Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
28 October 2009
Contents
1.0 Human Recovery Needs Assessment................................................
1.1 Pre-Disaster Vulnerabilities.............................................................................................
Pre-disaster situation and/or vulnerabilities education..................................................5
Pre-disaster vulnerabilities environment.......................................................................6
Pre-disaster vulnerabilities health.................................................................................6
Pre-disaster vulnerabilities protection...........................................................................7
Pre-disaster vulnerabilities shelter................................................................................7
1.2 Summary of Survey Results............................................................................................
Impact on various aspects of community lives and governance......................................8
Access to food................................................................................................................ 8
Social Cohesion.............................................................................................................. 9
Access to Clean Water, Sanitation and Hygiene.............................................................9
Access to Shelter.......................................................................................................... 10
Access to Livelihood......................................................................................................11
Access to Education......................................................................................................12
Safe and Sustainable Environment...............................................................................13
Access to Community Infrastructure/Facilities...............................................................14
Impact on Governance..................................................................................................15
Access to Health...........................................................................................................16
Impact on Vulnerable Groups........................................................................................17
Access to Protection.....................................................................................................18
Impact on agriculture.....................................................................................................20
1.3 Summary of Focus Group Discussions........................................................................
Community Insights on Recovery and Reducing Disaster Risks...................................22
Infrastructure................................................................................................................. 22
Shelter........................................................................................................................... 22
Governance.................................................................................................................. 22
Livelihoods.................................................................................................................... 23
Agriculture..................................................................................................................... 23
Health............................................................................................................................ 23
Shelter........................................................................................................................... 24
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)........................................................................24
Education...................................................................................................................... 24
Agriculture..................................................................................................................... 24
Cross-Cutting Disaster Risk Management..................................................................25
Cross-Cutting Restore Basic Services and Infrastructure...........................................25
Cross-Cutting Clearing and Demoliton.......................................................................25
Cross-Cutting Psychological......................................................................................25
Cross-Cutting - Conflict.................................................................................................25
Cross-Cutting Environment........................................................................................25
Health....................................................................................................................................
Nutrition................................................................................................................................
Protection.............................................................................................................................
Water, Sanitation and Hygene (WASH)...............................................................................
Earth
quake
Land
Slide
H
L
M
H
H
M
H
M
H
H
M
M
H
M
H
H
M
M
M
M
M
M
H
L
M
M
M
M
M
M
H
L
H
M
H
H
H
M
H
M
M
M
H
H
H
H
M
H
H
M
H
H
M
H
H
L
M
H
H
M
H
H
L
L
M
M
L
M
M
L
L
M
M
L
M
L
L
H
M
H
H
H
M
M
M
M
M
L
M
M
L
H
H
H
H
H
H
M
H
M
H
L
H
M
H
M
H
L
H
L
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
L
M
L
M
H
H
H
M
H
H
M
M
L
M
L
M
Volcanic
Eruption
The high risk to the above disaster types is well known by local government and West
Sumateran communities and is documented in the West Sumatera Province Disaster
Management Plan 2008 - 2012. This plan ranks the potential risks due to disasters resulting
from the following hazards Province-wide as follows:
Risk I
High Return Rate with High Potential Damage and Casualties
Earthquake, Tsunami, Flood, Epidemics, Drugs
Risk II
Lower Return Rate with High Potential Damage and Casualties or
High Return Rate with Lower Potential Damage and Casualties
Landslide, Volcano, Forest and Land Fire, Storm, Building Fire, Tidal
There are a number of well known vulnerabilities or disaster patterns demonstrated by this
disaster that are regularly repeated in other areas of Indonesia with similar high-risk to
earthquakes (with the secondary disaster of landslides):
High rate of rural houses destroyed. This pattern has repeated itself over and over
throughout Indonesia as well as in West Sumatera because the methods required for
building earthquake resistant houses are not widely known by local builders or
families that build their own houses. Fortunately, this damage pattern is also
accompanied lately in West Sumatera by a growing capacity as disaster resistant
house building materials and methods have become more widely known due to work
done by Public Works (Housing) in partnership with communities, development
agencies and NGOs.
High rate of fully collapsed or heavily damaged schools. Another key damage
pattern that repeats itself over and over throughout Indonesia as well as in West
Sumatera is the high level of fully collapsed or heavily damaged schools.
Extensive rural access blocked by landslides. A final repeating damage pattern is
the extensive damage and blockage of roads due to landslides caused by unstable soils
that were not accounted for during the process of road planning, design and
construction of roads to rural areas.
Pre-disaster situation and/or vulnerabilities education
Padang city is the education hub for the Western Sumatra Province with a high concentration
of higher education institutions, and secondary and primary schools. Before the earthquake,
about 895,000 students were enrolled in education facilities supervised by the MONE, about
56,000 students were enrolled in madrasah schools, and 86,000 students (Data Pokok
Pendidikan Sumatera Barat 2007/ 2008) were registered in higher education institutions. The
educational achievement in the West Sumatra Province has improved in the recent years to
catch up with the national average. In 2008, net primary school enrollment rate was 95%,
with similar participation of boys and girls. The transition rates to junior secondary level and
senior secondary level have increased due to improved physical access to schools
throughout the province. In 2008, net enrolment rates for Junior Secondary schools stood at
67 %, and 45% for Senior Secondary schools (country wide enrollment rates stand currently
at 71% in Junior Secondary and 50% in Senior Secondary)
The education sector is characterized by public-private partnerships at all levels. Around 30%
of schools (pre-tertiary) and 68 % of madrasahs are privately managed; 82 out of 87 Higher
Education Institutions in the province, including universities, academies, institutes are
private. In addition, the private sector plays a vital role in delivering non-formal education. A
large number of private non-formal training providers offering skills training courses,
language classes, business and management programs, computer training, etc.
Weak earthquake resistance of school building construction contributed to the high level of
destruction, since the construction of schools frequently does not follow the seismic building
5
code of Indonesia. Many education facilities, particularly in rural and poorer areas, were
constructed in the 1970s or 1980s as part of the Inpres program and have seriously
deteriorated due to severe weather conditions, continuous use and inadequate maintenance.
The poor earthquake resistance of the schools in West Sumatra has remained unaddressed
over the years. Funding received from various sources for school rehabilitation was more
commonly used to improve a schools appearance rather than to improve its earthquake
resistance. To accommodate a quickly growing number of new students and increase access
to secondary education services many existing schools were extended and additional schools
were built. However, in order to maximize limited funds, the enforcement of building codes
and other safety standards has often been compromised over the years.
Pre-disaster vulnerabilities environment
West Sumatras exposure to seismic activity and its steep terrain make the province uniquely
susceptible to landslides. Three-quarters of West Sumatras land area is mountainous and risk
of landslides and erosion affects around half the province. While the highlands provide some
agricultural ground, many areas are too steep for cultivation and in some areas, loss of forest
cover and inappropriate land uses exacerbate the risks of landslides.
The mountains are an important source of freshwater that feeds the provinces rivers and
provides its main source of drinking water. However, damage to catchment areas and
watersheds may affect water levels in some areas and may have impacts on the provinces
hydropower potential. There are also reports of dumping of waste from small-scale industrial
activities into rivers and beach areas, and several rivers have poor water quality and high
levels of mercury accumulation. In some areas, lack of sanitary facilities leads to further
pollution of water bodies.
West Sumatras protected forests, including its two national parks, are under pressure from
illegal logging and encroachment. Forest degradation reduces the forests capacity to provide
environmental services including the protection of biodiversity, the stabilization of soil, and
the sequestration of carbon.
