10
years.3

1
UNICEF, www.unicef.org
2
3



poverty by 2015.

taken to further the poverty eradication agenda. Individually, you can take action by sending a letter to your local,
ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůĂŶĚͬŽƌŶĂƚŝŽŶĂůƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚŝǀĞĞǆƉƌĞƐƐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐƚŚĞh^͛ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŶĂĐŚŝĞǀŝŶŐƚŚĞD'Ɛ͘




Millennium Development Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health



The target of MDG 5: Improving Maternal Health is, between 1990 and 2015, to reduce the maternal mortality ratio by
three quarters, and to achieve universal access to reproductive health by 2015. Maternal mortality is among the health
indicators that show the greatest gap between the rich and the poor Ͷ both between countries and within them.
Estimates show that fewer than half of pregnant women in developing countries receive adequate prenatal care1 and
only 28 in 100 women are attended to by trained health professionals during childbirth.2 Every year, 536,000 women
and girls die as a result of complications during pregnancy, childbirth or the six weeks following delivery. Of these
deaths, 99 percent occur in developing countries.3

In 2009, the US government reaffirmed that the MDGs ĂƌĞ͞ŵĞƌŝĐĂ͛ƐŐŽĂůƐ͘͟DŽƌĞƐƉĞcifically, the US has been a leader
among donor nations in both technically and financially for family planning and reproductive health programs. In the
Fiscal Year 2010 budget, appropriations for maternal and reproductive health increased significantly: child survival and
maternal health received $555 million, approximately 32.5 million more than requested. However, despite these
significant contributions, the US assistance has remained relatively stagnant over the past decade, especially compared
to investment in other areas such as HIV/AIDS.4


During the mid-‐1990s, the Honduran government adopted a four point plan to fight maternal deaths. Additionally, the
government initiated a monitoring system to determine the cause of death in all recorded maternal mortality cases. In
just five years, the maternal mortality rate had been reduced by half.5 In 2007, Pakistan launched its own national
campaign to end fistula and have established seven regional centers to provide surgical treatment free of charge. In
Rajasthan, India, the percentage of deliveries assisted by skilled birth attendants increased by more than 30 percent in
2007.

1
2
ActionAid, www.actionaid.org
3
4
5
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, Global Monitoring Report, (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2005).



poverty by 2015.

taken to further the poverty eradication agenda. For example, women within the community can facilitate educational
workshops to raise awareness of the MDGs and to share their personal experiences and perspectives. Individually, you
can take action by sending a letter to your local, regional and/or national representative expressing concern regarding
ƚŚĞh^͛ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŶĂĐŚŝĞǀŝŶŐƚŚĞD'Ɛ͘




Millennium Development Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other
diseases



The target of MDG 6: Combating HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases is to stop and begin to reverse the spread of
HIV/AIDS and other diseases by 2015. Since the beginning of the epidemic, almost 60 million people have been infected
with HIV and 25 million people have died of HIV-‐related causes.1 Every eight seconds, someone is infected with the HIV
virus2 ʹ with malaria and tuberculosis killing even more people than HIV/AIDs combined. Malaria kills an African child
every 30 seconds.3

/ŶϮϬϬϵ͕ƚŚĞh^ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƌĞĂĨĨŝƌŵĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞD'ƐĂƌĞ͞ŵĞƌŝĐĂ͛ƐŐŽĂůƐ͘͟The United States leads the world in the
fight against HIV/AIDS ʹ providing at least $7 billion in funding from 2002 to 2005 and continuing to make significant
investments today.4 In addition, the US government has requested to more than double funding for neglected tropical
diseases (NTDs), demonstrating commitment to battle these historically underfunded diseases.5


In sub-‐Saharan Africa, Uganda was one of the first countries to experience the devastating impact of HIV/AIDS and to take
action to control the epidemic, implementing a well-‐ƚŝŵĞĚ ĂŶĚ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵů ͟͞ ;ĂďƐƚĂŝŶ͕ ďĞ ĨĂŝƚŚĨƵů͕ ƵƐĞ ĐŽŶĚŽŵƐͿ
prevention campaign, which included sex education programs in schools and on the radio. This campaign is credited with
helping to bring down the adult prevalence rate from 15 percent in the early 1990s to 5.4 percent in 2007.

Success stories on malaria control show that where key interventions have been fully scaled-‐up (i.e. insecticide-‐treated bed
nets, Artemisinin-‐based Combination Therapies (ACT) access, indoor residual spraying and intermittent preventive
treatment of pregnant women), the malaria burden falls dramatically. Reductions of more than 50 percent in the numbers of
reported malaria cases and deaths were observed in four high-‐burden African countries (Eritrea, Rwanda, Sao Tome and
Principe and Zambia) and one area (Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania).

