Survey Report of Causes of Vehicles Traffic Problem in Kabul Afghanistan

Vehicles Traffic Problems In Kabul Afghanistan 2011
Survey Report of
Causes of Vehicles Traffic

Problem in Kabul Afghanistan
Photo by: Life 2006
By: Zabih Ullah Safi

May 2011
Funding for this study was

provided by the AREU &
Future Generation
Research Unit-Afghanistan Institute Of Rural Development, MRRD 1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All acclamation and appreciation are for the almighty Allah, who bestowed the mankind
with knowledge and granted sovereignty on earth. And all the respect for his prophet
Muhammad (PBUP) who enlighten mankind with the essence of faith in Allah and guiding
them the true path of life
I have taken efforts to carry out in complete this project. However, it would not have
been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals and organizations. i
would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them.
I am highly indebted to Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU) & Future
Generation (FG) for their guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing
necessary information regarding the project and also for their support in completing the
project.
I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents & member of
(AIRD/ MRRD) and team of research unit, for their kind co-operation and encouragement
which helped me in completion of this project.
I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to Anila Daulatzai for giving
me such attention and time.
My thanks and appreciations also go to my colleague in developing the project and
people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities. I am highly thankful to Dr
Rajakutty who has patiently guided me from the inception till completion of the project and
for the valuable comments at every stage. Last but not least I would highly oblige my
friends Mr. Javed Ahmad, Mr. Nasrat Sadat, Muhammad Daud Ahmadzai and Mr. Najmudin
who helped me in data collection and report setting. Mr Omar Anwarzai, Head of Research
Unit and Mr Abdul Shekib Rahaman, Director AIRD for their encouragement.
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
.................................
CHAPTER#1 INTRODUCTION
1. Background of The Problem
2. Definitions:
3.
02
.........................................................................
.................................................................
06
06
.....................................
06
Traffic
06
3. Traffic Congestion
4. Traffic Jam
.............................................
07
.............................................
5. Objective of The Study:

6. Research Questions/ Hypothesis:
..............................
...
07
..
07
...............................
07
CHAPTER#2 LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Demographic Layout of Kabul And Repaid Motorization
.....................
2. Poor Urban Infrastructure of Kabul And Traffic Problems
..................
3. Challenges to Kabul Transportation System And Traffic Law
08
.08
...
................................
10
.11
4. Socio-economic Effects of Infrastructure And Traffic Improvements of Kabul ................................... 12

5. Transport Policy For Kabul City
......................
CHAPTER#3 RESEARCH DESIGN
13
17
1. Title of The Study:
................................
.. 17
2. Purpose of The Study:
................................
.. 17
3. Methodology:
.................................
...17
4. Sampling
.................................
......17
5. Sample Size:
.............................................
6. Tools of Data Collection:
17
................................
18
CHAPTER#4 DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION:
..
1. General:
........................................
2. Taxi Drivers:
..................................................
3. Traffic Police:
...
19
19-25
25-31
........................................................................... 31-33
CHAPTER#5 MAJOR FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION:
34
1. Major Findings of The Study:
35
2. Conclusion:
..............................
..................................
3. Recommendation
CHAPTER#6 INTERVIEW SCHEDULE

CHAPTER#7 BIBLIOGRAPHY
37
39
..40
48
Abbreviations:
UN
United Nations
KTPD
Kabul Traffic Police Department
IRIN
International Regional Informational Network
AED
Afghanistan environment department
NEPA
National Environmental Protection Agency
ADB
Asian Development Bank
EST
Environment
GDP
Gross Domestic Product
ISAF
International Security Assistance Force
MRRD
Ministry Of Rural Rehabilitation & Development
AIRD
Afghanistan Institute of Rural Development
ABSTRACT
The study was carried out to examine of vehicles traffic problems in Kabul Afghanistan it is
a survey of different key actors, on the extent to which the traffic problems affect their
daily lives. The key actor included in study were, passengers job holders, street-vendors
traffic department and driver. Beside this main areas of enquiry, the study will also will
also investigate the responses of above mentioned key actors of the problem in terms of
their role in the problem and their responses to solutions.
The main theme of the study was to find out that factors which causes traffic
problems as well the solution to the problem in Kabul as perceived by the different
stakeholders. For this purpose 105 respondents were selected through convenient
sampling and data was collected trough interview schedule. It was found that many factors
were responsible for the problem such crowded traffic system in Kabul, excess private
vehicles, too many roads blocks/ check points, lack of awareness about traffic rules, narrow
roads, road development in slow progress, bad roads, encroachment et, contributed to
traffic problem of Kabul city. The one major reason was the government employees such as,
parliamentarians, ministers, directors and all those who are enjoying the top management
of government ranks are more frequent law breakers in city. And some respondents
claimed that they have seen some police accepting bribes form all those violators who
breaks the rules in city. The responses of the driver respondent driver showed that general
feelings that taxi drivers do not obeying traffic rules is mostly true. The reason that they
are not obeying traffic rules is that they were not aware of traffic rules. The traffic police
department of Kabul city complained about too many cars, inadequate police forces, and no
cooperation of government employees and elite class of the city, they are more frequent
traffic violators.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of The Problem
Due to the prosperous, lucrative and rich culture and natural resources Kabul has become
widely known as not only a center of international community, tourism, international trade
and investment but it is also well known for its severe traffic problem i.e. congestion and
jam.
Our research explores different factors and aspects, which hamper the traffic in city
of Kabul. The extent to which the traffic problems affect majority of the passengers job
holders, street-vendors traffic department and driver is one of the main areas of enquiry. it
also investigates the responses of above mentioned key actors of the problem in terms of
their role in the problem and their responses to solutions. Though it is a problem of
epidemic proportions in Kabul community, no one recognizes their responsibility like legal
driving, good citizenships, appropriate implementation and adherence of traffic laws in the
city.
Photo by: zabih ullah Safi
Figure-1.1, crowded scene of Kabul main road, May 8, 2011

Some of the drivers complain about the street-vendors who occupy the roads and road side
walkers who do not have road sense as a cause. They also point out that the Kabul Traffic
Police Department (KTDP) does not have well trained police and most of them are involved
tremendous amount of bribery by not punishing the person who break the law or have no
control over the erring elite class of this country like military figures of ISAF, government
employee and national army of Afghanistan.
On the other hand, people feel that local are not obeying the traffic law, as many of
them do not know traffic rules and laws. The number of such drivers is increasing and
that s why problem is worsening day by day.
But one of the most important reasons behind this worse problem is high growth
rate of Kabul population. -Kabul has population of 5.5 million people, which is growing at a
rate of 2.47 % per year while the roads in the city were designed for 500000 people and
there are also 10 times as many cars on the street now than during Taliban era (Quinoas,
2008)1 .
1.1.1.
Traffic:
The word traffic has originated from French Traffique, Spanish Trafico, or Italian traffic in
early 19 century which mean vehicle moving on a road or public high way (oxford online
dictionary 2010). Basically there are two majors types of traffic problems, given below,
which are also very common in Kabul, Afghanistan.
a) Traffic Congestion
b) Traffic Jam
1.1.2.
Traffic congestion
According to the Wikipedia, traffic congestion is a condition on road network occurs as use
increases, and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip time, and increase vehicles
queuing. When traffic demand is great enough that the interaction between vehicles slows
the speed of the traffic stream, congestion is incurred. As demand approaches the capacity
of road (or of the intersection along the road), extreme traffic congestion sets in.
1.1.3.
Traffic jam
According to Wikipedia, when vehicles are fully stopped for periods of time, this is
colloquially known as traffic jam.
Quotes From (AED) Afghanistan Environment Department (Quqnoos Jan. 15, 2008)

1.2 objective of the study:
Main objective of the study are given blow:
1. To find out the factors those contribute to the traffic problem of Kabul city.
2. to know about the positive and negative role of key actors i.e. (KPTD, drivers,
passengers, pedestrians, street-vendors, job holders, road side walkers etc)
3. To know the various facilities and projects which government, provide for the control
of horrible traffic problem, as well the rules and regulation of government in the
process of traffic development.
4. To gauge the popular perception that ISAF, afghan national army, and government
employee are the main traffic law breakers.
5. To identify the measures for the control of severe forms of traffic problem i.e. traffic
congestion and traffic jam
1.3
Research questions/ hypothesis:
1. Why some drivers in Kabul don t obey traffic law which causes traffic jam in Kabul
Afghanistan?
2. Does high level of income in Kabul increase the repaid motorizations, which causes
traffic congestion in Kabul Afghanistan?
3. What is the role of Kabul traffic police and drivers to decreases the traffic problems
and what is the role of cheaply imported and unregistered cars in traffic problem in
Kabul Afghanistan?
4. Who are the real law and norms breakers of Afghanistan traffic law, and what is
driving norms for afghan drivers?
5. Is there any policy drawn by the government of Afghanistan, for traffic problem of
Kabul, to decrease traffic problems?
2. LITRATURE REVIEW
2.1. DEMOGRAPHIC LAY OUT OF KABUL AND REPAID MOTERIAZTION
The rapid growth in motor vehicle activity over the last three decades in Kabul city, has in
fact outstripped population growth rates, which have them been quite dramatic.
According to A.J Habibzai at el 2010, this as July 2010 the estimated population of
Afghanistan, is at 29 million with an annual growth rate 2.47 or a 67% increase from its
1990 level. While the population of Kabul on December 29 th 2010 is approximately 4,
161000(A.J Habibzai at el, 2010)
Afghanistan experience a terrible political situation after the exodus of Russian troops
between 1992 and 2001, and during this period, the bloody civil war not only stopped the
development of the country but destroyed many provinces infrastructure including that of.
Kabul many roadways deteriorated to the point of impassibility and infrastructure was
destroyed or damaged.
Motor vehicle activity has been growing rapidly in Kabul over the last three decades, but
particularly since the 2010(A.J Habibzai at el, 2010)
Extrapolated from a population of 3,450000 in 2009 and a population of 3,568500 on
February 9 th 2010, which worsen the traffic of Kabul city day by day (un 2010) vehicle
increase and population growth in the capital have hampered the traffic system to some
extent (KTPD2010).
Delhi s motor vehicle fleet grew even more rapidly at an annual rate of around 20%, as
against a population increases of 5-6% per annum, during 1970s and 1980s.
(Madhav.G..Badami at el 2004) if we compare the annual population growth rate of Kabul
with Delhi, it explains the problem of traffic in Kabul to some extent:
According to United Nations, the Kabul population growth rate for 2000 2005 was
6.9%. And the vehicle population increase by approximately 11% annually (A.J Habibzai at
el, 2010). Rising incomes are certainly an important factor contributing to rapid
motorization in India and other rapidly industrializing Asian countries (Faiz et al 1992).
According A.J Habibzai at el, 2010, the same situation holds in Kabul, because
sizeable of population have high level of income, which raise the level of rapid
monetization, from 2001 to the present, rapid increase in population and the number of
motor vehicles spurred the demand of transportation services. Because of wars, from 1992
to 2001 Kabul suffered damage and destruction of its transportation facilities including
pavements, sidewalks, traffic circles, drainage system, traffic signals , trolleybuses and
almost all of the public transit buses(e.g. Millie).

