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Process Configuration
(Pre)Treatment
To better comprehend those compounds present in typical spent To fully appreciate the positive impact of PRETREAT™ Technology,
caustic from an ethylene plant or refinery, an effort has been made to one must revisit the fundamental sources of polymer formation within
speciate this waste stream to qualitatively and quantitatively define the the acid gas removal system itself.
constituents that may negatively effect oxidation of the principal
Two distinct types of polymers are formed: Aldol Condensation
compound of interest, sodium sulfide. The results of this analytical work
Polymers and Free Radical Addition Polymers.
are shown in Table 1.1 and 1.2.
Aldol Condensation
Spent caustic composition is variable and depends on the type of
feedstock, cracking severity, sulfur content in the feed and caustic Oxygenated compounds, including carbonyl compounds, are formed
utilization. Typical spent caustic composition ranges are: during steam cracking. The amount of carbonyls formed, such as
aldehydes and ketones, can vary widely from 50 to 500 ppm in the
Figure 7: (Pre) Treatment Unit NaOH 1 – 2 wt%
cracked gas stream depending on the type of feedstock and severity of
Na2S 0.5 – 5 wt% cracking.
Na2CO3 1 – 10 wt%
In the caustic tower most of the carbonyls are absorbed in caustic
NaRS 0 – 0.2 wt%
solution. These oxygenates, specially acetaldehyde, will undergo Aldol
Cyanides 0 – 0.05 wt%
Condensation Polymerization in the presence of the strong alkali
Dissolved H/C 0.1 – 0.3 wt%
(NaOH) and at the temperature and pressure conditions in the caustic
COD 20,000 – 50,000 mg/l
tower.
BOD 5,000 – 15,000 mg/l
pH 13.5 – 14
Initiation R• +
Polymer Growth R
Wash
Water
Black Liquor
White Liquor Digester and pulp
Lime Mud CaCO3 and Blow
Tank Pulp
White- NaOH/
Liquor Na2S 150 psig Washer
Clarifier 170°C
Weak Black Liquor
Ca(OH) Na2S, NaOH, (12-15 wt% solids)
CaCO3
Wash
Water
Black Liquor
White Liquor Digester and pulp
Lime Mud CaCO3 and Blow
Tank Pulp
White- NaOH/
Liquor Na2S 150 psig Washer
Clarifier 170°C
Weak Black Liquor
Ca(OH) Na2S, NaOH, (12-15 wt% solids)
CaCO3
Initiation R• +
Polymer Growth R
(Pre)Treatment
To better comprehend those compounds present in typical spent To fully appreciate the positive impact of PRETREAT™ Technology,
caustic from an ethylene plant or refinery, an effort has been made to one must revisit the fundamental sources of polymer formation within
speciate this waste stream to qualitatively and quantitatively define the the acid gas removal system itself.
constituents that may negatively effect oxidation of the principal
Two distinct types of polymers are formed: Aldol Condensation
compound of interest, sodium sulfide. The results of this analytical work
Polymers and Free Radical Addition Polymers.
are shown in Table 1.1 and 1.2.
Aldol Condensation
Spent caustic composition is variable and depends on the type of
feedstock, cracking severity, sulfur content in the feed and caustic Oxygenated compounds, including carbonyl compounds, are formed
utilization. Typical spent caustic composition ranges are: during steam cracking. The amount of carbonyls formed, such as
aldehydes and ketones, can vary widely from 50 to 500 ppm in the
Figure 7: (Pre) Treatment Unit NaOH 1 – 2 wt%
cracked gas stream depending on the type of feedstock and severity of
Na2S 0.5 – 5 wt% cracking.
Na2CO3 1 – 10 wt%
In the caustic tower most of the carbonyls are absorbed in caustic
NaRS 0 – 0.2 wt%
solution. These oxygenates, specially acetaldehyde, will undergo Aldol
Cyanides 0 – 0.05 wt%
Condensation Polymerization in the presence of the strong alkali
Dissolved H/C 0.1 – 0.3 wt%
(NaOH) and at the temperature and pressure conditions in the caustic
COD 20,000 – 50,000 mg/l
tower.
BOD 5,000 – 15,000 mg/l
pH 13.5 – 14
Process Configuration