Ci it A

Circuit Analysis
l i 1
Chapter # 1
Basic Concepts

Mazhar Javed
Faculty of Electronics Engineering
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences
and Technologies, Topi, Pakistan
Lecture # 1

1
 Objective of Circuit Analysis
Course
Obtain a thorough understanding of the
analysis
l i off electric
l t i circuits
i it and d an
introductory to their design
At the end of course, you should be able to
model (mathematical) and analyze
(simulate) useful circuits from daily life
application (stereo amplifier, understand of
car electrical circuitry, voltage regulators,
controllers, communication circuitry)
First step towards Analog Design Engineer
For others: to control your respective systems2

2
 Pre-Requisite
• Calculus
• Physics

Simple and common sense

3
 Some important guidelines
• Learning by doing: Solve as many as possible
the problems given in the homework
• Problem solving Strategies: Develop
g
strategies to solve the p
problems both in class, at
home and in exams. Make notes with colored
pencils
• Computer Aided Design Labs: PSPICE is Key.
If you don
don’tt know this then forget about modern
circuit analysis

4
 Some Rules of the class
• R
Rule
l 1,
1 Sh
Sharing:
i Wh t
Whatever we speakk in
i class,
l
we shall share it with everyone here (except
exams)
• Rule 2, Cell phones: Cell phones must be off,
otherwise rule 1 will apply
• Rule 3, Raise hands for question
• Rule 4, Cheating is killer, zero tolerance.
Rather help each other
• Rule
R l 5, 5 ffor class
l workk and
d Quiz,
Q i keep
k always
l
writing material and calculator

5
 Why Circuit Analysis
First Step in Analog Design

• El
Electrical
t i l Technology:
T h l P
Power and
d
Information
• Effects almost all engineering disciplines
• Circuit analysis provides the following
information
– Cause and effect
– Amplification and attenuation
– Feedback
F db k and d control
t l
– Stability and oscillation
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 Why Circuit Analysis
DEVELOP TOOLS FOR THE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF
BASIC LINEAR ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

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 Applications
Pressure Sensor
It’s a sensor to measure force and convert it in to
electrical signal
g
l
p

h Membrane
R2

R3 R1

R4
Rim

b
a

Vb

R4 R1
p
+ V0 -

R3 R2

d
c

Model of a piezoresistor pressure sensor 8

8
 Temperature Sensor
Senses the temperature of the environment

• Makes use of the change of resistivity in a

metal wire with temperature.
•As electrons move through a metal, they are
impeded by the thermal vibrations of the
atoms in the crystal lattice. The higher the
temperature the greater the impedance and
the higher the resisti
resistivity.
it
• Accuracy upto 0.001 °C.
• Usually platinum wire is used, since it is a
noble metal which is un-reactive over a wide
range of temperatures. But copper, nickel and
rhodium alloy may also be used in various
temperature ranges.
ranges
• Usually a coil of the pure wire is wound onto
an alumina former or placed in the bores of an
alumina tube, and this assembly is mounted
in a steel tube.
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 Lets Start the Business
What is Circuit Analysis
BASIC STRATEGY USED IN ANALYSIS

Device/S Device/
Idea?? ystem System
Manufac Test
turing

ANALYSIS USING MATHEMATICAL MODELS with ALGEBRAIC AND

ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 10

10
 Circuit Design Methodology
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS
THE MATHEMATICS CLASSES - LINEAR ALGEBRA,
DEVELOP A SET OF MATHEMATICAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS- PROVIDE THE TOOLS
EQUATIONS THAT REPRESENT THE CIRCUIT TO SOLVE THE MATHEMATICAL MODELS
- A MATEMATICAL MODEL -
FOR THE FIRST PART WE WILL BE EXPECTED
LEARN HOW TO SOLVE THE MODEL TO TO SOLVE SYSTEMS OF ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
DETERMINE HOW THE CIRCUIT WILL BEHAVE
IN A GIVEN SITUATION 12V1 − 9V2 − 4V3 = 8
THIS COURSE TEACHES THE BASIC − 4V1 + 16V2 + V3 = 0
TECHNIQUES
TO DEVELOP MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR
− 2V1 − 4V2 + 6V3 = 20
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
THE MODELS THAT WILL BE DEVELOPED HAVE
NICE MATHEMATICAL PROPERTIES. LATER THE MODELS WILL BE DIFFERENTIAL
IN PARTICULAR THEY WILL BE LINEAR WHICH EQUATIONS OF THE FORM
MEANS THAT THEY SATISFY THE PRINCIPLE OF
dy
SUPERPOSITION 3 + y= f
dt
Model
M d l
d2y dy df
y = Tu 2
+ 4 +8y = 3 + 4 f
dt dt dt
Principle of Superposition
T (α 1 u1 + α 2 u2 ) = α 1T ( u1 ) + α 2T ( u2 ) 11

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 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT IS AN INTERCONNECTION OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS

2 TERMINALS COMPONENT The concept of node is extremely

a b important. Node where the
terminals of two or more electrical
characterized by the
current through it and
NODE
components are connected.
connected
the voltage difference We must learn to identify a node
between terminals in any shape or form
NODE

L
TYPICAL LINEAR
R1 CIRCUIT
+
R2 vO
vS +
- −
C
LOW DISTORTION POWER AMPLIFIER 12

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 BASIC CONCEPTS
LEARNING GOALS for next two lectures

•System of Units: The SI standard system; prefixes

•Basic Quantities: Charge, current, voltage, power and energy

•Circuit Elements: Active and Passive

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 Systems of Units
Systeme International Des Unites (International systems
of units): Meter (m), Kilogram (kg), Second (s), Ampere
(A), degrees Kelvin (K), amount of substance (mole),
luminous intensity (cd-candela)
• Standard Prefixes in SI
– pico (10-12),
) nano (10-9),
) micro (10-6),
) milli (10-3), Unit, Kilo (103),
) Unit )
6 9 12
mega, (10 ), giga (10 ), tera (10 )

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SI DERIVED BASIC ELECTRICAL UNITS

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Homework

P: 1.1 – 1.4

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