Chapter 1 “Measurement”  Table 1.

1 “Units of Measurement”

1.1 Units of Measurement Measurement Metric SI

 Length Length Meter (m) Meter (m)
Volume Liter (L) Cubic meter
o Meter (m) – slightly longer than a yard
(m3)
 1 m = 100 cm Mass Gram (g) Kilogram (kg)
 1 m = 39.4 in. Time Second (s) Second (s)
Temperature Celsius (°C) Kelvin (K)
o Centimeter (cm) – smaller unit of length
and commonly used in chemistry
 2.54 cm = 1 in. 1.2 Scientific Notation

 Volume – amount of space a substance  Scientific notation – easy way to write small and

occupies large numbers

o Liter (L) – slightly larger than the quart o Example

and commonly used to measure volume  Width of a human hair is

 1 L = 1000 mL 0.000008 m, but in scientific

 1 L = 1.06 qt notation is 8 * 10-6 m

o Milliliter (mL) – more convenient for  Writing a number in scientific notation:

o Two parts –
measuring smaller volume of fluids in
hospital or lab  A coefficient

 946 mL = 1 qt  Power of 10

 Mass (weight) – measure of the quantity of o Example

material it contains  2.4 * 103

o Gram (g)  Coefficient is 2.4

 454 g = 1 lb  103 shows the power of 10

o Kilogram (kg)  Table 1.2 “Some Powers of 10”

 1 kg = 1000 g
Number Multiples of Ten Scientific
 1 kg = 2.20 lb
Notation
 Temperature – how hot or cold that object is 10000 10*10*10*10 1 * 104
1000 10*10*10 1 * 103
(metric system measured on the Celsius
100 10*10 1 * 102
temperature scale but SI system measured on 10 10 1 * 101
the Kelvin (K) temperature scale 1 0 1 *100
0.1 1/10 1 * 10-1
o Celsius (°C) scale – water freezes at 0 0.01 1/10*1/10 = 1/100 1 * 10-2
°C and boils at 100 °C 0.001 1/10*1/10*1/10 = 1 * 10-3

o Fahrenheit (°F) scale – water freezes at 1/1000

0.0001 1/10*1/10*1/10*1/10 1 * 10-4
32 °F and boils at 212 °F
= 1/10000
o Kelvin (K) – 0 K  Scientific notation and calculators:
 Time o Using the EE or EXP key on calculator
o Years
o Days
o Minutes 1.3 Measured Numbers and Significant Figures
o Seconds
 Measured numbers – number that I obtain from 0075 m 2
using a measuring tool (b) Used as 850000 m 2

o Example a
placehol
 Height
der in a
 Weight
large
 Temperature
number
 Table 1.4 “Significant Figures in Measured
without a
Numbers”
decimal
Rule Measured Number of point
Number Significant 1250000 g 3
 Significant figures – all the digits including the
Figures
A number is a estimated digit

significant figure  Exact numbers – numbers obtained by counting

if it is items
(a) Not a 4.5 g 2 o Example
zero  1 ft = 12 in.
122.35 m 5
(b) A zero 205 m 3  1 qt = 4 cups