Pre-disaster vulnerabilities health
With regard to the health aspect, the following factors are identified as the main pre-disaster
vulnerabilities underlying the extent of the disaster impact:
for food. SA multiple answers to the survey answers revealed a consistent perception that
food availability may remain unchanged or decrease, leading to d that effect price increases.
Table X indicates that the proportion of households having to increase their allocation for
food is 36% while 42% have decreased their allocations as food availability has decreased.
Taken together, over three-fourths of households have adjusted their expenditure for food as a
result of the crisis. More than 40 % of household see themselves having to adjust their
household allocation of resources for food. Taken together, thisThis implies that until such
time that the there are adequate employment opportunities and livelihood systems are
back on trackrestored and strengthened, certain targeted support will have to be
provided to be part of the early recovery supports to the affected households threatened
by food insecurity.
Table X: Perception Regarding Environmental Impacts of Disaster on Availability/Access
to Food (%)
No
No Access to food
Increase
Decrease
Change
1 Availability of food in the market
3
42
49
2 Price of food
82
14
2
3 Your households money allocation for food
48
11
37
Social Cohesion
The disaster has touched on issues that determine a community's cohesion. The HRNA survey
has illustrated that issues of land ownership / use is not so much of an issue after the disaster
(except in landslide areas), but the issue of water sources is likely to become one of the
most worrisome issues regarding community cohesion and conflict prevention in the
months to come, therefore, it is imperative that measures are put in place to assist
communities manage their water resources.
Table X: Typical Source of Community Quarrels Before/After the Disaster
No Issues triggering community quarrels
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Land ownership/use
Water source use
Agricultural assets (water, livestock, crops)
Use of public facilities
Property and trade
Dignity, pride, ethnicity, religion
Working relationship
Others (write)
TOTAL
Before After
35
7
9
6
13
11
1
18
100
15
25
6
11
14
6
1
20
100
clean water provision, will have to be combined with , that urban household would need
support to urban households to ensure their sustained access to clean water.
Table X: Situation of Access to Clean Water (%)
Not
No Source of Clean Water
Before
Functioning
1 Water pipe network
20.8
33.0
2 Ponds/river
20.0
10.2
3 Open sources
19.0
15.3
4 Closed sources
13.7
12.1
5 Open pumps
2.8
3.7
6 Closed pumps
2.0
5.6
7 Tanker
1.8
0.5
8 Others
19.8
19.1
One in ten men and women are using fields for defecation, and this has specific
ramifications for health and hygiene. Close attention should be paid to those populations
dealing with a) threats to food security, b) poor access to clean and reliable water
sources and c) limited access to and availability of sanitation facilities.
Table X: Defecation Practice after Disaster (%)
No Defecation practice
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Private/family latrine
Public toilet
Latrine close to the house
Field near the house
Open field
Dont know
No answer
Male
Female
45.6
26.0
13.2
3.7
8.8
0.2
2.4
46.7
26.5
13.9
3.6
6.5
0.2
2.5
Access to Shelter
While a comprehensive inventory is still being doneunder way, the following HRNA output
also illustrates perspectives of people those affected by the disaster regarding how the
disaster has impacted their houses.
Table X: Perception of Impact on House Structures
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Impacts on Housing
44
26
20
8
1
Nine out of ten respondents reported serious damage or complete devastation of their homes.1
It is noteworthy that the survey has the tendency to be skewed towards the disaster-affected
1
It should be noted that the survey has the tendency to be skewed towards disaster-affected households.
10
households. Nearly one-half of the survey respondents reported their housing structure
would require structural repair to heavy damages before being able to be reoccupied safely,
while more than aone- quarter thought that they their houses would require complete
reconstruction. A, and another 20% of respondents reported serious damage requiring would
need substantial repair. Regardless of the housing repair/rebuild/reconstruction scheme finally
put in place, it is conceivable that certain short-term temporary/transitional shelter
would be required to allow the affected households perform their protective and
productive functions.
Table X: Expected Sources of Funding for House Repair/Reconstruction
No.
1
2
3
4
5
% of
Total
68
21
8
2
1
The above table indicates that most (almost 70%) of the affected households are counting
on government assistance to rebuild or repair their damaged or destroyed house. Only
one fifth thought that they would be able to rely on their own resources.
Access to Livelihood
One of the most strategic and sustainable avenues for recovery is grounded in the livelihood
systems of the affected communities. However, tAlmost Two-thirds of the surveyed
households reported varying degree of livelihood / employment disruption that require
various level of reinvestment before resumption or restarting.
Table X: Perception Regarding General Impact of the Disaster On Livelihoods (%)
No Status of Livelihood/Employment
1
2
3
4
Completely disrupted
Heavily disrupted (needs major reinvestment for resumption)
Seriously disrupted (need sizeable reinvestment for resumption)
Somewhat disrupted (could resume with no major investment)
23%
20%
23%
34%
In terms of shifting of livelihood, two weeks after the disaster, there was a marked trend of
people leaving the agricultural product trading to for different sectors, i.e.e.g. industry,
industry/manufacturing (which has been the main non-agricultural livelihood sector),
transportation and other services providers. Combined with a decline in retail trading, this
suggests that the crises has been particularly hard on small scale entrepreneurs. Early
recovery measures to be introduced would need to consider the viability of to have the
component of bringing assisting people back to to return to agriculture-related livelihoods or
pursuing alternative livelihoods, with due consideration given to reducing disaster risks
embedded in some livelihood systems. It is, therefore, critical that livelihood supportive
intervention be provided in the early recovery schemes. This may include support ranging
from grants or soft loans, technical/market support, to possible re-training.
Table X: Change of Non-Agricultural Livelihood (%)
11
Industry/Manufacture
Transportation service provider
Service provider
Private business employer
Government employer
Retail trading / commerce
Agriculture product trading
Other (write)
Before After
54.6
2.2
10.4
0.6
2.0
6.4
21.8
2.0
57.1
5.6
11.2
0.4
1.7
5.6
10.7
7.7
Diff
2.5
3.3
0.8
-0.1
-0.2
-0.9
-11.1
5.8
It is, therefore, critical that livelihood supportive intervention be provided in the early
recovery schemes. This may include supports ranging from grant or soft loans,
technical/market support, to possible re-training.
Access to Education
The obvious first observable impact on education sector is the physical destruction of school
buildings. While more than 25% of the respondents reported that the schools are available
and safe for continuing school activities, one in three reported that the school buildings are no
longer available while one in five stated that while the buildings remain available they do
not feel safe enough to continue school activities. Practically speaking, more than half of
school buildings will require major repair or complete replacement.
This is a dangerous repeating national earthquake damage pattern, in which a one-third
to one-half of all schools in similar earthquakes collapse. This means that, every time
there is an earthquake, Indonesian children are at risk due to educational facilities that are not
earthquake resistant (not to mention houses that are not earthquake resistant) in one of the
world's most earthquake prone countries. However, comparatively speaking, survey
respondents indicated that, relatively speaking, there is a perception that there is less damage
to school buildings than there to their houses suggesting a low awareness of the potential for
earthquake related damage to schools. Indonesian children, therefore, risk their lives both
by staying home and going to school, a clearly untenable situation with important
ramifications for recovery.