According to A.J Habibzai at el 2010, although around 2,500 miles (4025km) of
roadways have been built in Afghanistan, less development occurred in Kabul
transportation facilities even though it is the capital of the country. At present, Kabul has
approximately 350km of paved primary roads and 700 km of unpaved secondary road.
About 60% of the 210 km of the paved main roads were damaged during the war in early
1990s and lacked proper maintenance. There are total of 98.8km (57.6mi) of paved
expressways within Kabul.
According to United Nation Regional Information Networks (IRIN) 2010, every
month 800, 0 new vehicles are registered with Kabul traffic department, adding to Kabul
one million vehicles. The narrow roadways of built more than three decades ago are now
victims of massive traffic.
According to IRIN report that road system of Kabul was considered to be originally
designed for only 25,000 to 3500, 0 vehicles but now this report estimated that there are
1,224,000 vehicle in Kabul city in 2010,.
In Kabul there is less sidewalks for the pedestrians demand, some shopkeeper and
vendors have decreased the capacities even more by putting their merchandise along the
sidewalks. Traffic circle is very common and about 35 of them exists (A.J Habibzai at el,
2010)
The private sector now account for over 90% of mass transportation services
provided to Kabul residents. There are many opportunities the state of public transit in
Kabul by re-envisioning the national bus system(A.J Habibzai at el, 2010).the low average
income and high density population of Kabul force the people to dependent on public
transportation system rather than personal cars. Privately owned and operated buses,
minibuses, and taxis are especially significant in intercity travels (A.J Habibzai at el, 2010)
According to A.J Habibzai at el, 2010, in contrast to other countries, signing signals
and signalization of the streets are the duty of Kabul transportation police department
(KTPD), Although there were many street sign and signals on intersection before 1992,
almost of them were destroyed during the civil war of the last two decades,KTPD has
installed a few signs and signals within the down town during the last three years, there
are more than 150 majors intersections where congestion is present every business day
and crashes occur frequently.
According to Kabul traffic administration and Afghanistan national environmental
protection agency (NEPA) there are more than 3000,00 passenger cars and more than
100,000 trucks on narrow street of Kabul create sever gridlock and traffic jam.
The traffic congestion is so bad that very often there is no room for the pedestrians
to cross the streets or just walk on the poorly maintain sidewalks are also overtaken by
angry drivers (Atiq Sedeqi, PhD 2009).
2.2. POOR URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE OF KABUL AND TRAFFIC PROBLEM

Traffic jams reflect the poor urban planning by the authorities, there are more challenges
on urban transportation system in Kabul because, there is no traffic lights in the cities,
narrow urban roads, misuse of roads and large number of pedestrians, inadequate parking
slow vehicles movement lack of mass transport systems; trams, metros, etc in Kabul 70% of
the city population lives in informal and unplanned settlement, lack of infrastructure and
services creates traffic problem in Kabul(Wahid sept2010).
According Alberta May2010, the demand and supply gaps as major causes of
congestion. It says transport infrastructure supply is bellowing the demand, inadequate
capacity of intersection, mixed traffic on same road space and operation disorder, absence
of scientific traffic control, disorder in bus operations, inadequate parking space and eastwest road links are fueling traffic jam in Kabul. (Alberta, May 2010).
According the country synthesis report on urban air quality management, urban
population share in Afghanistan is 20.3% (2005) and grows at a rate of 2.9% per annum
(ADB, 2006). Kabul the country s capital is also the most urbanized area. population
density in the country is a low 46persons per km2 based on a united nations 2005 estimate
of the population at 29.86 million as of July 2005 (United Nations, 2005)
According to A.J Habibzai at el 2010, Afghanistan with an estimated population of
3.768 million and a density of 269 people per hectare (69634 people/ mi2) for 2010, being
almost 3 times denser than New York City
According to the Tiwari 2004, in cities with population up to 1.5 or 2 million, public transit
plays a limited role at best, because it cannot be sustained at sufficiently large scale,
vehicles and tempos, as bicycles and cycles rickshaws, tend to account for significant shares
of passenger trip. (Madhav. G.Badami at el, 2004)
Because of rapid urbanization, growing urban incomes, and increased congestion, and
increase in ownership and use of personal motor vehicles is one the rise Indian cites
(Madhavg.Badami at el 2004) in the context of Kabul, even though there is also high rate of
income which increase the number of owned vehicles, the private sector now account for
over 90% of mass transportation services to meet needs of high density population of
Kabul.(A.J Habibzai at el, 2010)
Beside that Kabul is the most populous and urbanized area of Afghanistan, because
it is the focal point of administration, education, industry, trade, and communication in
Afghanistan houses are scattered in the poorly planned areas, resulting in problem of
transportation, sanitation, waste management, and air pollution. There had previously
been no road numbering system in Afghanistan, but the master plan road improvement
project has adopted a system (A.J Habibzai at el, 2010)

According to the Kabul municipality Kabul has 1500 km roads, among them 20% are
paved, 60% paved damaged, about 50km of main roads and 100 km of secondary roads
rehabilitation funded. While 90% of tertiary roads graveled or clay roads, about 5% of
major roads have lights and 50% planned to be covered by 2015 which will be helpful in
the reduction of traffic problem in Kabul Afghanistan. it is not only the inadequate road
spaces that causes the traffic chaos in the city; other factors have also significantly
contributed (Wahid sept2010).
2.3. CHALLENGES TO KABUL TRANSPORTAION SYSTEM AND CONCERN OF
TRAFFIC LAW
There are different kinds of challenges to Kabul ,transportation system , primary
pertaining to management, infrastructure, and planning of transportation system of Kabul ,
as far management the challenges pertain, old and obsolete traffic laws system, weak
governance for implementation of traffic law and order, are the major concern( 3rd Est.
forum,2008) during the study driver said: I just crossed the circle, the indicator was on
but a car passed the traffic light because there was no traffic police to stop him. He had to
be punished and must have been sent a course to study the rules.
people come in front of the car carelessly and also inexperienced drivers overtake the
other cars recklessly (KTPD April, 2010) .
overlap of responsibilities, continuing war situation(unplanned traffic barriers and security
blockades, low technical , human and economical capacity , unbalanced development of
small and large towns, transportation technical problems,(3rd Est. forum,2008)
While in case of infrastructure of transportation system of Kabul, also have some
challenges, like no traffic lights in the city, narrow road of Kabul city, inadequate parking,
slow vehicle movement, etc. as well the planning of Kabul also have so many challenges
that, lack of over all traffic and transportation planning and system in Kabul city, lack of
update urban plans, rapid growth of unplanned areas in Kabul city due to sudden return of
migrants to Kabul city have been recoded as main concern by the 3rd EST forum, 2008.
2.4. SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRAFFIC
IMPOVMENTS OF KABUL
the infrastructure-poverty linkage is indirect (i) economic growth is positively affected by
the stock of infrastructure assets and (ii) income inequality decline with infrastructure
quantity and quality improvement(Narandra Singru ADB,2007) the findings were revealed
at seminar on traffic congestion in Dhaka and its impact on business, the study says
Bangladesh would enjoy the benefits of a huge economic boost by alleviating traffic
congestion in the capital, which contributes to more than 35 percent of the country gross
domestic product (GDP) worth nearly $100 billion (Alberta MCCI, May2010).

