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Lecture 9
ECE321/521
Date: 02.09.2014
Examples
Admittance Transformation
Examples
Admittance Smith Chart
High Frequency Network Analysis (intro)
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Example 1
determine the input impedance of a transmission line that is terminated
in a short circuit, and whose length is:
) = 8 = 0.125
b) = 3 8 = 0.375
2 = 90
2 = 270
0 = 1
= 0
l
Solution:
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Example 2
we know that the input impedance of a transmission line length
= 0.134 is:
= 1.0 + 1.4
determine the impedance of the load that is terminating this line.
= 1.0 + 1.4
0 = 1
=?
= 0.134
Solution:
Locate on the Smith Chart, and then rotate counter clockwise (yes, I
said counter-clockwise) 2 = 96.5. Essentially, you are removing the
phase shift associated with the transmission line. When you stop, lift your
pen and find !
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Example 3
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Example 3 (contd.)
One more important pointthere are two possible solutions!
= 4.2 + 0
2 = 30
= 0.042
= 0.24 + 0
2 = 210
= 0.292
b) Find = 2.0 + 2.0 on your Smith Chart, and then rotate clockwise until
you bump into the circle = 1 (recall this circle intersects the center point
of the Smith Chart!).
When you reach the = 1 circlestop! Lift your pencil and note that
the impedance value of this location has a real value equal to one (after
all, = 1!).
Now, measure the rotation angle that was required to move clockwise
from = 2.0 + 2.0 to an impedance on the = 1 circlethis angle is
equal to 2!
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Example 3 (contd.)
You can now solve for , or alternatively use the
electrical length scale surrounding the Smith Chart.
Again, we find that there are two solutions!
= 1.0 1.6
2 = 82
= 0.114
= 1.0 + 1.6
2 = 339
= 0.471
Q: Hey! For part b), the solutions resulted in = 1.0 1.6 and =
1.0 + 1.6 --the imaginary parts are equal but opposite! Is this just a
coincidence?
A: Hardly! Remember, the two impedance solutions must result in the same
magnitude for --for this example we find = 0.625.
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Example 3 (contd.)
Thus, for impedances where = 1 (i.e., = 1 + ):
and therefore:
z ' 1 (1 jx) 1
jx
z ' 1 (1 jx) 1 2 jx
jx
2
4 x2
2 jx
2
x2
2
1
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Admittance Transformation
RF/Microwave network, similar to any electrical network, has impedance
elements in series and parallel
Impedance Smith chart is well suited while working with series
configurations while admittance Smith chart is more useful for parallel
configurations
The impedance Smith chart can easily be used as an admittance calculator
1 z
zin ( z )
1 z
Hence,
1 z
yin z
1 z
Yin z 1/ Z in z
1
1
yin z
Y0
1/ Z 0
Z in z / Z 0 zin z
1 e j z
yin z
1 e j z
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Example 4
Convert the following normalized input impedance into normalized
input admittance using the Smith chart:
zin' 1 j1 2e j ( /4)
First approach: The normalized admittance can be found by direct inversion as:
1
1
1 j ( /4) 1
1
y '
e
j
zin 1 j1
2
2
2
'
in
Alternative approach:
Mark the normalized impedance on Smith chart
Identify phase angle and magnitude of the associated reflection coefficient
Rotate the reflection coefficient by 180
Identify the x-circle and r-circle intersection of the rotated reflection
coefficient
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Example 4 (contd.)
Quick investigation
show that the
normalized
impedance (yin ) is
the intersection of
r-circle of 1/2 and
x-circle of -1/2
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Normalized
impedance (zin) is the
intersection of r-circle
of 1 and x-circle of 1
Yin yin'
1
Y0 yin'
Z0
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Example 5
'
Given: zin
1 j2
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Example 5 (contd.)
yin' 0.20 j 0.40
zin' 1 j 2
Clockwise rotation by
l
2 l 4
l
yin'
0.2 j 0.4
l l / 8 2 l 90o
180 clockwise
rotation
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X
b
b Z0 B
Z0
Y0
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Angle of reflection
coefficient
Negative Values of
Suceptances
Inductive Behavior
Open Circuit
Positive Values of
Suceptances
Capacitive
Behavior
Short Circuit
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Example 6
Identify (a) the normalized impedance z = 0.5 + j0.5, and (b) the
normalized admittance value y = 1 + j2 in the combined ZY-Smith Chart
and find the corresponding values of normalized admittance and
impedance
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Example 6 (contd.)
y ' 1 j1
y' 1 j2
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Z0
bL
L
Z0
L
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bC Z 0C
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Susceptance
at 500 MHz
Susceptance
at 4 GHz
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Z0
xL
Z0
L
Z0
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reactance at
4 GHz
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R
Z0
1
xC
CZ 0
1
CZ 0
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reactance at
4 GHz
reactance at
500 MHz
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Current/Voltage or
Incident/Reflected
Traveling Wave
directional coupler
(more than one port)
Current/Voltage or
Incident/Reflected
Traveling Wave
In principle, N by N impedance matrix completely characterizes a linear Nport device. Effectively, the impedance matrix defines a multi-port device the
way a ZL describes a single port device (e.g., a load)
Linear networks can be completely characterized by parameters measured at
the network ports without knowing the content of the networks.
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Multiport Networks
Networks can have any number of ports however, analysis of a 2-port,
3-port or 4-port network is sufficient to explain the theory and the
associated concepts
I2
+
V1
-
2 Port
Network
+
V2
-
Port 2
Port 1
I1
The ports can be characterized with many parameters (Z, Y, S, ABDC). Each
has a specific advantage.
For 2-port Network, each parameter set is related to 4 variables:
o 2 independent variables for excitation
o 2 dependent variables for response
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This could be a
simple linear device
or a large/complex
linear microwave I ( z )
1 1
system
V1 ( z1 )
I 2 ( z2 )
V2 ( z2 )
Port-2
Z0
Port-1
Z0
z1 z1P
Port-4
I 4 ( z4 )
z2 z2P
Port-3
4-port
Linear
Microwave
Network
Z0
I 3 ( z3 )
Z0
V3 ( z3 )
z3 z3P
z4 z4P
V4 ( z4 )
Each TL has
specific location
that defines input
impedances to
the network
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Vn ( zn znP )
I n ( zn znP )
Vn Vn ( zn znP )
I n I n ( zn znP )
If we want to say that there exists a non-zero current at port-1 and zero
current at all other ports then we can write as:
I1 0
I 2 I3 I 4 0
V2
Z 21
I1
Trans-impedance
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V3
Z 31
I1
V4
Z 41
I1
Z mn
Vm
In
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I2 0
Port-2
Z0
I3 0
I1
4-port
Linear
Microwave
Network
V1 Z 0
Port-1
I4 0
Z0
Z0
V3
Port-3
Port-4
Z mn
Vm
In
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Vm Z mn I n
n 1
V = ZI
Where I and V are vectors given as:
V = V1, V2 , V3 , ...., VN
I = I1, I2 , I3 , ...., I N
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Z m1
Z12
Zm2
Z1n
Z mn
Impedance Matrix
Z m1 ( ) Z m 2 ( )
Z1n ( )
Z mn ( )