Table X: Perceptions on the Availability and Safety of School Buildings
No. Availability and Safety of School Buildings
1
2
3
4
5
No building available
Available and safe
Available but unsafe
Dont Know
No Answer
%
37.0
27.4
19.2
7.7
8.7
Of those schools not completely destroyed, remaining much many repairs will still be
required in addition to structural investments, - e.g., the provision of clean water, the
repair/reconstruction of latrine/ toilets, electricity installation, and peripheral walls, etc.
Careful consideration to ensure adequate access to water and sanitation facilities for male and
female students, staff and faculty will be important in designing repair and reconstruction to
12
school sites.
Table X: Remaining / Functioning School Facilities
No. School Facilities
1
2
3
4
5
6
Clean water
Toilet/latrine
Electricity
Periferal walls
Dont Know
No Answer
27.3
21.5
20.0
17.2
8.8
5.2
Given that One-half of respondents reported that school buildings for their children are either
completely destroyed or requireing substantial repair, damages that each require both
requiring investments of resources and time timeto materialize. Temporary/ or Ttransition
schools and safe environments for education activities will need to be put in place. In
addition, there are school building facilities and fixtures that also need to be provided
including / particularly during the transitional period, with due consideration given to issues
of dignity and safety in the design of temporary sanitation facilities, among other concerns. .
Safe and Sustainable Environment
The interviewed households perceived damaged/destroyed structures to be the highest
concern (40%) followed by water contamination and water/land structural damage.
Therefore, early recovery assistance should take into consideration the provision of
resources and technical support to safe demolition of houses and guidance to damaged
houses material recycling.
Table X: Perception Regarding Environmental Impacts of Disaster (%)
No Environment problems
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
%
39.2
19.3
11.1
4.3
2.2
1.1
2.3
1.0
0.8
Hazardous rubbles
Clean water contamination
Structural damage of water/land
Land contamination
Dead bodies
Others (write)
None
Dont know
No Answer
The number of households reporting concerns about the presence of cadavers (see Table X
above), though apparently small, is not insignificant. While the environmental threats posed
by cadavers are usually exaggerated, the social and religious dimensions of the
management of the dead are important aspects in the full recovery of affected
communities.
At the household level, one of the environmental effects may be reflected in change in types
of household fuels being used. There has been a 7% shift of household fuel types from
13
commercial fuels to natural both commercial and forest firewood. While the shift is, at the
moment, not so significant, however, if the shift to naturally occurring fuel is not mitigated
with supportive measures this could have detrimental environmental detrimental effects
overtime, further exacerbating the threat to the natural resource based that existed prior to the
crisis.
Thus, as an early recovery mitigation measure on environment, provision of cleaner fuel
than kerosene, such as (subsidized) LPG and gas stove, should be considered, as it can be
beneficial both for the environment as well as for household energy security.
Table X: Types of Household Fuel Before and After Disaster (%)
No Type of Household Fuel
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Firewood forest
Firewood fields/purchase
Electricity
Gas / LPG
Kerosene
Others (write)
Dont know
No Answer
Before
After
Diff
30.3
11.8
6.0
11.1
40.2
0.1
0.0
0.4
35.5
13.8
5.1
8.1
37.1
0.0
0.0
0.5
5.2
2.0
-0.9
-3.0
-3.2
-0.1
0.0
0.0
14
%
36.9
18.1
12.7
10.3
6.9
6.5
3.2
2.8
2.6
Part of the community level recovery will take into consideration the possibility of
stimulating community self-help recovery for and around the theme of community
infrastructure/facilities. This may include but not be limited to community grants and or
technical assistance for undertaking repair and reconstruction processes that may or may not
include provision of construction materials
Impact on Governance
Results of governance assessments clearly show that government operational, planning and
implementation capacity has been seriously affected by the recent disaster. Communities
both at urban and rural areas have expressed that public services have been disrupted. Table
X below shows the perception of government functions two weeks after the disaster, which
describes that on average only around 60% of governance function was working.
The communities have expressed clearly that they need the facilitating role of the local
government and want to know more information about the kinds of assistance that are
available and accessible by the communities. Open and transparent information on disaster
response and recovery is an important aspect that the communities wish to access.
Furthermore they want to participate in the recovery process so they can better plan for their
living after the disaster.
Table X: Perception on level of Governance Functions Two Weeks After Disaster
No District
1
2
3
4
5
6
Pesisir Selatan
Agam
Pasaman Barat
Padang
Pariaman
Padang Pariaman
Average
%
85.0
72.7
65.8
64.1
63.8
49.0
62.8
Agam
Padang
Pariaman
Pesisir Selatan
Padang Pariaman
Pasaman Barat
Average
Economic
HealthSocial
Admin
Peace &
Order
64.9
20.7
19.6
19.5
15.2
8.7
24.7
14.0
17.1
18.1
26.8
21.9
12.9
20.0
7.0
13.4
15.9
0.0
8.6
4.2
10.3
0.0
1.2
1.4
0.0
3.8
0.0
1.5
Due to the reduced capacity of local government at the local level, there has not been enough
information shared to the communities about the services they are entitled to, let alone about
the recovery initiatives at a wider scope. Hence the role of local government needs to be
strengthened so that it can better revise public services, manage the humanitarian response
and further coordinate a participatory planning process of post-disaster recovery.
15
Damage
11.5
10.7
6.2
3.0
2.6
0.5
37.5
Repair
Priority
28.4
31.7
16.3
7.7
5.4
0.9
9.5
As key governance aspects such as public service delivery, public participation, and
accessible information on recovery process have been essentially missing from the current
overall post-disaster response, it is therefore necessary that these aspects are properly
addressed so the public can expect a transparent yet accountable post-disaster recovery.
Access to Health
The damage to health infrastructure impacts on the delivery system for health services at this
critical time. The overwhelming demand also shows the need for: more health staff (as they
are also victims) and support to their mobility in all areas (most of which remain difficult to
access); provision of medical supplies and equipment and an efficient referral system well
coordinated for an efficient response and sustainable return to recovery of the health system.
While the most of non-damaged Puskesmas (community health center) and hospitals are
overloaded with patients, there were gaps also in availability of out reach services and
mechanisms (mobile clinics, health volunteers) to follow up patients who already discharged
from hospitals after receiving treatment. Strengthening mobile services and sub-centers will
be one key aspect in the delivery and continuity of care.
Table X: Health Services Facilities closest to the affected household
No. Health Service Facilities
1
2
3
4
5
6
Posyandu
Puskesmas
Gov hospital
Mobile hospital
Traditional/alternative
Other (sebutkan)
%
Less than
1 hour
%
Between
1 - 2 hrs
%
More than
2 hrs
%
Not
Available
29.88%
54.18%
6.77%
2.79%
6.37%
0.00%
23.53%
11.76%
64.71%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
16.67%
38.89%
33.33%
0.00%
11.11%
0.00%
11.11%
22.22%
0.00%
33.33%
33.33%
0.00%
The destruction of utilities and critical infrastructure such as water supply also increase the
risks of communicable disease outbreaks and thus early warning and strengthening of
surveillance is a key public health service that needs to be established. A key link with the
water sector through water quality surveillance will also be an important response and
recovery intervention as there are several actors in the health sector that can provide these
various services, coordination mechanism supported by logistics in the field is needed.