the comparators for this analysis are socio-economic indicators that address
expected benefits of the infrastructure rehabilitation of Kabul such as: lower travel and
transport costs, improved access to travel and transport services, expanded labor markets
and employment opportunities, improved access to agricultural inputs, improved rural
product prices, expanded agricultural extension opportunities, and expanded regional,
inter-regional and international (road-based) trade benefits, among others.(Dr Mafizul At
El, August 2008).
The gender imbalance in Afghanistan s rural labor market may be aided by the road
projects in the longer-term, if access to other places and ideas helps to motivate cultural
change (Dr Mafizul at El, August 2008) more than 90 percent of the shop-owners
interviewed reported that they use the project road to bring in their merchandise. (Dr
Mafizul At El, August 2008)
The transport sector derives the most obvious and direct benefit from the road
rehabilitation, rehabilitating the road should act as an efficiency improvement that:
a. increases the availability of transport and travel service (at a given price)
b. reduces costs of transport (for any given level of supply)
c. expands markets that depend on transportation, and
d. creates opportunities for additional public income from road tariffs (Dr Mafizul
At El, August 2008)
2.5. TRANSPORT POLICY FOR KABUL CITY DRAWN UP BY GOVERNMENT OF

AFGHANISTAN AND, TRAFFIC DEMAND MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR TRAFFIC
CONTORL
it would be totally unfair to criticize the government for not being able to solve the ongoing
traffic congestion. If the prediction on vehicle growth rate of 12-13% per, annum holds true
and the current number of vehicles has already far exceeded 2.3 million vehicles, what
more can be expected in Bangkok in the next few years to come? The need to control traffic
demands through the concept of demand management strategies is no longer in doubt and
is badly needed. Definitely no amount of excuses could possibly be accepted for any further
delaying implementation (Yordphol Tanaboriboon, 1993)
According to A.J.S Habibzai at el 2010, while in Afghanistan also worsening the
problem day by day that i.e. the growing rate of cars per anum is 11%, what more can be
expected in Kabul in the next few coming years to come? so the government of Afghanistan,
need to implement some, useful law for the control legal and as well illegal car growth of
Kabul Afghanistan, there is 3000, 00 unregistered cars in Kabul because of wars, from 1992
to 2001 Kabul suffered damage and destruction of its 13 transportation facilities including
pavements, sidewalks, traffic circles, drainage systems, 14 traffic signs and signals,
trolleybuses and almost all of the public transit buses (e.g. millie15 bus). from 2001 to the
present, a rapid increase in population and the number of motor16 vehicles spurred the
demand for transportation services although around 2,500 miles (4025km) of roadways
have been built in Afghanistan, less development occurred in Kabul transportation facilities
even though it is the capital city of the country.( A.J.Habibzai at el, 2010).
It becomes obviously clear that what, Bangkok really needs is either to build more
and more roads which can easily encounter the previous mentioned hindrances or to
search for other alternative solutions. but it is not only the inadequate road spaces that
causes the traffic chaos in the city; other factors have also significantly contributed
(Yordphol Tanaboriboon 1993).
Probably, there is no single best solution to alleviate traffic congestion problems in
Bangkok. However, the word solving may still be far from reality, relief is perhaps a
more suitable word to describe any traffic improvement in Bangkok. But two proposed
measures are recommended in this paper based upon previous elaborations, namely:
demand management and improvement of public transit systems (Yordphol Tanaboriboon
1993).
The utilization of more efficient and higher capacity modes of public transportation
systems has not been given appropriate attention and priority in alleviating these chaotic
conditions (Yordphol Tanaboriboon 1993). There is no national manual for traffic control
devices; consequently, traffic control devices are inconsistent in Kabul and throughout the

country. The system of 80 trolleybuses established in 1929 and designed to carry 21-27
million passengers per annum, were destroyed in civil war (A.J.S Habibzai at el, 2010).
Demand management, as mentioned in the preceding sections, will never be
materialized successfully without adequate public transit systems that can ensure
sufficient public mobility needs. so, the need to improve existing public transit services and
the implementation of a new mass transit system are very evident in Bangkok (Yordphol
Tanaboriboon 1993).
According to A.J.Habibzai at el 2010, KTPD changed some major two-way roadways
of different districts of the city to one-way14 streets; other actions include using median
barriers, and disallowing certain15 type of vehicles to enter the central business district.
the creative use of travel demand management strategies in addition to improving the
transportation supply-side is one area17 of research for improving both passenger
movement and freight through Kabul .( A.J Habibzai at el, 2010).
Singapore, for example, successfully implemented various demand management
strategies to control traffic demands and even the level of congestion to some extent.
(Yordphol Tanaboriboon 1993).
Moreover, the existing main public transportation mode which is bus transit does
not function to the, expectations of serving commuters. the overcrowded buses poor and
unreliable services, excessive waiting time are commonly noticed in Bangkok, that s why
the people using personal cars (yordphol tanaboriboon 1993).
I am fed up with this government, this people and this city," she said. "I ve been
waiting for the bus for more than an hour; the fare is only 5 Afghanis. If I had more money i
could take private transportation. In this city, only people with money survive (Khatol
Sahebzada, 2010)
Public transit buses in Kabul range from small vans (29 passengers) to mini-busses
(around 28 passengers) to buses (around 50 passengers). Mass transit serves the Kabul
population via fixed routes and unpublished schedules; although it sometimes picks up and
drops off passengers in unspecified stops, like Bangkok the commuters compel to use the
personal cars in Kabul city. There are many opportunities for improving the state of public
transit in Kabul by re envisioning the national bus system. For example, the World Bank
recommended decentralizing and fully commercializing the Millie bus (A.J.Habibzai at el,
2010).

Figure 2.1 A Variety of Strategies, When Used In Combination, Can Effectively Deal With
Congestion:
Source: US department of transportation & highways 2006
Attempts to solve Bangkok traffic are easier said than practiced and congestion
problems will probably remain unless drastic changes take place. The government needs to
reconsider about their lenient policies and applying less passive means of solving the
metropolis problems. They must have enough courage and willingness to implement the
demand management strategies even though these would draw certain resistance and
strong opposition. They must be decisive in making decisions and should be free from
politics. it is perhaps better to end this paper by quoting a philosopher s words which may
enable them in decision making (Yordphol Tanaboriboon 1993)

The Afghanistan government needs to must have enough courage and willingness to
implement the demand management strategies even though these would draw certain
resistance and strong opposition, for the traffic problem of Kabul (A.J.Habibzai at el, 2010).
Photo by: Zabih ullah Safi
Figure-2.2: A traffic policeman abortive attempt to book a traffic violator in capital
3. RESEARCH DESIGN
3.1. TITLE OF THE STUDY:
Causes of vehicles traffic problem in Kabul Afghanistan and solution- people s perception
3.2. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY:
The main purpose of the study is to find out that factors which causes traffic problems as
well the solution of the problem in Kabul Afghanistan as perceived by the different
stakeholders.
3.3. METHODOLOGY:
This study will interview different stakeholders (drivers, passengers, traffic police, and
cart/ roadside vendors) on their perceptions on their problem and their suggestions for
solution. A pre designed and pre-tested interview schedule were used. In addition
secondary data collection and discussion with relevant government departments will also
be conducted
3.4. SAMPLING
For collecting the relevant data, the convenient sampling technique is adopted (used).The
interviews will be conducted in specific and most traffic congested areas of the city such as
Shahrenow, Masood Square, Wazir Akbar khan, and Taimani.
3.4.1 SAMPLE SIZE:
Based on the preliminary investigation, the variability of responses from different category
of proposed respondents is very low and therefore it has been decided that the sample size
can be small. The total sample size for the study is pegged at 105 drawn from 3-4 highly
congested or traffic jam locations in Kabul city which include shahrenow, Masood circle,
wazir Akbar khan, and Taimani. the sample will comprise: vehicles (5 buses, 5 taxies, and 5
private cars from each location , 10 traffic police personnel (5 from the Kabul traffic police
department and 5 road site police),10 passenger s of 5 private cars and 5 taxies, 15
respondents from the road user of different categories such as 5 street vendors, 5 cart
vendors, and 5 pedestrians,10 job holders (5 governmental and 5private employee) and 10
military respondents (5 from ISAF forces and 5 of Afghanistan national army). the sample
distribution is presented in the table below.
S/No
Respondents
Categories
Sample size
Total
Vehicles
Operators
In Each Circle: Taxi 5

+Buses 5 +Private Cars
5
50
Traffic Police
KTPD + Police On Road
3
4
Passengers
Road Users
Private Cars+ Taxi

Cart Vendors+ Street
Vendors+ Pedestrians
Military Figures
Job Holders
ISAF+ Afghanistan
Army
Govt. Employees +
Private Employees
Total
15 Masood circle
15 Taimani
10 Wz. Khan
10 Shahrenow
KPTD=5
Police On Road= 5
Private Cars=5 Taxi=5
Cart Vendors=5
Street Vendors=5
Pedestrians=5
ISAF= 5 Afghanistan
Army=5
GOVT. Employees=5
Private Employees= 5
10
10
15
10
10
105
3.5. TOOLS OF DATA COLLECTION:

Due to time and resources limitation and based on the preliminary research, simple
structured interview schedules have been designed for the collection of relevant
information. The tools were measure the awareness, perception and
opinion/ suggestions. Two months duration was given for the study, which was
completed during the estimated time.
4. DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION:

Analysis in social research means the preparation of social phenomenon in their
constituent parts and examination of these parts and an examination of these in relation to
each other in their social context. Analysis is continuous process. It begins long before the
collection of data comes to an end and in rudimentary forms enters into the every phase of
research study, observation, collection of data and classification of data, establishment of
categories and quantative treatment of data. In this part we have presented the data in the
form of simple tables for the interpretation and analysis with scientific method to get the
result.
4.1. General:
Table#-4.1: Age and Gender?
Age
Gender
Age
Frequency
Percentage
Male
20-30
31-40
41-50
Above 50
Total
18
43
17
27
105
17.14
40.95
16.19
25.71
100
Frequency
15
49
41
105
Female
Percentage
14.28
46.66
39.04
100
Frequency
10
15
11
36
Percentage
9.52
14.28
10.47
34.28
Source: Filed survey