Addtionally, to prevent the spread of malaria, the government of Mozambique distributes free-‐of-‐charge insecticide-‐
treated bed nets to all pregnant women and children under the age of five in many of the provinces. The bed nets are an

1
UNAIDS: The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS, www.unaids.org
2
Oxfam International, www.oxfam.org
3
World Health Organization, www.who.org
4
5
ONE, www.one.org


effective and cheap method of fighting malaria by preventing mosquito bites, which transmit the disease, and killing the
mosquitoes. If used properly, bed nets can decrease malaria transmission by at least 60 percent and child deaths by one-‐
fifth. Since 2000, approximately 1.7 million bed nets have been distributed through DŽǌĂŵďŝƋƵĞ͛Ɛ public health
system.6


poverty by 2015.

taken to further the poverty eradication agenda. &ŽƌĞǆĂŵƉůĞ͕ŚŽůĚĂ͞ďĞĚŶĞƚĚƌŝǀĞ͟ŝŶǇŽƵƌĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇĂŶĚĚŽŶĂƚĞƚŚĞ
bed nets to a charity working with malaria. Individually, you can take action by sending a letter to your local, regional
ĂŶĚͬŽƌŶĂƚŝŽŶĂůƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚŝǀĞĞǆƉƌĞƐƐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐƚŚĞh^͛ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŶĂĐŚŝĞǀŝŶŐƚŚĞD'Ɛ͘


6


Millennium Development Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability



The target of MDG 7: Ensuring Environmental Sustainability is to integrate the principles of sustainable development
into country policies and programs, reverse the loss of environmental resources, reduce biodiversity loss, halve the
proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation, and by 2020, achieve a
significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers.

ůŝŵĂƚĞŚĂŶŐĞŚĂƐĂĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƚŝŽŶĂƚĞŝŵƉĂĐƚŽŶƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͛ƐƉŽŽƌĞƐƚĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŚĂǀĞĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚƚŚĞůĞĂƐƚƚŽƚŚĞ
problem. Africa accounts for less than 3 percent of global emissions, yet its 850 million inhabitants face some of the
greatest challenges from drought to disrupted water supplies. Furthermore, poor countries lack the basic infrastructure
and financial means to respond adequately to these challenges.1

Dirty water and a lack of basic sanitation undermine efforts to eradicate extreme poverty and eliminate diseases in the
world's poorest countries. Every day, 4,100 children die from severe diarrhea, which is caused by poor sanitation and
hygiene.2 Fortunately, the world is ahead of schedule in meeting the 2015 drinking water target; yet, a number of
countries face an uphill battle. Worldwide, 884 million people still rely on unimproved water sources for their drinking,
cooking, bathing and other domestic activities. Of these, 84 percent (746 million people) live in rural areas.3

In 2009, ƚŚĞ h^ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ƌĞĂĨĨŝƌŵĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ D'Ɛ ĂƌĞ ͞ŵĞƌŝĐĂ͛Ɛ ŐŽĂůƐ͟. More specifically, the US has made
notable progress toward achieving MDG 7 by significantly reducing consumption of chlorofluorocarbons, compounds
that contribute to ozone depletion; however, carbon emissions and energy consumption remain high. The US must
integrate climate adaptation into development programs in order to mitigate the risk that climate change will have on
the effectiveness of present investments in poverty eradication, health and the environment.4


Involving the private sector in water and sanitation service delivery is an effective approach in many countries. For
example, Egypt has involved the private sector to share the financial burden, as well as to ensure the maintenance and

1
The United Nations Millennium Campaign, www.endpoverty2015.org
2
ONE, www.one.org
3
4


improvement of water management and water services over time. Innovative technologies and approaches, like pour-‐
flush toilets in India and sanitation parks in Fiji, can greatly expand access to sanitation services for the poor. In some
instances, subsidizing water and sanitation services have been shown to enhance access. South Africa͛Ɛ Free Basic
Water Program aims to ensure that poor households receive 6,000 liters of water per month. Beyond this amount, users
must pay for their consumption; over 76 percent of the population receives access to the program.