Table X: Health Problems of the Affected Household in the last 15 days
16
No
Health Problems
% Male
% Female
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Injuries
Diarrhea
Respiratory problems
Influenza/fever
Skin problems
Womens illness
Infant illness
Other health problems (write)
Dont know
No Answer
25,50%
7,52%
8,32%
16,51%
12,89%
0,00%
1,21%
4,97%
15,97%
7,11%
4,47%
11,34%
6,23%
31,47%
4,31%
1,92%
2,24%
10,54%
19,01%
8,47%
17
considerable extra burdens on their ability to carry out such responsibilities. Because of
widespread male out migration, there are many female headed households across the
Province. Womens full mobility, also to access assistance and participate in restoration and
rehabilitation planning and implementation has also been impaired by loss of personal
property.
Impact of the earthquake - elderly: In the case of the elderly and people living with
disability such access is even more limited.
Impact of the earthquake - children: The earthquake has also negatively affected the rights
of children. Among the main risks currently faced by children are displacement, family
separation and childrens care and in particular, the worsening socio-economic conditions
expose children to the risk of abuse, violence, and exploitation. There is no accurate data yet
on children being separated, the number of children orphaned or who have lost their primary
care giver is still underassessment. However, for example, at least 50 children in the village
of Gunung Padang Alai alone are orphans. Furthermore, early assessment conducted by
Social Affairc Province found that 36 of the 65 child care institutions in 6 districts are
damaged, 14 of them had light level of damage, 12 of them had a medium level of damage
and 10 of them severely; 1293 children are reported to have been living in them. A major
priority is to carry out a full registration and care assessment of all children whose care
situation has been affected by the emergency to ensure that they are placed with their
extended families in line with their best interests, and that all necessary measures are duly
taken to prevent institutionalization. Communities have identified behavioral changes in
children, including sleeplessness, isolation and nightmares. The psycho-social needs of
children affected need to be monitored, skills to detect them need to be built and psychosocial counseling provided.
The West Sumatra child protection strategy is to improve the protective environment of
children by prioritizing the following:
Improve childrens access to protection services for children and their families in
vulnerable and extremely vulnerable situations, including psychosocial support for
affected children;
Raise community awareness on preventing family separation, child abuse, violence,
exploitation, and neglect by promoting decisions to be made according to the best
interest of children.
Promoting childrens participation in decisions that affect their lives.
Access to Protection
Protection is defined as all activities aimed at ensuring full respect for the rights of the
individual in accordance with the letter and the spirit of the relevant bodies of law. [1] . With
regard to people's rights to assistance and to property in post-disaster context, the HRNA
survey reveled that 50% of male and 52% of female respondents perceives that possible
unfair distribution of assistance to be potential issue that are most concerning, followed by
house/property/livestock taken by others (20% Male and 19% Female respectively).
According to a 2007 Department of Social Affairs survey, 380,965 people were living with
pre-existing vulnerabilities in the 6 affected districts. Vulnerabilities included, but were not
exclusive to: 1) children affected by abuse or violence; 2) children in conflict with the law; 3)
18
To restore dignity
To reduce vulnerabilities
To reduce the overall impact of the natural disaster on peoples protection and rights
District
Yes
No
Don't
Know
No Answer
Pasaman Barat
Pariaman
Padang
Pdg Pariaman
Pesisir Selatan
Agam
41.5
36.5
31.6
27.6
27.5
23.2
39.0
46.8
44.3
49.0
32.5
57.1
14.6
10.3
17.7
13.3
30
10.7
4.9
6.3
6.3
10.2
10
8.9
31.6
46.1
14.5
7.7
Total
Child Protection: The earthquake has also negatively affected the rights of children. In
particular, the worsening socio-economic conditions expose children to the risk of abuse,
violence, and exploitation.
Impact on agriculture
The number of households in disaster-affected areas whose income depends on agricultural
activities is substantial, not only in more rural districts, but also in more urban or semi-urban
areas as indicated by the following chart.
Table X: Disaster Affected Households Whose Income Depends on Agricultural Activities
(%)
No District
%
1 Pasaman Barat
73.8
2 Pariaman
73.7
3 Pesisir Selatan
72.3
4 Padang Pariaman
65.8
5 Padang
30.9
6 Agam
23.9
The result of the assessment shows that the disaster has cause changes in the main
agricultural activity for about 36%. The crop production and vegetable/fruit production has
decreased significantly for about 27% and 14%.
Table X: Change in Main Agricultural Activities (%)
Main Agricultural
No Activity
Before After Diff
1Crop production
52
55
3
2Vegetable/fruit production
21
10 -11
4Small animal rearing
10
11
1
3Livestock
6
5
-1
5Fishery
2
2
0
7Other
2
5
3
6Forestry
1
0
-1
The earthquake also caused the loss in the agriculture production assets owned by the victims
for about 15%. Fertilizer is the production asset mostly decreasing for about 4 percent,
followed by livestock (3%), crops (2%), capital (2%), animal house, storage (2%), poultry
(1%), seeds (1%), and ponds (1%).
Table X: Access to / Ownership of Agriculture Production Assets
No
1
2
Before
After
Difference
22
20
28
19
6
-1
20
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Seeds
Poultry
Livestock
Capital
Animal house, storage, etc.
Crops
Ponds
Small animals (goats, rabbits)
19
8
5
5
2
4
2
3
21
21
8
3
3
0
3
1
3
2
0
-2
-2
-2
-1
-1
0
22
Identified Need(s):
Provide early recovery community development assistance to
communities to ensure input of communities and better ways to plan communities and rebuild
houses
Issue(s): Communities expressed concerns over lack of information about the disaster
response led by the government and also the kinds of assistance that are available for
impacted communities.
Identified Need(s): Transparent information on disaster response, kinds of assistance, where
all of this assistance are accessible, and also on recovery process. Public information and
communication is therefore necessary.
Livelihoods
Issue(s): Demand for general purpose products (i.e. Sembako) has dropped suggesting
peoples incomes and livelihoods have decreased.
Identified Need(s): People need livelihood assistance during the coming 6 months to ensure
they have incomes.
Issue(s): Some livelihood activities in the damaged area have to be stopped entirely due to
the damage of production facilities and land.
Identified Need(s): The provision of assistance in the form of production facilities is
considered necessary in order to resume their livelihoods. The provision of training for
alternative livelihoods such as sewing and embroidery will be quite beneficial in the
transitional period as alternative source of income.
Agriculture
Issue(s): Damage or destruction of agricultural irrigation systems will not allow needed
water to be delivered to rice paddies and will result in a decline in the economy of the
community and loss of many livelihoods. Many farmlands damaged by landslides.
Identified Need(s): Communities must work together using their existing capacity of
community self-help systems (gotong royong) on emergency repair of agricultural irrigation
systems. Immediate (early recovery) provision by Government of funds for emergency repair
materials would help this. TNI members could expand and support community self-help
systems (gotong royong).
Build Back Better Opportuity: Improve roads and bridges for better market access for
farmers and re-located or designed differently so landslides will not block them after
earthquakes or rains in the future.
Health
Issue(s): There is a perception that living in tents is unhealthy and causing an observable rise
in health problems associated with stomach and lung related illnesses (diaria, colds and
coughing).
Identified Need(s):
Issue(s): Psychologically, many earthquake victims are now quite traumatized by the
possibility of experiencing another serious earthquake. This condition is worsened by the
spreading rumours of much bigger earthquake that will hit this area again in the near future.
Consequently, people are worried to stay inside of their houses and afraid to go to work as
well.
23
Identified Need(s): The earthquake victims need trauma healing on this particular issue. On
the other hand, the Government must also send a clear message by media campaign through
various media to provide accurate information on earthquake and tsunami.
Issue(s): Students are facing trauma and need some way to help them get back into to school
and their daily lives.