The first portion of the table were shows that out of 105 respondents 17.14% of the
respondents were in the range of 20-30 years of age, 40% of the respondents were in the
range of 31-40, and 16.19% of the respondents were in the range 41-50, while above 50
years respondents were 40%. Further portion of the table show the gender of the
respondents. There were 14.28% males and 9.52% females at the range of 20-30 of age.
The males it the range of 31-40 were 46.66% and females 14.28%. The male it the range of
41-50 were 46.66% and female 10.47%. While males were 39.04 and 10% females above
50 years old.
Table#-4.2: What Kind of Traffic Problems You Face?
What Kind Of Traffic Problems You Face

Response
Frequency
a Delay Reaching To Destination
28
Poor And Inadequate Public(Mille)
20
b Transport
c Over Crowed Private Transport
30
d Poor Quality Of Roads
17
e Frequent Traffic Jam
10
Total
105
Percentage
26.67
19.05
28.57
16.19
9.52
100.0
Source: Filed Survey

In table-4.2, 26.6 % of the respondents of the field survey show that they were reaching
delay to their destination. And 19.05% of the respondents of the field survey shows that
they were face the problem of poor and inadequate public ( mille) transport, and 28.57%
0f the field survey of the respondents shows that they were face the of overcrowd private
transport. While 16.19% of the respondents of the field survey show that they were face
the problem of poor quality of roads and 9.52% of the respondents shows that they were
face the problem of frequent traffic jam.
Table#-4.3 which of the Most Serious Causes for the Vehicles Traffic Problem in Kabul?
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Most Serious Causes For The Vehicles Traffic Problem In Kabul

Response
Frequency
Percentage
Inability To Control Traffic Movement
18
17.14
Too Many Roads Blocks/Check Points
27
25.71
Inadequate Road Network
1
0.95
Lack Of Traffic Sense Among Road Users
22
20.95
Insufficient Public Transport Services
4
3.81
Too Many Vehicles
4
3.81
Illegal Parking And Cart Vendors And Foot Path
10
9.52
Encroachment
All Of The Above
19
18.10
Total
105
100.0

In table-4.3, 17.14% of the respondents of the field survey show that inability to control
traffic movement, most serious causes for the vehicles traffic problem in Kabul, and
25.71% of the respondents of the field survey show that too many roads blocks/ check
points causes the vehicles traffic problem in Kabul. and 0.95% of the respondents of the
field survey show that, inadequate road network the most serious causes for the vehicles

traffic problem in kabul.20.95% of the respondents show that lack of traffic sense among
road user most serious causes for the vehicles traffic problem in Kabul. And 3.81 of the
respondents show that insufficient public transport services most serious causes for the
vehicles traffic problem in Kabul. While 3.5% tolled that too many vehicles are most
serious causes for the vehicles traffic problem in Kabul. 18.10% tolled that illegal car
parking as well cart vendors and foot path encroachment causes vehicles traffic problem in
Kabul. 18.10% of the total respondents were agreed that all of the above mention reasons,
most serious causes for the vehicles problem in Kabul.
Table#4.4: Why Drivers and Common People Don t Obey Traffic Law?
Why Drivers And Common People Don t Obey Traffic Law
a
b
c
d
e
Response
Lack Of Awareness About Traffic Rules
Lack Of Regulation By Police To Observe Traffic Law
Corruption Of Traffic Police
None Provision For Lane Crossing, Signals Etc
Any Other (Specify)
Total
Frequency
Percentage
34
13
24
15
19
105
32.38
12.38
22.86
14.29
18.10
100
Source: field survey

The above table (4.4) shows 32.38 of the respondents were agreed that due to lack of
awareness about traffic rules they were not obeying traffic law. And 12.38% shows that d
lack of regulation by police to observe traffic law; they were not obeying traffic law. 22.86
% of the respondents show that, due to corruption of traffic police drivers and common
people don t obeying traffic law. And 14.29% of the respondents show that due to non
provision for lane crossing, signals etc drivers and common people don t obeying traffic
law. And 18.10 of the respondents show that due to bad roads drivers and common people
don t obeying traffic law.
Table# 4.5: Who Do You Think Are The Frequent Of Traffic Law Breaker?
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Whom Do You Think Are The Frequent Of Traffic Law Breaker

Response
Frequency
Percentage
Government Employee
16
15.24
ISAF Force
15
14.29
Common People
18
17.14
Taxi Drivers
13
12.38
Truck Drivers
12
11.43
Private Car Owners
16
15.24
Police
5
4.76
Other Specify
10
9.52
Total
105
100

Source: Field Survey
In table-4.5, 15.24% of the respondents show that government employee, by government
employee respondents mean all those people who enjoy the high authoritative power of
government such as, ministers, parliamentarians figures, directors etc are the most
frequent traffic law breaker. And 14.29% of the respondents show that ISAF forces are the
frequent of traffic law breakers. And 1 7.14% show their response that common people are
the frequent of traffic law breakers. While 12.38% of the respondents were agreed that taxi
drivers are the frequent of traffic law breakers. And 11.43% of the respondents were
responded that truck drivers are the frequent of traffic law breakers. And 15.24% of the
respondents were shows that private car owners are the frequent of traffic law breakers.
While 4.76% of the respondents were responded that police are also the frequent traffic
law breakers, in senses they will not aware of traffic rules and they, will not well train to
implement the traffic rules. 9.52% of the respondents were shows that some time,
foreigner & elites are the frequent of traffic law breaker.
Table#4.6: Have You Seen Any Police Stopping Drivers Who Don t Obeying Traffic Rules?
Have You Seen Any Police Stopping Drivers Who Don t Obeying Traffic Rules
Response
Frequency
Percentage
a No
51
48.57
b Saw But Let Off On Bribery
54
51.43
Total
105
100.00
In table-4.6, 48.57 of the respondents were response that they haven t seen any police
stopping drivers who don t obeying traffic rules. While 51.43% of the respondents were
response that they have seen some police stopping the drivers who don t obeying traffic
rules and let off them on bribery.
Table#4.7: How Does a Police Treat Drivers Which Break the Law?
a
b
c
d
How Does A Police Treat Drivers Which Break The Law

Response
Frequency
Percentage
Punish Them
47
44.76
Take Bribery
26
24.76
Can,T Control Them
14
13.33
Just Warning Them
18
17.14
Total
105
100

In table-4.7, 44.76 of the respondents were response that police punish the drivers which
break the law and 24.76% of the respondents were shows that police take bribery from all
those drivers which break the traffic law. And 13.33% of the respondents were response

that police can t control all those drivers which break the traffic law, while 17.14% of the
respondents were response, that police just warning all those drivers which break the law.
Table#4.8: Do You Believe That Flyover And Subway Will Be Helpful In Reduction Of Traffic Problem?
Do You Believe That Flyover And Subway Will Be Helpful In Reduction Of Traffic Problem
Response
Frequency
Percentage
a
Yes
43
40.95
b
No
32
30.48
c
Don t Know
30
28.57
Total
105
100.00

In table-4.8, 40.95 of the respondents of the field survey were response that flyover and
subway are helpful in the reduction of traffic problems. While 30.48 of the respondents of
the field survey response that flyovers and subway do not helpful in the reduction of traffic
problems. While 28.57 of the respondents were response that they don t know that
flyovers and subway will be helpful in the reduction of traffic problem.
Table#4.9: Do People Use the Foot Over Bridge or Subway Where It s provided?
a
b
c
Do People Use The Foot Over Bridge Or Subway Where Its Provided
Response
Frequency
Percentage
Most People
17
16.19
Some People
43
40.95
Very Few
45
42.86
Total
105
100.00

In table-4.9, 16.19% of the respondents were shows that most people use the foot over
bridge or subway where it provided. And 40.95% of the respondents show their response
that some people use the foot over bridge or subway where it s provided. While 42.86% of
the respondents show their response that very few people use the foot over bridge or
subway where it s provided.
Table#4.10: Why Do You Think People Don t Use Over Bridge or Sub Way?
a
b
c
d
Why Do You Think People Don t Use Over Bridge Or Sub Way
Response
Frequency
Percentage
Inappropriate Locations
34
32.4
Unsafe
19
18.1
No Regulations
21
20.0
Lack Of Awareness
31
29.5
Total
105
100

In table-4.10, 32.4% of the respondents of the field survey were response that people don t
use over bridge or subway due inappropriate locations. 18.1% shows that people don t use
over bridge or subway because it is unsafe. 20.0% of the field survey response shows that
people don t use over bridge or subway due to no regulation. While 29.5% shows that lack
awareness among people they will not use over bridge or subway.
Table#4.11 Are You More Satisfied From Government Transportation Or Private Car System?
a
b
Are You More Satisfied From Government Transportation Or Private Car System
Response
Frequency
Percentage
Mille bus
45
42.86
Private Taxi
60
57.14
Total
105
100.00

In table-4.11, 42.86 % of the respondents of the field survey response that they were more
satisfied from government transport system i.e. mille buses, while 57.14% respondents of
the field survey shows that they were more satisfied from private cars system.
Table#4.12: Street Vendors Working On Road Sides Because?
a
b
c
d
Street Vendors Working On Road Sides Because