Decades ago, WĂŬŝƐƚĂŶ͛Ɛ Forest Department began planting rows of trees (called shelterbelts) along roadsides and canals
in the Thal Desert in order to protect against wind-‐borne sand. This initiative aimed at converting the vast sand-‐dune-‐
covered region into productive agricultural land, enhancing food production, and improving living conditions through job
creation. With assistance from the government, farmers were encouraged to establish shelterbelts on their own lands.
Large portions of the desert have now been reclaimed, as evidenced by the large-‐scale planting of trees protecting
considerable areas of cropped land under irrigation. Of the 2.5 million hectares of the Thal Desert, roughly 30 percent of
the land has been reclaimed and is under cultivation.5


poverty by 2015.

taken to further the poverty eradication agenda. Start by educating yourself on ways to contribute to environmental
sustainability within your own community. Gather friends and family to plant a tree in support of the MDGs.
Individually, you can take action by sending a letter to your local, regional and/or national representative expressing
ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐƚŚĞh^͛ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŶĂĐŚŝĞǀŝŶŐƚŚĞD'Ɛ͘


5
UN Department of Public Information, GOAL 7 : Ensure environmental sustainability Fact Sheet, (New York: United Nations, September 2008)



Millennium Development Goal 8: Global Partnership for Development



The target of MDG 8: Global Partnership for development is to further develop an open, rule-‐based, predictable, non-‐
discriminatory trading and financial system, which includes a commitment to good governance, development and
poverty reduction ʹ both nationally and internationally. In addition, MDG 8 addresses the needs of the least developed
countries through tariff and quota free access exports, debt relief and generous aid for countries committed to poverty
reduction.

/ŶϮϬϬϵ͕ƚŚĞh^ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƌĞĂĨĨŝƌŵĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞD'ƐĂƌĞ͞ŵĞƌŝĐĂ͛Ɛgoals͟. In terms of volume, the United States is
the leading donor of Official Development Aid (ODA). The global community, however, regards ODA as a percentage of
ŐƌŽƐƐ ŶĂƚŝŽŶĂů ŝŶĐŽŵĞ͕ ŶŽƚ ǀŽůƵŵĞ͕ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ďĞƐƚ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌ ŽĨ Ă ĚŽŶŽƌ ĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͛Ɛ ƌĞůĂƚŝǀe contribution. With only a 0.18
percent ODA to gross national income ratio, the contribution of the United States pales in comparison to many
European countries and is far from reaching the goal of a 0.7 percent contribution.1 According to the Administration,
the FY2010 budgeƚƌĞƋƵĞƐƚ͞ƉƵƚƐƚŚĞhŶŝƚĞĚ^ƚĂƚĞƐŽŶĂƉĂƚŚƚŽĚŽƵďůĞh͘^͘ĨŽƌĞŝŐŶĂƐƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ͘dŚŝƐĨƵŶĚŝŶŐǁŝůůŚĞůƉƚŚĞ
ǁŽƌůĚ͛ƐǁĞĂŬĞƐƚƐƚĂƚĞƐƌĞĚƵĐĞƉŽǀĞƌƚǇ͕ĐŽŵďĂƚŐůŽďĂůŚĞĂůƚŚƚŚƌĞĂƚƐ͕ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĂƌŬĞƚƐ͕ŐŽǀĞƌŶƉĞĂĐĞĨƵůůǇ͕ĂŶĚĞǆƉĂŶĚ
ĚĞŵŽĐƌĂĐǇǁŽƌůĚǁŝĚĞ͘͟2


Debt relief has helped millions in developing countries provide for their people. In Africa alone, 34 million children went
to school for the first time between 1999 and 2006, thanks in part to debt relief and assistance for education. Nigeria is
using $750 million in debt savings from 2006 to train and recruit new teachers, while Cameroon is using debt savings to
launch a national HIV/AIDS plan for prevention, education, testing and mother-‐to-‐ child transmission abatement.

Under the Growing Sustainable Business (GSB) initiative, UNDP has established 10 partnership projects in Kenya to help
improve businesses and livelihoods. One project works with Kevian, a juice manufacturer, which, until recently,
imported all the concentrates for its mango juice from abroad ʹ even though Kenya is an ample producer of mangoes.
Many of the Kenyan mangoes lay rotting on the ground due to poor harvesting and marketing systems.

The GSB initiative has worked with local farmers to improve harvesting, marketing and pest management procedures,
and then linked them to Kevian. The partnership has proved to be mutually beneficial ʹ farmers have an opportunity to

1
2
ONE, The Data Report 2009, (Washington, DC: ONE, 2009)


improve their livelihoods and Kevian benefits from greater flexibility in its supplies and protection from foreign exchange
rate fluctuations.


poverty by 2015.

taken to further the poverty eradication agenda. For example, the Christian community may participate in prayers,
songs, meditations, messages and other elements of worship that support the goals of ending poverty and advocating
for socio-‐economic justice. Individually, you can take action by sending a letter to your local, regional and/or national
ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚŝǀĞĞǆƉƌĞƐƐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐƚŚĞh^͛ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŶĂĐŚŝĞǀŝŶŐƚŚĞD'Ɛ͘





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