b/t  1 lb = 16 ounces

nonzero  1 L = 1000 mL

digits  1 m = 100 cm
5.082 kg 4  1 kg = 1000 g
(c) A zero at 50. L 2
1.4 Significant Figures in Calculations
the end
 Rounding off
of a
o Rules for rounding off:
decimal
 If the first digit to be
number
25.0 °C 3 dropped is 4 or less, it and
16.00 g 4 all following digits are
(d) Any digit 4.0 * 105 m 2
simply dropped from the
in the
number
coefficie
 If the first digit to be
nt of a
dropped is 5 or greater, the
number
last retained digit of the
written in
number is increased by 1
scientific
 Example:
notation
 8.4234 rounds off to
5.70 * 10-3 g 3
A zero is not 8.42 or 8.4
significant if it is  14.780 rounds off to
(a) At the 0.0004 lb 1
14.8 or 15
beginnin
 Multiplication and division – final answer is
g of a
written so it has the same number of
decimal
number
 significant figures as the measurement with  1 dL = 100 mL
the fewest significant figures (SFs) o Cubic centimeter (cm3)
o Example  1 cm3 = 1 cc = 1 mL
 24.65 * 0.67 = 16.5155 – 17  Measuring mass
 Adding significant zeros – significant zeros o Some mass equalities:
may need to be written after the calculator  1 kg = 1000 g
result  1 g = 1000 mg
o Example  1 mg = 1000 µg
 8.00 / 2.00 = 4 = 4.00 1.6 Writing Conversion Factors
 Addition and subtraction – final answer is  Conversion factors – one of the quantities is
written so it has the same number of the numerator and the other is the
decimal places as the measurement with the denominator
fewest decimal places o Example
o Example  Numerator / Denominator
 2.045 + 34.1 = 36.145 =  60 min / 1 h and 1 h / 60
36.1 min
1.5 Prefixes and equalities  Metric conversion factors
 Prefix – attached to any unit to increase or o Example
decrease its size by some factor of ten  Metric equality (1 m = 100
 Prefixes that increase the size of the unit – cm)
o Tera = 1000000000000  Conversion factors (100
o Giga = 1000000000 cm / 1 m and 1 m / 100 cm)
o Mega = 1000000
Table 1.9 “Some Common Equalities”
o Kilo = 1000
 Prefixes that decrease the size of the unit – Quantity U.S. Metric (SI) Metric (U.S)
Length
o Deci = 0.1
1 ft = 12 in. 1 km = 2.54 cm = 1
o Centi = 0.01 1000 m in.
o Milli = 0.001 1 yard = 3 ft 1 m = 1000 1 m = 39.4

o Micro = 0.000001 mm in.

1 mile = 1 cm = 10 1 km =
o Nano = 0.000000001
5280 ft mm 0.621 mi
o Pico = 0.000000000001 Volume
1 qt = 4 1 L = 1000 946 mL = 1
 Measuring length
cups mL qt
o Some length qualities:
1 qt = 2 pt 1 dL = 100 1 L = 1.06
 1 m = 100 cm mL qt
 1 m = 1000 mm 1 gallon = 4 1 mL = 1
 1 cm = 10 mm qt cm3
Mass
 Measuring volume
1 lb = 16 oz 1 kg = 1000 1 kg = 2.20
o Some volume equalities:
g lb
 1 L = 10 dL 1 g = 1000 454 g = 1 lb
 1 L = 1000 mL mg
Time
 1 h = 60  Density – to determine an object will sink or
min float
1 min = 60 s  Formula
 Metric (U.S) system conversion factors
o Density = mass of substance /
o Example
volume of substance
 1 kg = 2.20 lb
 Density of solids – calculated from its mass
 Conversion factors
and volume
 2.20 lb / 1 kg or 1 kg /
 Specific gravity (sp gr) – ratio between the
2.20 lb
density of a substance and the density of
 Conversion factors stated within a problem
water
o Example
 Formula
 1 h = 85 km
o Specific gravity = density of sample /
 Conversion factors
density of water
 85 km / 1 h or 1 h / 85
km
 Conversion factors for a percentage, ppm, and
ppb
o Example
 18% body fat by mass = 100 kg
body mass
 Conversion factors
 100 kg body mass / 18
kg body fat or 18 kg
body fat / 100 kg body
mass
1.7 Problem Solving
 Example
o Given quantity * one or more
conversion factors = desired
quantity
 Guide to problem solving (GPS) using
conversion factors
o Given/Need
o Plan
o Equalities/Conversion Factors
o Set Up Problem
 Using two or more conversion factors – each
factor is arranged to cancel the preceding
unit until the final unit is obtained
1.8 Density