Frequency
Response
22
Due To Lack Of Rent
31
Due To Lack Of Proper Markets
33
No Regulation
19
Any Other (Specify)
105
Total
Percentage
21
30
31
18
100

In Table-4.12, 21% Of the Respondents of the Filed Survey Were Response That Street
vendors working on road side because they will don t pay rent. And 30% of the
respondents of the field survey shows, that due to lack of proper markets street and cart
vendors are working on road sides. 31% of the respondents of the field survey agreed that
street vendors and cart vendors working on road sides because there is no regulation.
While 18% of the respondents were shows their response that street vendor were working
on road sides because they will have small amount of capital for investment.
Table#4.13: Do You Think Parking Facility In Kabul City Adequate?
a
b
c
Do You Think Parking Facility In Kabul City Adequate

Response
Frequency
No Specified Parking Place
26
No Regulation Of Parking
35
Very Few Parking Spaces
44
Percentage
24.8
33.3
41.9

Total
105
100

In table-4.13, 24.8 of the respondents of the field survey shows that, there is no specified
parking place in Kabul city. While 33.3 % of the respondents were response there will no
regulation of parking facility in Kabul. And 41.9 of the respondents of total survey show
that there are very few parking spaces inside Kabul city.
Table#4.14: Do You Think Locations Of Factories And Workshops In Central Part Of Kabul Creates Traffic
Problem?
Do You Think Locations Of Factories And Workshops In Central Part Of Kabul

Creates Traffic Problem
Response
Frequency
Percentage
a
In most places
22
20.95
b
In some places
34
32.38
c
Not a major problem
11
10.48
d
Don t know
38
36.19
Total
105
100
In table-4.14, 20.95% of the respondents of the field survey show that, in most places in
central Kabul factories and workshops creates traffic problem. 32.38 of the respondents of
the field survey response that factories and workshop in some places of central Kabul
creates traffic problems. 10.48% of the respondents were response that factories and
workshops are not creates major problem. While 36.19 % of the respondents of the total
survey shows that they were don t know, that location of factories and workshops in
central Kabul creates traffic problems.
4.2. Taxi drivers:
Table# 4.15: Since How Long You Have Been Driving?
Since How Long You Have Been Driving

a
b
c
d
Response
5 to 10
10 to 15
15 to 20
20 to 25
Total
Frequency
38
23
10
34
105
Percentage
36.19
21.90
9.52
32.38
100

In table-4.15 , 36.19 of the drivers respondents since were driving from 5-10 years in
Kabul, while 21.90 of the driver s respondents were driving since 10-15 years in Kabul. In

9.52% of the drivers respondents were, driving since15-20 years in Kabul. And 32.38% of
the field survey shows that most of the drivers respondents were driving here from 20-25
years in Kabul.
Table#4.16: Do You Have Driving License And Traffic Police Ask About Traffic License?
Do You Have Driving License And Traffic Police Ask About Traffic License
Response
Yes
No
Total
Frequency
65
40
105
Percentage
61.90
38.09
100

In table-4.16, the filed survey shows that 61.90 % of the drivers respondents have traffic
license and police were asked them about the driving license. While 38.09 % of the driver s
respondents of the filed survey responded that they were not having driving license and
police were not asked them about driving licenses.
Table#4.17: How Did You Get Your License
How Did You Get Your License

Response
Frequency
Percentage
After Giving Proper Driving Test
65
61.90
Through Some Influence
24
22.86
By Bribing
16
15.24
105
100
total
Source; Field Survey

In above table-4.17, 61.90% of the drivers respondents of field survey were response that
they were get license after giving proper driving test. And 22.86% of the field survey shows
that they were get, their driving license through some influence. While 15.24 % of the
drivers respondents were get their license by bribing the traffic department.
Table#4.18: Is It Your Own Vehicle Or Working As Driver On Wages?
a
b
Is It Your Own Vehicle Or Working As Driver On Wages

Response
Frequency
Percentage
Owner
70
66.67
Driver
35
33.33
Total
105
100
Source: filed survey

In table-4.18, 66.67% of the drivers respondents of the field survey were cars owner, while
33.33% of the drivers respondents were the driver working on wages for car owners.

Table#4.19: Is Your Vehicle Registered?
Is Your Vehicle Registered

Response
Frequency
Percentage
Yes
45
42.86
No
35
33.33
Doesn t Know
25
23.81
105
100
Total

In table-4.19, 42.28% of the drivers respondents of the field survey were responses that,
yes their vehicles are registered with (KPTD) Kabul traffic police department. While
33.33% of the respondents of the field survey show that their vehicles were not registered
with (KTPD). And 23.81 % of the respondents of the filed survey show that, they were
doing know that their vehicles will be registered with (KTPD).
Table#4.20: There Is General Feeling That Taxi Drivers And Other Drivers Don t Follow Traffic Rules?
There Is General Feeling That Taxi Drivers And Other Drivers Don t Follow Traffic Rules
Response
Frequency
Percentage
46
43.81
a Most True
34
32.38
b True To Some Extent
25
23.81
c Not True
Total
105
100

In table-4.20, 43.81% of the drivers respondents of the filed survey response that general
feeling are most true, about taxi drivers & others drivers they were not follow traffic rules.
And 32.38% drivers respondents of the filed survey show, that the general feeling about
taxi and others drivers that they are don t follow traffic rules, are true to some extent.
While 23.81% of the drivers respondents of the field survey response that, general feeling
about taxi and other drivers that they are not follow traffic rules are not true..
Table#4.21: If Some Drivers Are Not Following The Traffic Rules, Why?
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
If Some Drivers Are Not Following The Traffic Rules, Why

Response
Frequency
30
Lack Of Knowledge
14
Unlicensed Drivers
17
There Is No Regulation Of Traffic(Signals, Lane Marking
10
Encroachment Of Road Affecting Proper Driving
14
Poor Quality Of Roads Don t Allow Drivers To Follow Rules
20
Deliberate Violation
0
Any Other (Specify)
Total
105
Percentage
28.57
13.33
16.19
9.52
13.33
19.05
0
100

Source: Filed survey
In table 4.21, 28.57 % of the drivers respondents of filed survey that if some drivers not
follow the traffic rules it is due to lack of traffic knowledge. And 13.33% of the drivers
respondents of the filed survey were showed that unlicensed drivers not following the
traffic rules. 16.19% of the drivers respondents of the filed survey were response that, if
some drivers are not following the traffic rules, because there is no regulation of traffic
(signals, lane marking) etc. and 9.52% of the drivers respondents of the filed survey were
showed that, some drivers are not following the traffic rules, due to encroachment of road
affecting proper driving.13.33% of the drivers respondents of the filed survey were
showed that poor quality of roads doesn t allow the drivers to follow rules. While 19.05%
of the drivers respondents of the filed survey were showed, that not following traffic rules
deliberately.
Table#4.22: Do You Believe Many Cars/Taxies Are Illegal-Without Registration Or License?
a
b
c
d
Do You Believe Many Cars/Taxies Are Illegal-Without Registration Or License

Response
Frequency
Percentage
To Large Extent
27
25.71
To Some Extent
17
16.19
Very Few
35
33.33
Don t Know
26
24.76
Total
105
100

In table-4.22, 25.71% of the drivers respondents of the filed survey response that they
were believed that large extent of cars/ taxies are illegal- without registration or license in
Kabul city. While 16.19% of the drivers respondents of the filed survey shows, there will
some extents of cars/ taxies are illegal-without registration or license in Kabul city. And
33.33% of the drivers respondents of the filed survey show that there will very few
cars/taxies which are illegal-without registration or license. 24.76% drivers respondents of
the filed survey show that they were don t know that many cars/ taxies are illegal-without
registration or license in Kabul city.

Table#4.23: Do You Believe That Flyover And Basement Will Be Helpful In Reduction Of Traffic Problem?
Do You Believe That Flyover And Basement Will Be Helpful In Reduction Of Traffic
Problem
Response
Frequency
Percentage
A
Yes
60
25.71
B
No
16
16.19
C
If Yes, Where It Will Need More
33.33
a
Masooad Squre
16
24.76
b
Abdul Haq Squre
09
100
c
Dafghanan
37
35.24
d
Demazang
12
11.43
e
Darwazai Lahore
19
18.10
f
shah-e-do Shamshira
05
4.76
g
Poliarthan
07
6.67
Total
105
100
In table-4.23, that 60% of the driver s respondents were agreed that flyovers and basement
will be helpful in the reduction of traffic problem in different locations of Kabul city. While
% of the drivers respondents were disagree with that, flyovers and basement will be
helpful in the reduction of traffic problem in Kabul city. 15.24 of the 60% drivers
respondents show that flyovers and basement in masood square will helpful in the
reduction of traffic problem in that area. And 8.57% of the 60% drivers respondents show
that they were believe that flyovers and basement in Abdul haq square will be helpful in
the reduction of traffic problem of that area.35.24% of the 60% the drivers respondents
show, that they were believe that flyovers and basement, in Da-Afghanan will be helpful in
reduction of traffic problem of that area. 11.43% of the 60% the driver respondents show
that they were believe that flyovers and basement, in Demazang will be helpful in reduction
of traffic problem of that area. 18.10% of the 60% the drivers respondents show that they
were believe that flyovers and basement, in Darwazai Lahore will be helpful in reduction of
traffic problem of that area. 4.76% of the 60% the drivers respondents show that they
were believe that flyovers and basement, in Shah-e-do Shamshira will be helpful in
reduction of traffic problem of that area. While 35.24% of the 60% the drivers respondents
show that they were believe that flyovers and basement, in Poliarthan will be helpful in
reduction of traffic problem of that area.