Identified Need(s): Conduct trauma counseling at schools for school children to help them
Shelter
Issue(s): People and communities would like to re-build their houses so they will not be
damaged again by earthquakes or landslides again but dont know how.
Issue(s): People are concerned that that they will not be given enough money to rebuild a
disaster resistant house or that they will be required to pick a pre-identified design or
construction system.
Issue(s): Community self-help systems (gotong royong) are seen as one-way to help other
community members rebuild their houses.
Issue(s): Houses should be demolished in a safe way and in a way that materials (i.e. doors,
windows, hardware, timber, etc.) can be reused when homes are re-built.
Issue(s): Community self-help systems (gotong royong) are seen as one-way to help other
community members to rebuild.
Identified Need(s): Identify and establish early local government and community agreement
on Build Back Better disaster resistant house standard rebuilding guidelines.
Identified Need(s): Launch simple public awareness campaign about where to get
information on how re-build your house safely ensuring that spontaneous shelter
rehabilitation is disaster resistant and
Identified Need(s):
Establish Build Back Better disaster resistant house
information/community outreach centers to provide outreach and information on standard
rebuilding guidelines
Identified Need(s): Develop government policy and procedures to ensure that future house
construction (after reconstruction) is done using disaster resistant construction and materials
to keep a disaster like this from happening again.
Identified Need(s): Early mobilization of and networking with communities, local
businesses, CSOs and Civil Society
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)
Issue(s): Access to clean drinking water is still a challenge.
Identified Need(s): Assessment and emergency/temporary restoration of clean and safe water
delivery systems to critical semi-urban and semi-urban facilities (i.e. health facilities,
operational schools, government facilities) and for poor communities
Education
Issue(s): Uncomfortable condition for study
Identified Need(s): Provision of transitional classrooms is immediately required to ensure the
continuity of education process at the affected areas.
Agriculture
Issue(s): The damaged irrigation system
24
25
Early Recovery
(US$ Million)
Longer
Term
Recovery
(US
Reconstruction
(US$ Million)
Total
(US$ Million)
Education
The number one priority is to ensure that adequate transitional learning spaces
(temporary structures or tents) are in place and are maintained for the children to
continue their education in safe and protective learning environments, until
rehabilitation/reconstruction of the classrooms can take place. The exact number of
classrooms needed is difficult to gauge at the moment, as the Government is still involved in
providing temporary classrooms to the schools. A team led by UNDP is still conducting a full
assessment of the school damage - to ascertain with certainty the number of classrooms that
are damaged beyond use. The numbers revealed by this study will be vital for calculating the
exact amount of replacement classrooms that will be needed (either temporary for the
transition period or for full reconstruction). The reparation of water and sanitation facilities in
schools is also a priority. It would be good if the AusAID led assessment team of earthquake
engineers include an assessment of damage to Water and Sanitation facilities during their
assessment of schools to provide a reliable baseline of needs and then costs.
The cost of one temporary classroom should be in the region of 10 million Rupiahs - the
government has been providing the schools with 8 million rupiahs per class and then the
school itself supplements that. According to the latest records received by the Education
Cluster, there were a total of 2943 classrooms that are damaged beyond use. The government
has allocated funding for 1,425 temporary classrooms and cluster members have provided a
total of 350 temporary classrooms but with approximately 300 more in the pipeline.
Therefore, the number of temporary classrooms provided by the development partners and
NGOs is set to increase over the coming weeks.
The second priority is to ensure that all affected children have access to basic learning
materials and that schools are adequately equipped during the transition phase (early
recovery) to reconstruction because the learning conditions of the children are being
negatively affected by the temporary nature of the classrooms and the sector transitional
26
response needs to ensure that this issue is addressed. The original humanitarian response plan
included this priority and the DALA report emphasizes that this still remains a challenge.
The third priority, also elaborated in the Humanitarian Response Plan, is to provide
recreation and play opportunities to children and support to teachers and children to
address psychosocial needs. This need has also been highlighted by the focus groups
discussions. There is also the opportunity to work with the school counselors and other
teachers to build their skills in addressing the psychosocial needs of the children.
Other key priorities for the transition and early recovery phase remain:
Key Issues: Although the Government was successful in setting up temporary learning and
teaching premises for nearly all affected schools to ensure that students get back to their
classes as quick as possible, it will take up to two years until the education system in West
Sumatra Province is back to normal and all education facilities have been rehabilitated.
Meanwhile, about 75% of students in the worst affected areas of West Sumatra will have to
continue studying under tents and in provisional classrooms in nearby buildings for about two
years. Considering the large number of affected students, there is a risk of declining
attendance rates, and lower student achievements due to the poor learning environment in
provisional facilities with dilapidated furniture, lack of equipment, insufficient learning
materials and scarce teaching aids. Teachers also said they could not assign any homework to
students due to the damage in students housing. Trauma both from student and teacher sides
are widely reported.
Inadequate budget allocated for preventive maintenance has resulted in considerable
deterioration of school buildings over the last twenty years. Appropriate technical supervision
in rehabilitating school buildings ensuring that seismic building codes and other safety
measures are enforced, and sustaining the physical condition of rehabilitated schools facilities
are concerns that need to be addressed.
Priorities in Education for the transition period
The number one priority is to ensure that adequate transitional learning spaces (temporary
structures or tents) are in place and are maintained for the children to continue their education
in safe and protective learning environments, until rehabilitation/reconstruction of the
classrooms can take place. The exact number of classrooms needed is difficult to gauge at the
moment, as the Government is still involved in providing temporary classrooms to the
schools. A full assessment of the school damage - to ascertain with certainty the number of
classrooms that are damaged beyond use if still being conducted by a team led by UNDP. The
numbers revealed by this study will be vital for calculating the exact amount of replacement
classrooms that will be needed (either temporary for the transition period or for full
reconstruction). The reparation of water and sanitation facilities in schools is also a priority.
27
The AusAID led assessment team of engineers need to include an assessment of damage to
WASH facilities during the assessment of schools to provide a reliable base line of needs and
then costs.
The cost of one temporary classroom should be in the region of 10 million Rupiahs - the
government has been providing the schools with 8 million rupiahs per class and that is being
supplemented by the school itself. According to the latest records received by the Cluster,
there were a total of 2943 classrooms which were severely damaged beyond use and that the
government had allocated funding for 1,425 temporary classrooms and cluster members have
provided a total of 350 temporary classrooms but with approximately 300 more in the
pipeline. The number of temporary classrooms provided by the development partners and
NGOs is set to increase over the coming weeks.
The second priority is to ensure that all affected children have access to basic learning
materials and that schools are adequately equipped during the transition phase as the learning
conditions of the children have been affected by the temporary nature of the classrooms and
the sector transitional response needs to ensure that this issue is addressed. The original
humanitarian response plan included this and the DALA report emphasises that this still
remain a challenge.
The third priority elaborated in the Humanitarian Response Plan is to provide recreation and
play opportunities to children and support to teachers and children to address psycho-social
needs. This has been highlighted by the focus groups discussions. There is also the
opportunity to work with the school cousellors and other teachers to build their skills in
addressing the psycho social needs of the childen.
Other key priorities for the transition phase remain:
To support the resumption and functioning of ECD facilities
Disaster Risk Reduction activities
Supporting teachers to deliver quality education in the new transitional arrangement
through training
Supporting out of school vulnerable children to ensure that all children have returned
to school.
