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In this chapter, we only study sections 5.1 and 5.2. We will have a combined
shorter test on Ch 5 with some Ch 4 material, as well.
5.1 Friction
Do you remember the following notes from 10th grade?
4.2 Friction
DEF: Friction = a counter-active force that acts:
In response to force
In the opposite direction of the force
Cant be morr than the force applied
Does not depend on speed
Does not depend on area of contact
Can happen in solids, liquids, and gases
2 Types of Friction
A. Static friction is
the friction that prevents something from moving (Fs)
equal in size and opposite in direction to the force applied (Fs = - F)
increases / decreases in direct proportion to F
Has a maximum value, Fs,max above which the object will begin to
accelerate
B. Sliding (Kinetic) Friction is
Fk
Less than static friction
Still a slowing force
Is proportional to the normal force on the object
Once an object is in motion, Fnet = Fapplied - Fk
DEF: Cold welding = molecular forces between a stationary object and the
surface its resting on.
Because of cold welding, Fk is always less than Fs
Friction doesnt just happen between solids, it can occur in liquids and gases,
as well. Because liquids and gases both flow, they are called fluids.
Without friction, we couldnt walk, drive a car, play sports, et cetera.
There is one more type of coefficient of friction to consider:
Typical values of r range from 0.01 0.02 for rubber tires on concrete and
from 0.001 0.002 for steel wheels on steel rails.
Q: How do these values for rubber on concrete and steel on steel compare to
the others in the table? Does that make sense?
A: They are substantially less. It will in a moment if it doesnt already!
Q: Why do these coefficient values have no units?
A: They are derived from a ratio of two forces so the units cancel out.
Lets talk about the molecular source of friction for a moment.
So, the cold fusion we discussed earlier happens at those asperities. Cold
fusion is simply the forces of attraction that exist between the atoms that come
in contact with each other at those asperities. Cold fusion bonding is only valid
within a range of a few atoms diameters. The less surface area you have (thus,
the fewer asperities that are in contact with one another), the less friction you
have. Thats why its easier to move things that are on wheels. There is much
less contact between surface areas, and procession of motion is facilitated by
the fact that the object will roll automatically.
Q: What do you think would happen if you continue to scrape two surfaces
like these together?
A: As the normal forces increase respectively (the forces they exert on each
other), the steel slabs flatten out morr.
Q: What would this resultant flattening do to the overall friction?
A: Increase it, of course!
Lets take a look at the graph below.
A: A greater mass is harder to stop, but greater mass also means greater
friction. The net effect is that the mass has no effect!
Now, use Ch 2 kinematics to solve for a in terms of vf and vi.
vf2 = vi2 + 2a
x
0 = (5.5 m/s)2 + 2(- k)(-9.81 m/s2)(8 m)
- (5.5 m/s)2
= k
2
2(-9.81 m/s )(8 m)
k = 0.19
Fy: Fn mg cos
= m0
Fn = mg cos
Fs = sFn
Fs = smg cos
Fx: Fs mg sin
= m0
Fs = mg sin
mg cos
mg cos
s = tan
KNOW this formula!!!!
So, max = the angle of repose = the angle at which the object just begins to slip!
What they are really asking is if these tensions are enough to accelerate these
children.
Q: Why is Fn shorter than mg?
Fx:
Fn mg + T sin
= m0
Fn = mg - T sin
Since these are both equal to Fs, set them equal to each
other.
s(mg - T sin
) = T cos
smg - sT sin
= T cos
smg = sT sin
+ T cos
smg = T(
s sin
+ cos
)
smg
= T(
s sin
+ cos
)
(
s sin
+ cos
)
(
s sin
+ cos
)
smg
=T
(
s sin
+ cos
)
T = 110 N
your skates and the ice is given by k. D is the distance to the hole when you
reach the buggy, M is the total mass of the buggy, and m is your mass.
a) What is the lowest value of D such that you stop the buggy before it reaches
the hole?
b) What force do you exert on the buggy?
a)
Fy: Fn1 mg = m0
Fn1 = mg
Fk = kFn1
Fk = kmg
Fx: -F = Max
- Max - kmg = max
ax = - kg___
1 + M/m
(a is negative, as youd expect!)
Fx: F Fk = max
F - kmg = max
Now that you have a you can use Ch 2 Kinematics to solve for D
vf2 = v02 + 2axx
0 = v02 + 2axD
2
D=
v0
2a x
M v0
1 +
m 2 k g
b) F = -Max =
k Mg
1+
M
m
Lets shift over to talking about the forces on a car (nyuk, nyuk).
Q: What balances / cancels the weight vector for a car?
A: The normal force on each tire.
Q: If a road were frictionless, how would that affect the
motion of a car?
A: Your wheels would spin around and around, but you
wouldnt be able to move!
For forward motion of a vehicle: When friction is present, the frictional force
of the road on the tires is in the forward direction, opposing the tendency of the
tire to slip backwards. It is that frictional force that provides the acceleration
necessary to propel the car forward. If the friction between the tire and the
road is small, the tire does not slip on the road. The wheels roll without
slipping and the tread touching the road at any given instant is at rest relative
to the road.
Q: What type of friction is this, then?
A: Static.
The largest frictional force that the tire can exert on the road (and the road
can exert on the tire) is: Fs, max = sFn
For a car moving in a straight line with speed v relative to the road, the center
of each wheel also moves with speed v as shown. In the picture, the dashed
lines represent velocities relative to the body of the car while the solid lines
represent velocities relative to the ground.
If a wheel rolls without slipping, its top is moving faster than v
while its bottom is moving slower than v. Thats because
there is NO friction on the top of the wheel, but there IS
friction on the bottom. However, relative to the car, each
point on the perimeter of the wheel moves with the same
speed v.
At that point, the speed of the point on the tire momentarily
in contact with the ground is zero.
zero If it werent zero, the tire
would be skidding along the ground!
Given more power from the engine, the tire will slip and the wheels will spin.
At that point, the force that accelerates the car is the force of kinetic friction.
Q: What did this graph tell you about Fk
versus Fs?
A: Fk < Fs, max
So, if youre stuck on ice or snow, youd be better off using a light touch of the
accelerator as youd potentially have FS,max versus Fk working for you.
Q: Is that true of braking a car, as well? In other words, would you be better
off using a light touch of the brakes for stopping, or slamming on the brakes?
A: Within reason, the lightest force you can apply to the brakes to get them to
stop on time is best. Thats what anti-lock braking systems (ABS) do!
If you slam on the brakes so that the tires skid on the road, the force working
to stop the car is Fk, the force of kinetic friction. Before ABS systems, one
would pump the brakes in effort to stop. The problem is that the pumping
of the brakes is applied to all of them. In ABS systems, the pumping action is
only applied to the locking wheel. This is called threshold braking. This type
of braking maximizes quick stopping ability. Pretty cool, huh?!
Fy: Fn mg = m0
Fn = mg
Fs, max = sFn = s mg
Fx: - Fs, max = max
- s mg = max
ax = - sg
x = - v02 = - (30 m/s)2 = 91.8 m
2ax 2(- 0.5)(9.81)
Fp = m
g
r
The pail can push on the water, but not pull on it.
The water is there via its own initial inertial state.
The minimum force it can exert is zero.
b)
v t , min 2
0=m
g
r
vt, min = rg
Fp = m
+ g
r
a) v = 2
r = 2
(45.7 m) = 18.9 m/s
t
15.2 s
(Constant speed)
v2
smg = mv2
r
s = v2 =
(18.9 m/s)2____ = 0.796
rg (45.7 m)(9.81 m/s2)