Table#4.24: Why Do Drivers Not Follow Lanes On Roads?
a
b
c
d
e
Why Do Drivers Not Follow Lanes On Roads

Response
Frequency
Lack Of Traffic Signals
21
Poor Quality Of Roads
23
Lack of Traffic Police
22
Not Aware Of Traffic Rules And Regulations
24
All of the above
15
Total
105
Percentage
20.00
21.90
20.95
22.86
14.29
100

In table-4.24, 20% of the drivers respondents were response that why they were not follow
lane on roads, due to lack of traffic signals. 21.90% of the drivers respondents were
response that they were not follow lanes on roads due to poor quality of roads. And
20.95% of the drivers respondents were response that they were not follow lanes on roads,
because they were not aware of traffic rules and regulations. While of the drivers
respondents were response, they were not following lanes on roads because all of the
above mention reasons.
Table#4.25: Why Do You Park Your Car/Taxi Anywhere To Take Commuters?
a
b
c
d
Why Do You Park Your Car/Taxi Anywhere To Take Commuters

Frequency
Percentage
Response
42
40.00
Lack Specified Area
14
13.33
Due To Insistence Of Commuters
35
33.33
Lack Of Police Observers
14
13.33
Any Other (Specify)
Total
105
100

In table-4.25, 40% of the driver s respondents of the filed survey were response that they
were park their cars/ taxi anywhere to take commuters due to lack of specified area. and
13.33% of the driver s respondents were response that they were, park car/ taxi anywhere
to take commuters due to insistence of commuters.33.33% of the drivers respondents
were response that they were park their cars/taxi anywhere to take commuters, due lack of
police observer.13.33% of the drivers respondents were showed that, no rule regulation to
follow its. That s why we park our cars.

4.3.
Traffic Police:
Table#4.26, What Are The Major Reason For Traffic Problem In Kabul City?
What Are The Major Reason For Traffic Problem In Kabul City
Response
Frequency
Percentage
a Too Many Vehicles
36
34.28
b Narrow Roads
16
15.23
c Encroachment By Vendors
10
9.52
d Unlawful Parking
10
9.52
e Security Post
10
9.52
f Lack Of Traffic Sense
23
21.90
Total
105
100
In table-4.26, 34.28% of the police respondents of the field survey response that the major
reasons for traffic problem in Kabul city are too many vehicles. And 15.23% of the police
respondents were showed that, the major reasons for traffic problem in Kabul city are
narrow roads. And 9.52% of the police respondents of the field survey show that the major
reasons for traffic problem in Kabul city are encroachment of roads by vendors. And 9.52%
of the police respondents of the field survey show that, unlawful parking is the major
reason for traffic problem in Kabul city. And 9.52% of the police respondents of the filed
survey show that security post are the major reason of traffic problem in Kabul city. While
21.90% of the police respondents were response that lack of traffic sense among drivers
and common people are major problem in Kabul city.
Table#4.27: What Are the Problems of Traffic Police?
a
b
c
d
e
What Are The Problems Of Traffic Police

Response
Frequency
Inadequate Police Force
34
Lack Of Training
20
Corruption
22
Unregistered Car Vehicles
17
Poor Quality Of Roads
12
Total
105
Percentage
32.38
19.05
20.95
16.19
11.43
100

In table-4.27, 32.38% of the respondents were response that, inadequate police forces are
of problem of traffic police. And 19.05% of the police respondents were showed that lack of
police training are the problem of traffic police. And 20.95% of the police respondents of
the field survey were showed that corruption is also the problem of traffic police in Kabul.
And 16.19% of the police respondents were responded that unregistered vehicles are also

the problem of traffic police in Kabul city. While 11.43% of the respondents were showed
that poor quality of roads is also the problem of traffic police in Kabul city.
Table#4.28: On Average How Many Traffic Violates Cars Or Booked In A Day?
a
b
c
d
e
On Average How Many Traffic Violates Cars Or Booked In A Day

Response
Frequency
Percentage
2-4
23
21.90
4-6
9
8.57
6 -8
37
35.24
8 -10
17
16.19
Above 10
19
18.10
Total
105
100

In table-4.28, 21.90 of the police respondents were response that they were booked
average 2-4 cars those who violates the traffic rules. And 8.57% of the police respondents
were show that, they were booked 4-6 cars in a day whose violates the traffic rules. And of
the police respondents were claimed that they were booked average 6-8 cars per day,
whose violates the traffic rules. And 16.19% of the police respondents were responses that
they were booked average 8-10 cars violators in a day. While 18.10% of police respondents
were response that they were booked averages above than 10 cars violators in a day.
Table# 4.29: So If Some One Violates The Traffic Rules, How You Are Treating Them?
So If Some One Violates The Traffic Rules, How You Are Treating Them
Response
frequency
percentage
a fine them
55
52.38
b Just warning them
31
29.52
c they are run away
19
18.10
total
105
100
In table-4.29, 52.38% of the police respondents were response that, if someone violates the
traffic rules, they were fine them. 29.52% of the police respondents were response, that if
someone violates the traffic rules so they were just warning them, because most of the
violators belong to governmental employees or elites. 18.10% of the police respondents
were response that they can t control due to lack of facilities, all that who violates the
traffic rules because they are run away.

Table#4.30: What Are Your Regulations To Avoid Traffic Problems In Kabul City?
What Are Your Regulations To Avoid Traffic Problems In Kabul City

Response
Frequency
Percentage
a Book And Seize Illegal Cars
20
19.05
b Flyovers In Different Junction
16
15.24
c More Subways For Road Crossing
23
21.90
d Training For High No Of Traffic Police
17
16.19
e More Traffic Signals
20
19.05
f More Sign Boards On Roads
5
4.76
g Any Other(Specify)
4
3.81
Total
105
100
In table-4.30, 19.05% of the police respondents were response that they were avoid traffic
problems in Kabul city, to book and seize illegal cars. And 15.24% of the police respondents
were show that they were avoiding traffic problems in Kabul city, to that government
construct flyover in different junction. 21.90% of the police respondents were response
that they can avoid traffic problems in Kabul, thorough more subways for road crossing.
16.19% of the police respondents were response that, they can avoid traffic problem in
Kabul city, through training for high numbers of traffic police. 19.05% of the police
respondents of the field survey claimed that traffic problem in Kabul city should be avoided
constructing more traffic signals through Kabul city. And 4.76% of the police respondents
of the field survey show that, more sign boards on roads can avoid traffic problems in
Kabul city. While 3.81% of the police respondents were response that constructs the traffic
signals of Kabul is also one regulation to avoid traffic problem in Kabul city.
Table#4.31: Who Do YOU Think Are The Frequent Violators Of The Traffic Rules?
a
b
c
d
e
Who Do YOU Think Are The Frequent Violators Of The Traffic Rules
Response
Frequency
Percentage
ISAF Forces
10
9.52
Afghanistan Army
20
19.05
Government Employee
38
36.19
Elites
21
20.00
Taxi Drivers
16
15.24
Total
105
100

In table-4.31, 9.5% of the police respondents were response that they were thought that
ISAF forces are the frequent violators of the traffic rules.19.05% of the police respondents
were show that Afghanistan army are the frequent violators of the traffic rules in Kabul.

and 36.19% of the police respondents were response that, they were thoughts that
government employee by government employee they were mean who enjoys the higher
ranking of Afghanistan government( ministers, parliamentarians, directories, etc) are
frequent violators of the traffic rules.
5. MAJOR FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION:

5.1. Major findings of the study:
1. From Our Study I Found That 28.57% Of The Respondents Of The Field Survey Face
The Problem Of Over Crowded Private Transport System.
2. The Study Show That 25.17% Of The Field Survey Respondents Were Responded
That Too Many Roads Block/ Checkpoints Are The Most Serious Causes For The
Vehicles Traffic Problem In Kabul.
3. The Result Show That 32.38 % Of The Respondents Of The Filed Survey Were
Responded That, Drivers And Common People Don t Obey Traffic Rules, Due Lack Of
Awareness About Traffic Rules In Kabul.
4. According To The Study Result 15.24% Of The Respondents Of The Filed Survey
Were Showed That Government Employees (Ministers, Parliamentarians, Directors,
And All Those Who Enjoy The Top Ranking Of Government Employee) Are The
Frequent Of Traffic Law Breakers.
5. I Found That 51.43% Of The Filed Survey Respondents Were Response They Have
Seen Some Police Stopping Drivers Who Don t Obeying Traffic Rules, To Bribery
Them.
6. 44.76% Of The Filed Survey Respondents Were Responded That Police Punish The
Drivers Which Break The Law.
7. According To The Study Result That 44.95% Of Filed Survey Respondents Were
Believed That Flyovers And Subway Will Be Helpful In The Reduction Of Traffic
Problem In Kabul City.
8. The Study Result Showed That 42.86% Of Respondents Of The Filed Survey Showed
That Very Few People Use The Foot Over Bridge Or Subway Where It Is Provided.
9. I Found That, 32.4 % Of The Respondents Were Responded That Due To
Inappropriate Locations Of Over Foot Bridge Or Subway People Don t Use Its.
10. According To The Study Result That %57.41 Of The Respondents Of The Filed
Survey Were Showed That They Were More Satisfied From The Private Taxi System.
11. 31% Of The Respondents Of The Filed Survey Were Showed That Street
Vendors/Cart Vendors Working On Road Sides Because There Is No Regulation.
12. The Study Result Show That 41.9% Of Respondents Of The Filed Survey Showed
That Very Few Parking Spaces Inadequate In Kabul City.

