Ci i Analysis

Circuit A l i 1
Chapter # 3
Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Mazhar Javed
Faculty of Elecrtonics Engineering
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and
Technologies, Topi, Pakistan
Lecture # 13

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 Recap- Chapter 2

•We studied Nodal and Loop analysis using Ohm’s law,

KCL and KVL
•Analyzed only a single node or single loop circuits
•Solution with single algebraic equations
•In nodal analysis, when one voltage is known with
some reference point, we can calculate all the
currents
•In loop analysis, once the current in the loop is
known, we can calculate all the voltages
• Developed systematic techniques to determine all the
voltages and currents in a circuit

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 What we will learn in Chapter 3?

Further to NODAL AND LOOP

ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
LEARNING GOALS
NODAL ANALYSIS
LOOP ANALYSIS
• Develop systematic techniques to determine all the voltages
and currents in a circuit that contain multi nodes and loops
• KCL for nodal analysis, KVL for loop analysis, Ohm’s law to
calculate additional parameters

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 3.1 NODE ANALYSIS

• One of the systematic ways to

determine every voltage and
current in a circuit
The variables used to describe the circuit will be “Node Voltages”
• The
Th voltages
lt off each
h node
d with
ith respectt tto a pre-selected
l t d
reference node (also referred as ground because it is said to be at
ground zero potential, represents the chassis or ground wire in
practical circuit).
•Generally, the ground is selected to which largest number of
branches are connected.
•All other nodes are defined with reference to ground node and are
designated positive sign. The resulted analysis will indicate the
actual polarity.

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IT IS INSTRUCTIVE TO START THE PRESENTATION WITH
A RECAP OF A PROBLEM SOLVED BEFORE USING SERIES/
PARALLEL RESISTOR COMBINATIONS

COMPUTE ALL THE VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS IN THIS CIRCUIT

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 4k || 12k 12k

SECOND: “BACKTRACK” USING KVL, KCL OHM’S

6k
I3
Va KCL : I1 − I 2 − I 3 = 0
OHM' S : I 2 =
6k
OHM' S : Vb = 3k * I 3 …OTHER OPTIONS...
12
6k || 6k I4 = I3
4 + 12
FIRST REDUCE TO A SINGLE LOOP CIRCUIT Vb = 4k * I 4
KCL : I 5 + I 4 − I 3 = 0
OHM' S : VC = 3k * I 5
OHM

12V
I1 = 3
12k Va = (12)
3+9 6

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 THE REFERENCE DIRECTION FOR CURRENTS IS IRRELEVANT

+ vR −

i'
− v R' +

USING THE LEFT-RIGHT REFERENCE DIRECTION

THE VOLTAGE DROP ACROSS THE RESISTOR MUST
HAVE THE POLARITY SHOWN
IF THE CURRENT REFERENCE DIRECTION IS
v − vN
OHM' S LAW i = m REVERSED ...
R THE PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION WILL ASSIGN
THE REVERSE REFERENCE POLARITY TO THE
VOLTAGE ACROSS THE RESISTOR
PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION RULES!
i =−i' OHM' S LAW i ' =
v N − vm
R

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 DEFINING THE REFERENCE NODE IS VITAL

+ V12 −

−
+
2V
4V
+
−

THE STATEMENT V1 = 4V IS MEANINGLESS

UNTIL THE REFERENCE POINT IS DEFINED
BY CONVENTION THE GROUND SYMBOL
SPECIFIES THE REFERENCE POINT.

ALL NODE VOLTAGES ARE MEASURED WITH

RESPECT TO THAT REFERENCE POINT

V12 = _____?
6V Now we can see why we had redundant equations
obtained in KCL and KVL (chapter 2).
It came from the reference node
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 1. IDENTIFY ALL NODES (N) AND
THE STRATEGY FOR NODE ANALYSIS SELECT A REFERENCE NODE
VS Va Vb Vc 2. IDENTIFY KNOWN NODE VOLTAGES M
3. AT EACH NODE WITH UNKNOWN
VOLTAGE WRITE A KCL EQUATION (N-
M-1 TOTAL EQUATIONS)
(e g SUM OF CURRENT LEAVING =0)
(e.g.,SUM
4. REPLACE CURRENTS IN TERMS OF
REFERENCE NODE VOLTAGES
@Va : − I1 + I 2 + I 3 = 0 AND GET ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS IN
THE NODE VOLTAGES ...
Va − Vs Va Va − Vb
+ + =0 Use Matrix Analysis, Matlab or
9k 6k 3k Gaussian Elimination methods to
resolve the equations
@Vb : − I 3 + I 4 + I 5 = 0
SHORTCUT: SKIP WRITING
Vb − Va Vb Vb − Vc
+ + =0 THESE EQUATIONS...
3k 4k 9k
AND PRACTICE WRITING
@Vc : − I 5 + I 6 = 0
THESE DIRECTLY
Vc − Vb Vc
+ =0
9k 3k

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 CIRCUITS WITH ONLY INDEPENDENT current SOURCES

HINT: THE FORMAL MANIPULATION OF

EQUATIONS MAY BE SIMPLER IF ONE
USES CONDUCTANCES INSTEAD OF
RESISTANCES.
@ NODE 1
WITH CONDUCTANC ES − i A + G1v1 + G2 (v1 − v 2 ) = 0
v v −v
USING RESISTANCES − i A + 1 + 1 2 = 0
R1 R2 REORDERING TERMS

@ NODE 2
REORDERING TERMS

THE MODEL FOR THE CIRCUIT IS A SYSTEM

OF ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS

THE MANIPULATION OF SYSTEMS OF ALGEBRAIC

EQUATIONS CAN BE EFFICIENTLY DONE
USING MATRIX ANALYSIS
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 EXAMPLE: Practice to write Nodal Equations

WRITE THE KCL EQUATIONS

V3

@ NODE 1 WE VISUALIZE THE CURRENTS

LEAVING AND WRITE THE KCL EQUATION SELECT AS
REFERENCE

REPEAT THE PROCESS AT NODE 2 OR VISUALIZE CURRENTS GOING INTO NODE

v −v v −v
− i2 + 2 1 + 2 1 = 0
R4 R3

You can write Node equation for the missing node as well (V3) 11

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Example 3.1: A MODEL IS SOLVED BY NUMERICAL MODEL LEARNING EXAMPLE
MANIPULATION OF EQUATIONS AND USING MATRIX
ANALYSIS

USE GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION

i A = 12mA, i B = 4mA
THE NODE EQUATIONS R1 = 12kΩ, R2 = R3 = 6kΩ

ALTERNATIVE MANIPULATION
RIGHT HAND
THE MODEL SIDE IS
* / 12k VOLTS.
COEFFS ARE
NUMBERS
REPLACE VALUES AND SWITCH NOTATION * / 6k
TO UPPER CASE

3V1 − 2V2 = 12
− V1 + 2V2 = −24 * / 3 (and add equations)
ADD EQS 2V = −12[V ]
4V2 = −60[V ] 12
1

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SOLUTION USING MATRIX ALGEBRA

PLACE IN MATRIX FORM

AND DO THE MATRIX ALGEBRA ...

USE MATRIX ANALYSIS TO SHOW SOLUTION

PERFORM THE MATRIX MANIPULATIONS

FOR THE ADJOINT REPLACE
Adj ( A)
A−1 = EACH ELEMENT BY ITS 13
| A| COFACTOR

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