Preliminary Recommendations
Detailed technical assessments of all education facilities are urgently required to confirm that
remaining buildings and classrooms are safe to use. Preliminary damage assessments were
mostly conducted by education personnel and district officers, who often do not have
sufficient technical knowledge and experience. Field visits suggest that more classrooms
might be discovered unsafe, hence the estimated damages could be even higher.
A community approach should be undertaken for rehabilitation of education facilities based
on MONE's community based school construction program and lessons learned from the
PNPM Mandiri and other school reconstruction programs. Substantial evidence demonstrates
that community driven approach can be more effective to carry out school rehabilitation.
Infrastructure built with community participation cost much less than similar works built
through other procurement methods while meeting quality standards. Evidence also indicates
that community involvement in the design and construction process is likely to offer better
cost recovery and operation and maintenance of completed facilities due to community
members' strong sense of ownership. However, considering that communities in seriously
28
affected regions will be fully absorbed in reestablishing their own livelihoods, technical
support should be given to them when they are involved in school reconstruction.
Early and Longer Term Recovery and Reconstruction (US$ Million)
Sub-Sector Needs
Early Recovery
(US$ Million)
Longer
Term
Recovery
(US
Reconstruction
(US$ Million)
Total
(US$ Million)
Environment
The earthquake has resulted in several secondary disasters including 1) a number of
landslides identified as the accumulated impacts of forest degradation, unsustainable forest
harvesting and unsustainable agricultural activities, 2) damaged human settlements, 3) debris
or rubble accumulation, 4) damaged water and sanitation systems, 5) damaged irrigation and
river systems (potentially caused by landslides), and 6) traumatic situation (people still feel
unsafe living in their own office or even home).
Landslides: Vibration from the earthquakes caused widespread landslides on mountains,
cliffs, and riverbanks, and this damaged settlements, infrastructure, and agricultural
production in affected areas. The banks of Danau Maninjau were severely affected by
landslides, and settlements along its shore continue to be under threat. As the soil remains
unstable in some areas, identifying threats from further landslides and relocating people at
risk needs to be given priority.
Sedimentation and water pollution: Landslides in watersheds as well as collapsing
riverbanks and lakesides increased sedimentation of some water bodies. There were no
reports of environmental damage from spills, fires, or explosions of hazardous materials.
However, the earthquakes damaged industrial facilities and it is likely that some hazardous
materials were released. Also, damage to rural sanitary facilities resulted in increased
amounts of human waste entering streams and rivers, causing organic pollution. Pollution
from damaged sanitation and from chemical spills needs to be identified and mitigated to
avoid long-term ecological consequences. Some slopes may need to be stabilized with ground
cover to reduce sedimentation of rivers. Wile there is a need to assess the area that needs to
be stabilized, as a preliminary estimate it is assumed this area covers 100 hectares. The cost
of establishing ground cover is approximately US$600 per hectare.
Groundwater systems: While the belowground impacts of the earthquake are still poorly
understood, there are reports of wells filling with mud, of salinization of water sources, and
of several houses in Padang being flooded by rising muddy groundwater. Changes to
subterranean structures may have impacts on future water supplies, especially in rural areas
where wells are important.
29
Damage to forests: The Provincial Forest Service reports that landslides damaged 770
hectares of protection and conservation forestland in Agam, Padang and Padang Pariaman.
No timber production from the main affected areas was recorded in recent Ministry of
Forestry statistics, so losses from foregone production are assumed to be negligible. Forest
ecosystems are adapted to disturbance, and most of the damaged area will recover without
loss of environmental service, but a portion of the area is likely to be of critical ecological
importance. Of the area damaged, it is estimated that 50% was forested prior to the landslides
and that 25% of that area, or around 100 ha, is of ecological significance. Losses of
environmental services are estimated at $245/ha/yr (see CGI/Bappenas 2005, Aceh DALA)
and the reforestation cost cited by the Ministry of Forestry is approximately $600/ha. If
rehabilitation occurs in three years, the NPV (using a discount rate of 10%) of lost
environmental services and rehabilitation costs is estimated at $114,000.
Waste and debris: The destruction of buildings resulted in large amounts of waste and
debris. If not properly managed, waste may pose a risk to human health as well as ecological
functions. Currently very little debris is reaching managed landfills, as it is being used locally
for filling and paving, or for reconstruction. Burning of excess rubbish could reduce air
quality and adversely affect human health. The government does not anticipate problems
disposing of excess waste in existing landfills, but the impacts on landscapes and pollution
need to be monitored closely.
Local environmental management capacity: The disaster destroyed buildings, vehicles
and office equipment of many local government institutions, including the provincial forestry
service and the environmental impact agency. This will likely impinge on the institutional
capacity to respond to the current and anticipated environmental challenges. Early
reestablishment of local environmental management capacity is essential for the rehabilitation
and construction program, including data collection and environmental monitoring.
Potential human and environmental contamination from industrial/mining hazardous
wastes due to the earthquake need to be further assessed. Furthermore, during
rehabilitation phase this assessment should be combined with the development of an
improved waste management plan. Industries in West Sumatera are not so extensive and
are dominated by small-scale and home industry activities. The total number of industries
was 47,819 units consisting of 47,585 units of small-scale industries and 234 units of
medium-size. The big ones known by most people living in the province are Semen Padang
and coal mining located in Sijunjung and Kota Sawahlunto. However, based on the
discussions with several officials in charge of environmental-related programmes, even
before the earthquake there had been environmental-related problems linked to these
industrial activities. The people who worked on those small-scale and home industry
activities dumped their waste into creeks, rivers, beaches, and the ground neglecting or
ignoring environmental consequences that might ruin their and their community's health in
the long-term. Their awareness on the longer-term environment and health impacts was and
still is likely very limited beside of existing number of activities to conserve protected forests
as in Padang City. To date, there have been no official (or unofficial) reports on the impacts of
the disaster on mining or the impacts of these activities upon human health or environment.
Thus, as an early recovery mitigation measure on environment, provision of cleaner fuel
than kerosene, such as (subsidized) LPG and gas stove, should be considered, as it can be
beneficial both for the environment as well as for household energy security.
30
The earthquake has resulted in several secondary disasters including damaged irrigation and
river systems (potentially caused by landslides). Result from FGD conducted in Agam
District and Padang Pariaman District particularly mentioned that among others, their lives
mostly affected by damage of irrigation system that cause disturbance in farming activities.
Furthermore, very common that irrigation watershed is used to support microhydro power
generation in remote areas where PLN grid is not available. According to provincial Bappeda,
there are about 100 off grid microhydro in West Sumatera. Taking into account the
importance of securing livelihoods and energy especially for those farmer households in
remote areas in affected districts, the assessment on damaged irrigation canals in
relation to microhydro power plant functionality is needed in this early recovery
phase. So in rehabilitation phase, we dont miss out the off-grid electricity dependent
households by only focusing in PLN grid reconstruction.
In order to fulfill the above targets, there is need for local government and communitys
capacity building. Safe and sustainable environment is a cross-cutting issue that influences
communitys livelihood and energy security as basic human need. Environmental issues have
been identified but not all of them require immediate actions within 1 week up to 6 months.
Most of them, in fact, can be implemented afterwards during the rehabilitation
process. Capacity of local government to develop a sustainable environmental/energy
plan and to integrate it into local development planning is significant during
rehabilitation phase as well as communitys capacity to be part of the implementation.