13. I Found That 36.19% Of The Respondents Of The Field Survey Were Response That
They Were Don t Know That Locations Of Workshops And Factories In Central Part
Of Kabul City, Will Create Traffic Problem.
5.1.1.
Taxi drivers
1. According To The Study Result That 36.19% Of The Drivers Respondents

Showed That They Were Driving From 5-10 Years In Kabul City.
2. The Study Result Showed That 61.90% Of Drivers Respondents of Filed Survey
Have Traffic Licenses and Police Were Ask Them about Driving License, For
Some time.
3. According The Study That 60.90% Of The Drivers Respondents Of Filed Survey
Were Got Driving Licenses After Giving Proper Driving Test.
4. 66.67% Of the Driver s Respondents of Thee Filed Survey Were the Owner of the
Vehicles, In Kabul City.
5. The Study Result Shows That 42.86% Of The Drivers Respondents Were
Claimed That Their Cars Are Registered With (KPTD).
6. The Result Show That, 43.81% Of The Drivers Respondents Show That The
General Feeling About Taxi Drivers And Other Drivers They Are Don t Obeying
Traffic Rules Are Mostly True.
7. I found that
8. According To The Study Result That, 33.33 % Of The Driver Respondents Of The
Filed Survey Were Believed That Very Few Illegal Cars/ Taxies Without
Registration Or License In Kabul City.
9. The Study Result Show That, 63% Of The Drivers Respondents Were Believed
That, Yes Flyovers And Basement Will Be Helpful In Reduction Of Traffic
Problem. While 35.4% Of 63% Of The Drivers Respondents Were Response That
Flyovers And Basement Will Be Necessary In DAAFGHAN, It Will Be Helpful In
Reduction Of Traffic Problem Of That Area.
10. 22.86% Of The Drivers Respondents Of The Field Survey Were Showed That
Drivers Not Follow Lane On Roads, Because They Were Not Aware Of Traffic
Rule And Regulations.
11. According To The Study Result That, 40% Of The Drivers Respondents Of The
Field Survey Showed That They Were Park Their Cars/ Taxies Any Where Due
Lack Of Specified Areas In City.
5.1.2.
Traffic police:

1. I Found That 34.28% Of The Police Respondents Of Filed Survey Were Response
That, Major Reason For Traffic Problem In Kabul City Is Too Many Vehicles.
2. According To The Study Result That, 32.38% Of The Police Respondents Of The
Field Survey Were Showed That Inadequate Police Force Is The Problem Of
Traffic Police.
3. The Result Show That, 35.24%Of The Police Respondents Of The Filed Survey
Were Showed That On Average Booked, 6-8 Cars Traffic Violators In A Day.
4. According To The Study Result That, 52.38% Of The Police Respondents Of The
Filed Survey Were Response That They Will Fine All Those Who Are Violates The
Traffic Rules And Regulation In Kabul City.
5. The Result Show That, 19.05%, Of The Police Respondents Of The Filed Survey
Showed That, They Will Avoid Traffic Problem In Kabul, To Book Illegal Cars And
Construct More Traffic Signals.
6. I Found That, 36.19% Of Police Respondents Of The Filed Survey Showed That,
Government Employee (Ministers, Parliamentarians, Directors, And All Those
Who Enjoy The Top Ranking Of Government Employee) Are The Frequent
Violators Of Traffic Rules.
5.2. CONCLUSION:
From our field study I come to the conclusion that vehicles traffic problem are critical one
and it s going outrageous day by day. Because there will be different reasons, factors, and
stakeholders which play various types of role in different occasion. A vital factor which
strengthens the problem is overcrowded population growth rate and private cars system.
One important reasons behind the problem that majority of the stakeholders and especially
drivers and common people have poor sense of traffic rules. That s why a problem threats
to both key actors. The study has shown that traffic problem serious causes never would be
ignored, such as:
o
o
o
o
o
Too many roads blocks/checkpoints

Inadequate road networks
Lack of traffic sense among road users
Insufficient public transport services (Mille buses)
Illegal parking and cart vendors and foot path encroachment.
All police interviewees in this study complained about the government employees
(ministers, parliamentarians, and those enjoy the top management of Afghanistan
government are frequent traffic law breakers. A police interviewee complained that he
can t do to implement rules because some of government employees were threatens him

for so many times but they have authority to punish all those, which violate the law. Some
of them were punish all those who violate the traffic rules in Kabul city. The study has
shown that flyover and subways in congested locations of Kabul city will prove helpful in
the reduction of traffic problem of Kabul city. While study will point out some congested
location of Kabul city, for the construction of flyovers and subways, but it necessary to keep
some important points regarding the construction of flyovers and subway will be in
appropriate location, not too much high, and it will be safe so it is possible to reduce the
traffic problem to some extent. Because the existed flyovers and subways will not use due
to its inappropriate location and poor engineering design of the foot over bridges and
flyovers. The study has also shown that street and cart vendors working on road sides
create traffic problems, because there will no regulation and lack of specified consumers
markets in Kabul city. Workshop and factories may create traffic problem in central Kabul.
Majority of the drivers are driving from 5-10 years here in Kabul city and they have traffic
license and traffic police asked them many times about traffic license. Some of them were
getting their license by influence and by bribery, while majority of them were getting their
license by giving through proper test. More of the drivers were have their owned cars. And
they were claimed that their cars are registered with Kabul traffic police department. The
general feeling about taxi and other driver are mostly true that they will don t follow traffic
rules and regulation in Kabul city.
More drivers were believed there will be very few illegal cars in Kabul city. Flyovers in DaAfghanan will be reducing the traffic problem of that area. So it is necessary to construct a
flyover in Da-Afghanan. Due to lack of traffic sense among drivers, majority of the drivers
don t follow right lanes. Drivers park their car anywhere because there were no specified
cars parking area. The study has shown that major cause of traffic problem is too many
vehicles. And least numbers of train police are the major problem of Kabul police traffic
department. Most of the police were claimed that they were booked 6-8 cars in a day, who
break the traffic rules. The study has shown, that all illegal cars were needed to seize and
booked. And those who enjoying, the top ranking government employment were more
violators of the rules and they will creates too many traffic problem for both traffic
department and traffic police.
6. Recommendations
Based on the survey findings of vehicles traffic problem of Kabul city the following
recommendation made by the researcher:
1. KTPD need to craft effective strategy for the control of all illegal, unregistered &
unlicensed cars throughout Kabul city. And remove unnecessary check points/
blocks in city.
2. one reason behind this worse problem is lack of awareness about traffic rules
among drivers and common people, so government need to motivate members of
Kabul community through different sources i.e. news paper, television, etc, to obey
traffic rules.
3.
KPTD and road police were complained about the government employees
(parliamentarians, ministers, relative of ministers, directors etc) are more frequent
violators of rules. So government employees will need to cooperate, traffic police in
sense to follow traffic rules.
4. Flyovers and subway are helpful in reduction of traffic problem, so it will to be in

appropriate location, because very few people use it and more people do not use
due in appropriate locations and poor engineering system.
5. More people were satisfied from the private cars system, due it easy availability in
bus stops and other facilities. So government will need to launch new and will equip
transportation system in city. So it will discourage the private cars system in city,
which will be proving helpful in the reduction of traffic problem.
6. Very few cars parking in city of Kabul compel the drivers to park their cars
anywhere. So it necessary for government to construct suitable cars parking in
suitable places of Kabul city.
7. Inadequate traffic police were also one reason to control the congested traffic
system of Kabul city, so KTPD need to hire news police for the control of congested
traffic problem in Kabul city.
8. To rebuild as well build new traffic signals throughout city Kabul.
9. KPTD need to design new reward system, for all those who break the traffic rules in
Kabul city.
10. Ministry of urban development need to regulate law for cart and street vendors in
Kabul city.
11. Poor urban development need to be re-designing it international level.
12. To facilitate the work in progress on roads network, and construct all roads in
important part of the Kabul city.
7. INTERVIEW SCHEDULE FOR THE DATA COLLECTIO ON THE TOPIC

VEHICLES TRAFFIC PROBLEM IN KABUL AFGHANISTAN
PART-1
1.
Identification
i. Name:________________________________
ii.
Native province:______________________
iii. Age:____
iv. Gender: male/ female
v. Type: Taxi Driver(1)/Car owners(2)/Traffic Police(3)/pedestrians(4)/
2. Since how long have you been living in Kabul (Year)?

