COAL

- Lignite (low rank), subbituminous (low rank), bituminous and anthracite (highest
rank) are four kinds of coal of which there are subcategories within each four
(https://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coalkinds.htm)
-Low rank coals are baked to remove volatile components (water and other stuff
maybe), possibly in presence of inert gas (results in coke (carbon))(generally you
lose some carbon to combustion from trace O2)
(http://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/index.cfm?id=C#coke)
-Processing Crushed->Sized to specific size through some crushing method>Screening to separate coarse and fine coal->Washing since coal is less dense than
stone->Charring (incomplete combustion) to remove hydrogen and oxygen (is this
baking or something else?)
(http://www.griffincoal.com.au/coal-production-method/processing/)
-Maybe anthracite is burned without processing (moisture content still decently high
(e.g. 15% one example))
(https://www.leisurelinestove.com/anthracitecoal/)
-Sub bituminous seems to have lower sulfur than the REST
(http://www.coal.ca/coal-basics/)

(U.S. system) (http://www.ems.psu.edu/~radovic/Chapter7.pdf) (potentially also

useful beyond this diagram)

TON OF STUFF LINK

(http://www.fe.doe.gov/international/Publications/Coal_Beneficiation_Workshop/4th_
SR_Ghosh_DIR_ES_IICM.pdf)

ALUMINUM
-Aluminum is found in varying amounts in nature as aluminosilicates (contains
aluminum, silicon, and oxygen) in various types of clay. As the minerals are
weathered they gradually breakdown into various forms of hydrated aluminum
oxide, Al2O3.xH2O, known as bauxite. The bauxite is purified by the Bayer Process.
First the ore is mixed with a hot concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide. The
NaOH will dissolve the oxides of aluminum and silicon but not other impurities such
as iron oxides, which remains insoluble. The insoluble materials are removed by
filtration. The solution which now contains the oxides of aluminum and silicon are
next treated by bubbling carbon dioxide gas through the solution. Carbon dioxide
forms a weak acid solution of carbonic acid which neutralizes the sodium hydroxide
from the first treatment. This neutralization selectively precipitates the aluminum
oxide, but leaves the silicates in solution. Again filtration is used for the separation.
After this stage the purified aluminum oxide is heated to evaporate the water.
(very good link) (http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/327aluminum.html) (1
more very old process that is still used (Hall-Heroult)) (Bayer is patented (royalties)
not sure about Hall-Heroult)
(The more detailed version of Bayer http://bauxite.worldaluminium.org/refining/process.html)
-Bayer process creates residue known as bauxite residue which we dispose of by
filling them into holes oil sands style (look into later)
-Aluminum oxide to aluminum (http://www.hydro.com/en/About-aluminium/How-itsmade/) (not as detailed)
-Aluminum oxide to aluminum and emissions/residue from Bayer and the process of
aluminum oxide to aluminum
(http://www.istc.illinois.edu/info/library_docs/manuals/primmetals/chapter4.htm)
-Other detailed Bayer process links
(http://www.rocksandminerals.com/aluminum/process.htm)
(http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Aluminum.html)

(different details)