Capacity Gaps
Capacity of Local Government: Environment is a cross-cutting issue. Since most
government offices collapsed, they have difficulty in carrying out their services. As
identified, all government buildings should be reviewed and recalculated by certified
engineers. However, preliminary indications are that over 70% of government buildings
should be demolished and rebuilt in accordance with earthquake-resistant standards. Most
office equipments and furniture were also destroyed. Further, data, information and
documents under the management of government are also in need of reestablishment.
Capacity of Local Government: Most communities do not have insurance on their
properties. Therefore, their capacity in reestablishing their houses will be limited.
Gaps
Environmental issues have been identified but not all of them require immediate actions
within 1 week up to 6 months. Most of them, in fact, can be implemented afterwards during
the reconstruction process.
Overall, in terms of capacity, the Government of Indonesia has limited capacity (personnel,
financial resources and time frame) to take care of early recovery and recovery programmes
for its own infrastructure, services and communities, and the local communities have limited
capacity to recover themselves.
There is a need to incorporate environmental concerns in planning the reconstruction process
to avoid further environmental degradation and reduce risks from future disasters.
Environmental sector objectives for reconstruction and recovery are threefold:
31
Efforts should be made to minimize the environmental damage associated with the
earthquakes. In the short term, further sedimentation of streams from erosion of unstable
slopes or from further landslides should be monitored and addressed. This may involve
stabilizing slopes that threaten environmentally critical areas. Also, efforts to provide
environmentally benign sanitation facilities should be accelerated in areas where waterways
are at risk from sewage pollution. In the medium and longer term, sensitive areas that have
been denuded by landslides should be rehabilitated.
Environmental objectives should be integrated, or mainstreamed, into the planning process
for reconstruction. Reconstruction activities should be carried out according to environmental
guidelines and be supported by environmental impact assessments. New houses and road
developments should be sited away from environmentally fragile areas, and buildings should
be planned with sanitation systems that minimize pollution risks.
Experience from the 2004 disaster in Aceh has shown that rebuilding will increase demand
for timber and other raw materials that may come from unsustainable sources. Forest
monitoring and enforcement of forestry laws will have to be improved to reduce illegal
logging associated with construction. In addition, demand for construction timber could be
managed by importing sawn timber from sustainable sources. Quarrying riverbeds for road
construction materials could lead to adverse impacts on stream environments, and alternative
sand and gravel deposits away from riverbeds should be explored and developed.
Capacities to assess the existing damage and manage anticipated environmental impacts of
the reconstruction process must be improved significantly and rapidly. Bapedalda Sumbar
will require added capacity to respond to increased demand for assessment and control of the
environmental impacts associated with reconstruction. Building of new houses and
infrastructure will require more environmental impact assessments and planning, and this will
require a commensurate increase in Bapedaldas budget. The forest service will have to
increase monitoring and law enforcement activities in the medium term.
Reconstruction provides an opportunity for improving environmental risk management.
Future environmental risks should be addressed by directing developments away from areas
that are prone to landslides and by discouraging inappropriate land uses on steep slopes. This
will require increased capacity to carry out spatial planning, awareness building, monitoring
and enforcement of rules.
Responsible Party & Key
Stakeholders
1. Review and
BAPPENAS, Coordinating
reevaluation on the quality Minister of Public Welfare,
of infrastructures
Ministry of Public Service
(government buildings,
(Departemen Pekerjaan
roads, bridges, energy/
Umum), Ministry of Civil
power grids & station,
Servant Enhancement
telecommunication
(Kementerian Pemberdayaan
installations, water supply, Aparatur Negara), local
sewers, etc)
government agencies
(including Governor of West
Sumatera, Mayors, etc), etc.
2. Clean up and manage National Agency for Disaster
Activity
32
Remarks
These activities have been
planned by the central
government of Indonesia in
coordination with experts and
donors
Management (BNPB),
Ministry of Public Service,
local government agencies,
etc.
implemented in coordination
with bilateral assistance,
donors and experts
Early Recovery
(US$ Million)
33
Longer
Term
Recovery
(US
Reconstruction
(US$ Million)
Total
(US$ Million)
Early Recovery
(US$ Million)
35
Longer
Term
Recovery
(US
Reconstruction
(US$ Million)
Total
(US$ Million)
Partly
Heavily
Damaged Minor repairs
Damaged (Rusak
(Rusak (Rusak Ringan)
Berat)
Sedang)
However, this is contradicted by the Satkorlak figures in the file Housing Sector Annex dated 21 October 2009
where heavy losses (RB) are reported 14%, medium losses 6% (RS) with the whole housing stock in the
province, being some 807,000 units.
36
TOTAL
131.523
62.774
75.941
Notes:
Source: Peta Jumlah Kerusakan Rumah Akibat Gempa provinsi Sumbar (update 15
Oktober 2009, 08.00 WIB)
Geospasial Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB),
http://geospasial.bnpb.go.id/2009/10/07/peta-jumlah-kerusakan-rumah-akibatgempa-di-provinsi-sumbar-update-07-oktober-2009-pukul-18-30/
except for the Kota Padang (source: 'Kerusakan Rumah Penduduk Akibat Gempa di
Padang'),
updated 19 October 2009, http://www.padang.go.id/v2/content/view/1917/160/
Human recovery: The immediate need for transitional shelter is acute among the victims
suffering from the land slide disasters, 20% of total households. Livings in relief tents, often
on make shift grounds and without sufficient storm water drainage will make conditions
critical during the imminent rainy season.
As the land provision issues have to be resolved before relocation can take place, the risk is
that this recovery may take considerable time, e.g. 1-2 years.
Where the earth quake destroyed the houses, but not the floor slabs, some people have
already started spontaneously to rebuild. Consequently there may be a need for some
temporary shelter during a limited time, but safe construction advice is here another urgent
mission.
Capacities: Local Governments may have been expedient in responding to the immediate
relief needs, but openly welcome support for proper technical assistance in coordinating the
housing related relief as well as support for urban planning and construction management.
The private sector may be easier to regain function. Transport and construction material
markets seem to be already in full operation with deliveries in villages. Masons and
carpenters are busy repairing damaged houses.
Risk management issues: Future earthquake hazards can be met with immediate awareness
campaigns and support to safe building training. More complicated are the still remaining
landslide hazards that clearly became evident where whole villages were destroyed in an
avalanche of muddy soil and debris. Geotechnical surveys may be required to map unsafe,
still undamaged villages and the relocation sites needed for the recent victims.
Recovery framework: A general indication of permanent house construction based on an
average cost per m2 in USD is ranging between:
USD 3-400 for simple one level housing, maybe representing 70% of totals
USD 500 for some 20% mid level standard, including rukos,
USD 600 for high level standard, limited to 5%
37
38
Early recovery
Transitional shelters
Total USD
77 mUSD
1,940 mUSD
2,017 mUSD
66 mUSD
1,650 mUSD
1,760 mUSD
39
Early Recovery
(US$ Million)
Longer
Term
Recovery
(US
Reconstruction
(US$ Million)
Total
(US$ Million)
Health
The damage to health infrastructure impacts on the delivery system for health services at this
critical time. The overwhelming demand also shows the need for: more health staff (as they
are also victims) and support to their mobility in all areas (most of which remain difficult to
access); provision of medical supplies and equipment and an efficient referral system well
coordinated for an efficient response and sustainable return to recovery of the health system.
While the most of non-damaged Puskesmas (community health center) and hospitals are
overloaded with patients, there were gaps also in availability of out reach services and
mechanisms (mobile clinics, health volunteers) to follow up patients who already discharged
from hospitals after receiving treatment. Strengthening mobile services and sub-centers will
be one key aspect in the delivery and continuity of care.
