Ci it A

Circuit Analysis
l i 1
Chapter # 1
Basic Concepts

Mazhar Javed
Faculty of Electronics Engineering
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences
and Technologies, Topi, Pakistan

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 Today’s Lecture
• Electric Current
• Electric Voltage
• Electric Energy

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 Basic Quantities
1. Electric Charge (elementary quantity) and current
•Motion
Motion of electric charge is current.
current
•Electric circuit facilitates the motion of charge from one point
to another in closed path.
•Time rate of change of charge is electric current (equation 1.1)
• Basic unit of Current is 1 Ampere = 1 Coulomb per second
or I = Q/s

1 COULOMB = 6.28 × 1018 (e)

(e) IS THE CHARGE OF ONE ELECTRON

Strictly speaking current is a basic quantity and charge is derived. However,

physically the electric current is created by a movement of charged particles.

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 More concepts on current
More concepts on current:
•A
A charged
h d particle
ti l ((may bbe a ffree electron)
l t ) iis subjected
bj t d
to a steady state force (F=qE) under a steady electric
field E
• In a conductor, this charge undergoes collision with
massive stationary ions of the material, causing their
random
d change
h iin th
the motion
ti off th
the ffree electrons.
l t
• The net effect of the electric field E is that , there is a
slow net motion or DRIFT of the moving charges as a
group in the direction of the electric force F.
• This motion is described in terms of the drift velocityy vd
of the particle. As a result there is a net current in the
conductor
• Heat is also generated due to the random collision of
charges with Ions causing the rise in temperature 4

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 More on Current
• For different current carrying materials, the charged particle
can be negative or positive: Metal has negative (electron)
moving charge. Ionized gas (Plasma) or ionic solution has both
electrons
l t and
d positively
iti l charged
h d iions. S
Semiconductors
i d t (Si and
d
Ga) has electrons and vacancies (holes) as moving parts)
• In circuit analysis, the conventional current is considered as the
motion/flow of the positive charge mainly for simplicity. Sign of
moving charge is not of any significance in analyzing the
electric
l t i circuits.
i it H Here we assume th the electric
l t i charge
h tto move iin
the same direction as that of the current.

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 More on Current
•Finally, Current through the cross sectional area A is the net
charge flowing through the area per unit time. Thus the time
rate of change of charge constitutes an electric current.
M th
Mathematically:
ti ll t
dq (t )
i (t ) = or . q (t ) = ∫ i ( x)dx
dt −∞

Note that current is not a vector

quantity. Current is always along
the length of wire.

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 EXAMPLE

q ( t ) = 4 × 10−3 sin(120π t )[C ]

i (t ) = 4 × 10−3 × 120π cos(120π t ) [ A]

i (t ) = 0.480π cos(120π t ) [mA]

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 EXAMPLE
⎧ 0 t<0
i (t ) = ⎨ − 2t
⎩e mA t ≥ 0

FIND THE CHARGE THAT PASSES

DURING IN THE INTERVAL 0<t<1

t 1 1
dq (t ) 1 1 1
i (t ) = or q (t ) = ∫ i ( x)dx q = ∫ e − 2 x dx = − e − 2 x = − e − 2 − (− e 0 )
dt 0 2 0 2 2
−∞
1
q = (1 − e −2 ) Units?
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FIND THE CHARGE AS A FUNCTION OF TIME
t t
q(t ) = ∫ i ( x )dx = ∫ e − 2 x dx
−∞ −∞

t `< 0 ⇒ q (t ) = 0

t
1
t ≥ 0 ⇒ q (t ) = ∫ e − 2 x dx = (1 − e − 2t )
0
2
And the units for the charge?... 8

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 Current Flow Convention

Positive Current Flow Negative Current Flow

2 Coulomb of charge from left to right 3 Coulomb of charge from right to left

A POSITIVE VALUE FOR A NEGATIVE VALUE FOR

THE CURRENT INDICATES THE CURRENT INDICATES
FLOW IN THE DIRECTION FLOW IN THE OPPOSITE
OF THE ARROW (THE DIRECTION THAN THE
REFERENCE DIRECTION) REFERENCE DIRECTION 9

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 THE DOUBLE INDEX NOTATION
IF THE INITIAL AND TERMINAL NODE ARE
LABELED ONE CAN INDICATE THEM AS
SUBINDICES FOR THE CURRENT NAME a I = −2 A
I ab = 5 A I cb = 4 A
a 5A b 2A
I ab =
I
a 3A b a −3A b b c
I ab = 3 A I ab = −3 A 3A

a −3A b a 3A b This example illustrates the various way

i which
in hi h th
the currentt notation
t ti can b
be use
I ba = −3 A I ba = 3 A

POSITIVE CHARGES POSITIVE CHARGES

FLOW LEFT-RIGHT FLOW RIGHT-LEFT

I ab = − I ba 10

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 Types of Current

Direct Current (DC) Alternating Current (AC)

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 Basic Quantities
Electric Voltage (Electromotive Force or Potential)
Defined as difference in energy levels between two points in a
circuit. There is always one level higher than the other
• Similar to gravitational force.
–Dropping a ball in water tank
• gravitational force= voltage
• Movement of ball in water = current
• Resistance of water to motion of ball = resistance of the conductor

TWO POINTS HAVE A VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL OF

ONE VOLT IF ONE COULOMB OF CHARGE GAINS
(OR LOSES) ONE JOULE OF ENERGY WHEN IT
MOVES FROM ONE POINT TO THE OTHER
IF THE CHARGE GAINS
b
ENERGY MOVING FROM
a TO b THEN b HAS HIGHER
VOLTAGE THAN a.
IF IT LOSES ENERGY THEN
b HAS LOWER VOLTAGE
+ a THAN a 12
1C

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 Electric Voltage (Electromotive Force or
Potential)
VOLTAGE IS A MEASURE OF ENERGY PER UNIT CHARGE

JOULE N •m W
VOLT = = =
COULOMB A • s Q

DIMENSIONALLY VOLT IS A DERIVED UNIT

VOLTAGE IS ALWAYS MEASURED IN A RELATIVE FORM AS THE VOLTAGE DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN TWO POINTS

IT IS ESSENTIAL THAT OUR NOTATION ALLOWS US TO DETERMINE WHICH POINT

HAS THE HIGHER VOLTAGE

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 Voltage Notation
+ and – signs indicates the reference energy levels.
+ being at higher and – being at lower potential level

• Point A is at higher • Point B is at higher • Point B is at higher

potential than B potential than A potential than A
• Unit positive charge • Unit positive charge • Unit positive
supply/loses/give- supply/ loses/give-up 5 charge supply/
up 2 J energy while J energy while moving loses/give-up 5 J
moving from A to B from B to A energy while
while unit positive moving from B to A
• Vba = 5 V
charge gain/absorb • Vab = - 5 V
energy while moving
from B to A, Negative value of a variable give exactly the
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• Vab = 2 V same information except it has an opposite
reference direction

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Typical Voltage and Current
Magnitudes

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 Homework
• P 1.8, 1.9, 1.11,

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