3.
What kind of traffic problem you face?

a) Delay in reaching the destination
b) Poor and inadequate public (Mille) transport
c) Overcrowded private transport
d) Poor quality of roads
e) Frequent traffic jam

6. Which of the following is the most serious cause for the vehicle traffic problem in
Kabul (Give rank)?
a) Inability to control traffic movement
b) Too many road blocks/check points
c) Inadequate road network
d) Lack of traffic sense among road users
e) Insufficient public transport services
f) Too many vehicles
g) Illegal parking and cart vendors and foot path encroachment
h) All of the above
7. Why do you think that drivers and common people don t obey traffic law?
a) Lack of awareness about traffic rules
b) Lack of regulation by police to observe traffic laws
c) Corruption of traffic police
d) Non provision for lane crossing, signals etc
e) Any other (specify)
f) All above
8. Who do you think are the frequent of traffic law breakers (Rank)?

a) Government employee
b) ISAF forces
c) Common people
d) Taxi Drivers
e) Truck drivers
f) Private car owners
g) Police
h) Others(specify)
9. Have you seen any police stopping drivers who don t obeying traffic rules?
a) No
b) Saw but let off on bribery
10. How does a police treat drivers which break the law?
a) Punish them
b) Take Bribery
c) Can t control them
d) Just Warning them
11. Do you believe that flyover and sub-way will be helpful in reduction of traffic problem?
a) Yes
b) No
c) Don t know
11. Do people use the foot over bridge or subway where it is provided?
a) Most people
b) Some people
c) Very few
12. Why do you think people don t not use the over bridge or subway?
a) Inappropriate locations
b) Unsafe
c) No regulations
d) Lack of awareness
12. Are you more satisfied from government transportation or private car system?
a) Mill buses
b) Private taxi
14. Street vendors working on road sides because?
a) Due to Lack of rent
b) Due to lack of proper markets
c) No regulation
d) Any other ( specify)
15. Do you think parking facility in Kabul city adequate?

a) No specified parking place
b) No regulations of parking
c) Very few parking spaces
16. Do you think locations of factories and workshop in central part of kale create traffic
problem?
a) In most places
b) In some places
c) Not a major problem
d) Don t know
PART.2: TAXI DRIVERS
1. Since how long you have been driving (Years)

2. Do you have driving license:
a) yes
b) No
4. Does traffic police ask you about traffic license?
a) yes
b) No
5. How did you get your license?

a) After giving proper driving test
b) through some influence
c) by bribing
6. Is it your own vehicle or working as driver on wages?
a) ownerb) driver
7. Is your vehicle registered?
a) yes
b) No
c) Doesn t know
8. There is a general feeling that taxi drivers and other drivers do not follow traffic
rules?
a) Mostly true
b) True to some extent
c) Not true
9. If some drivers are not following the traffic rule, why? Tick the box
a) Lack of knowledge

b) Unlicensed drivers
c) There is no regulation of traffic (signals, lane marking,)
d) Encroachment of road affecting proper driving
e) Poor quality of roads do not allow drivers to follow rules
f) Deliberate violation
g) Any other (specify)
10. Do you believe many cars /taxies are illegal- without registration or license?
a) To a large extent
b) to some extent
c) very few
d) don t know
11. What percentage of cars/taxies, in your opinion, could be illegal vehicles?
____________________________
13. Do you believe that flyover and basement will be helpful in reduction of traffic
problem?
a) Yes
b) No
Yes, If yes where it will need more?
a) In Masooad square
b) Abdul haq square
c) Da afghan an
d) Demazang
e) Darwazai Lahore
f) Shah e do shamshira
g) Poli Arthan
14. Why do drivers not follow lanes on roads?

a) Lack of traffic signals
b) Poor quality of roads
c) Lack of traffic police
d) Not aware of traffic rules and regulations
e) All of above
15. Why do you park your car/taxi anywhere to take commuters?
a) Lack of specified area
b) Due to insist stance of commuters
c) Lack of police observer
d) Any other ( specify)
PART#3
TRAFFIC POLICE
1. What are the major reasons for traffic problem in Kabul city?
a) Too many vehicles
b) Narrow roads
c) Encroachment by vendors
d) Unlawful parking
e) Security posts
f) Lack of traffic sense
2. What are the problems of traffic police?

a) Inadequate police force

b) Lack of training
c) Corruption
d) Unregistered cars vehicles
e) Poor quality of roads
3. On average how many traffic violate cars are booked in a day? ___________________
4. So If someone violates the traffic rules, how you are treating them?
a) Fine them
b) Just Warning them
c) They are run away
5. What are your regulations to avoid traffic problem in Kabul city?
a) Book and seize illegal cars
b) Flyovers in different junctions
c) More subways for road crossing
d) Training for high number of traffic police
e) More traffic signals
f) More sign boards on roads
g) Any other ( specify
6. Who do you think are the frequent violators of traffic rules?

a) ISAF forces
b) Afghanistan army
c) Government employee
d) lites
e) Taxi drivers
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Ables, A.F. et al, Country Synthesis Report on Urban Air Quality Management
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Ministry of Public Works. Road Maintenance Manual for Afghan Government
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Final Report on the Analysis on the Impact of Installing SCATS in South Lyon FAST
TRAC Phase III Deliverables, Underwood and Demski, University of Michigan.
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Rappahannock Transportation Commission Joint Meeting, May 6, 1999.
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IRIN. Afghanistan: Kabul s Air Pollution Putting People s Health at Risk
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Narendra Singru at el 2007, Sector Assistance Program Evaluation for the

Transport Sector in India Focusing on Results Operations Evaluation Department,
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Habitat. State of the World s Cities 2008/ 2009. United Nations Human Settlements
Programme. Kenya, 2008.
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ADB. 2006d. Draft

Report, ADB.
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Utilizes Most of Hospital Resources, September 2009.
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Humanitarian News and Analysis Service of the U.N. Office for the Coordination of
Human Affairs, March 2008.\
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ILO-ASIST http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/recon/eiip/asist
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http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/publications/road_traffic/5yearst
rat/en/
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Katz man, K. Afghanistan: Post-Taliban Governance, Security, and U.S. policy

Congressional Research Service Report for Congress. RL30588, June 2010, pp. 7-4.
ADB TA 4415-AFG: Kabul Air Quality Management Strategy

25.
Gall, C. Insurgency s Scars Line Afghanistan s Main Road. The New York Times,
August 2008.
26.
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Central Statistics Office. Land Transportation.
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Afghanistan. Discussion Draft. Asian Development Bank and the Clean Air Initiative
for Asian Cities (CAI-Asia) Center, 2006.
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WHO (2001) 5-Year WHO Strategy for Road Traffic Injury Prevention
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https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html.
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DANIDA (2004) Priorities of the Danish Government for Danish Development

Assistance 2005-2009: Security, Growth Development.
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ESCAP http://www.unescap.org
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SSATP http://www.worldbank.org/afr/ssatp
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Vehicles Traffic Problems In Kabul Afghanistan 2011

Causes of Vehicles Traffic

By: Zabih Ullah Safi

Funding for this study was

Research Unit-Afghanistan Institute Of Rural Development, MRRD 1

Vehicles Traffic Problems In Kabul Afghanistan 2011

Research Unit-Afghanistan Institute Of Rural Development, MRRD 2

Vehicles Traffic Problems In Kabul Afghanistan 2011

5. Objective of The Study:

CHAPTER#2 LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Demographic Layout of Kabul And Repaid Motorization

2. Poor Urban Infrastructure of Kabul And Traffic Problems

3. Challenges to Kabul Transportation System And Traffic Law

4. Socio-economic Effects of Infrastructure And Traffic Improvements of Kabul ................................... 12

CHAPTER#3 RESEARCH DESIGN

1. Title of The Study:

2. Purpose of The Study:

6. Tools of Data Collection:

CHAPTER#4 DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION:

CHAPTER#5 MAJOR FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION:

1. Major Findings of The Study:

CHAPTER#6 INTERVIEW SCHEDULE

Research Unit-Afghanistan Institute Of Rural Development, MRRD 3

Vehicles Traffic Problems In Kabul Afghanistan 2011

Kabul Traffic Police Department

International Regional Informational Network

Afghanistan environment department

National Environmental Protection Agency

Asian Development Bank

Gross Domestic Product

International Security Assistance Force

Ministry Of Rural Rehabilitation & Development

Afghanistan Institute of Rural Development

Research Unit-Afghanistan Institute Of Rural Development, MRRD 4

Vehicles Traffic Problems In Kabul Afghanistan 2011

Research Unit-Afghanistan Institute Of Rural Development, MRRD 5

Vehicles Traffic Problems In Kabul Afghanistan 2011

Figure-1.1, crowded scene of Kabul main road, May 8, 2011

Research Unit-Afghanistan Institute Of Rural Development, MRRD 6

Vehicles Traffic Problems In Kabul Afghanistan 2011

Vehicles Traffic Problems In Kabul Afghanistan 2011

Research questions/ hypothesis:

Research Unit-Afghanistan Institute Of Rural Development, MRRD 8

Vehicles Traffic Problems In Kabul Afghanistan 2011

Vehicles Traffic Problems In Kabul Afghanistan 2011

Research Unit-Afghanistan Institute Of Rural Development, MRRD 10

Vehicles Traffic Problems In Kabul Afghanistan 2011

2.2. POOR URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE OF KABUL AND TRAFFIC PROBLEM

Vehicles Traffic Problems In Kabul Afghanistan 2011

Vehicles Traffic Problems In Kabul Afghanistan 2011

Research Unit-Afghanistan Institute Of Rural Development, MRRD 13

Vehicles Traffic Problems In Kabul Afghanistan 2011

2.5. TRANSPORT POLICY FOR KABUL CITY DRAWN UP BY GOVERNMENT OF

Vehicles Traffic Problems In Kabul Afghanistan 2011

Research Unit-Afghanistan Institute Of Rural Development, MRRD 15

Vehicles Traffic Problems In Kabul Afghanistan 2011

Source: US department of transportation & highways 2006

Vehicles Traffic Problems In Kabul Afghanistan 2011

Figure-2.2: A traffic policeman abortive attempt to book a traffic violator in capital

Research Unit-Afghanistan Institute Of Rural Development, MRRD 17

Vehicles Traffic Problems In Kabul Afghanistan 2011

Research Unit-Afghanistan Institute Of Rural Development, MRRD 18

Vehicles Traffic Problems In Kabul Afghanistan 2011