For specific public health problems, the need for specialized care for various injuries and
eventual physical rehabilitation remains a high priority. The disruption in the services in
health facilities will also impact on primary health care services (e.g. antenatal care). The
support to the reproductive health sector is also a priority (Maternal Health, Family Planning,
STIs, Adolescent Reproductive Health, including prevention of Gender Based Violence
(GBV). Thousands of pregnant and lactating women and adolescents of reproductive age face
the risk of reproductive health (RH) problems such as: 1) Increased maternal and neonatal
morbidity and mortality due to lack of emergency obstetric care; 2) Increase in sexual and
gender-based violence; and 3) Increase in risk of STIs including HIV/AIDS as well as
unwanted pregnancy due to lack of contraceptives. Provision of RH services through the
implementation of the Minimum Initial Service Package (MISP) for RH in emergency
situations is crucial. Provision of psychosocial support is also essential to heal any
psychological impact of the disaster.
The destruction of utilities and critical infrastructure such as water supply also increase the
risks of communicable disease outbreaks and thus early warning and strengthening of
surveillance is a key public health service that needs to be established. A key link with the
water sector through water quality surveillance will also be an important response and
recovery intervention as there are several actors in the health sector that can provide these
various services, coordination mechanism supported by logistics in the field is needed.
The damage to health infrastructure impacts on the delivery system for health services at this
critical time. The overwhelming demand also shows the need for: more health staff (as they
40
are also victims) and support to their mobility in all areas (most of which remain difficult to
access); provision of medical supplies and equipment and an efficient referral system well
coordinated for an efficient response and sustainable return to recovery of the health system.
While the most of non-damaged Puskesmas (community health center) and hospitals are
overloaded with patients, there were gaps also in availability of out reach services and
mechanisms (mobile clinics, health volunteers) to follow up patients who already discharged
from hospitals after receiving treatment. Strengthening mobile services and sub-centers will
be one key aspect in the delivery and continuity of care
For specific public health problems, the need for specialized care for various injuries and
eventual physical rehabilitation remains a high priority. The disruption in the services in
health facilities will also impact on primary health care services (e.g. antenatal care). The
support to the reproductive health sector is also a priority (Maternal Health, Family Planning,
STIs, Adolescent Reproductive Health, including prevention of Gender Based Violence
(GBV). Thousands of pregnant and lactating women and adolescents of reproductive age face
the risk of reproductive health (RH) problems such as: 1) Increased maternal and neonatal
morbidity and mortality due to lack of emergency obstetric care; 2) Increase in sexual and
gender-based violence; and 3) Increase in risk of STIs including HIV/AIDS as well as
unwanted pregnancy due to lack of contraceptives. Provision of RH services through the
implementation of the Minimum Initial Service Package (MISP) for RH in emergency
situations is crucial. Provision of psychosocial support is
The destruction of utilities and critical infrastructure such as water supply also increase the
risks of communicable disease outbreaks and thus early warning and strengthening of
surveillance is a key public health service that needs to be established. A key link with the
water sector through water quality surveillance will also be an important response and
recovery intervention as there are several actors in the health sector that can provide these
various services, coordination mechanism supported by logistics in the field is needed.
Early recovery:
41
42
3.
Through coordination, mobilize resources to build up make shift health units for the
damaged health facilities to provide essential health services for the affected
communities.
Strategy 1
Strategy 2
1. Immunization
2. Early warning, surveillance, rapid response, control of diseases.
3. Child, maternal and reproductive health.
4. Psychosocial and mental health
5. Treatment, care and rehabilitation of patients
6. Nutrition
Strategy 3
The objective of health sector situation, operational structure and plan for recovery is to
minimize causalities, disability, and support local health personals and facilities to be able to
provide health services to the affected communities in Padang Province, Indonesia in
collaboration partner agencies for 6 months.
Early and Longer Term Recovery and Reconstruction (US$ Million)
Sub-Sector Needs
Early Recovery
(US$ Million)
Longer
Term
Recovery
(US
Reconstruction
(US$ Million)
Total
(US$ Million)
Nutrition
Tbd
Early and Longer Term Recovery and Reconstruction (US$ Million)
Sub-Sector Needs
Early Recovery
(US$ Million)
Protection
43
Longer
Term
Recovery
(US
Reconstruction
(US$ Million)
Total
(US$ Million)
The child protection strategy in West Sumatra is to improve the protective environment of
children by prioritizing the following:
Priorities
Sex and age disaggregated statistics to be collected and disseminated, and those
related to disability
Provision of shelter that prioritize health, safety and privacy of all vulnerable
groups, and womens responsibility for cooking and household tasks
Clean water and sanitation services accessible to the most vulnerable and designed in
consultation with them
Food security, especially for those with special nutritional needs, initially through
targeted food distribution and through recovery of gender responsive agriculture in
the medium and long term
All relief and early recovery activities must recognize and visibly respond to the basic needs
of women (including those heading households), elderly persons and those living with
disability or chronic illness, as well as providing for their specific needs in all sectors.
44
Early
Recovery
(US$
Million)
Longer
Term
Recovery
(US
Reconstru
ction
(US$
Million)
15,000
50,000
65,000
20,000
50,000
70,000
20,000
30,000
50,000
15,000
30,000
45,000
300,000
300,000
53,800
53,800
Total
(US$
Million)
95,000
95,000
72,000
72,000
damage
Renovation for 14 child care institution with light
damage in 6 district
52,000
59,000
59,000
59,000
33,000
Total
162,000
52,000
59,000
33,000
513, 800
219,000
616,800
Early Recovery
(US$ Million)
45
Longer
Term
Recovery
(US
Reconstruction
(US$ Million)
Total
(US$ Million)
Early
Recovery
(US$ Million)
Longer
Term
Recovery
Reconstruc
tion
Total
(US$ Million)
(US$ Million)
(US$ Million)
A. AGRICULTURE
Rehabilitation of damaged
Secondary/tertiary irrigation canals
US$ 1
million
US$ 0.2
million
US$ 0.25
million
US$ 0.4
million
Reconstruction
Center
of
Food
Security
US$ 0.3
million
US$ 0.3
million
B. HEALTH
Health facilities services coordination
and management
400,000
800,000
1,000,000
2,200,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
1,500,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
1,500,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
1,500,000
350,000
500,000
500,000
1,350,000
350,000
450,000
500,000
1,300,000
46
shelter
Permanent
households)
Housing
350,000
500,000
500,000
1,350,000
300,000
450,000
600,000
1,350,000
(193,000
US$ 77M
US$ 77M
(193,000
US$ 193 M
D. EDUCATION
Transitional classrooms
3,300,000
450,000
play
750,000
Support
the
resumption
and
functioning of ECD facilities through
the provision of ECD kits
100,000
325,000
250,000
34,000
E. PROTECTION
E.1 CHILD PROTECTION
A comprehensive assessment to
identify outstanding child protection
issues and support responses to address
them
0.030
0.030
0.020
0.020
47
0.025
0.200
0.225
0.020
0.100
0.120
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.060
0.500
0.560
0.500
0.500
0.060
0.060
0.030
0.030
0.100
48
0.100
districts
Renovation for 12 child care Institution
with medium damage in 6 districts
0.072
0.072
0.052
0.052
0.060
0.060
0.059
0.059
50
Agriculture
Perumahan dan
prasarana permukiman
Food and
nutrition
Health
Educatio
n
51
Shelter
Protectio
n
Water,
Sanitation,
Hygiene
Cross-cutting
Sector