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Multiplexing Principles
Transmitting two or more signals simultaneously
can be accomplished by running multiple cables
or setting up one transmitter-receiver pair for
each channel, but this is an expensive approach.
A single cable or radio link can handle multiple
signals simultaneously using a technique known
as multiplexing.
Multiplexing permits hundreds or even
thousands of signals to be combined and
transmitted over a single medium.
2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Multiplexing Principles
Multiplexing is the process of simultaneously
transmitting two or more individual signals
over a single communication channel.
It increases the number of communication
channels so that more information can be
transmitted.
An application may require multiple signals.
Cost savings can be gained by using a single
channel to send multiple information signals.
2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Multiplexing Principles
Four communication applications that would
be prohibitively expensive or impossible
without multiplexing are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Telephone systems
Telemetry
Satellites
Broadcasting (radio and TV)
Multiplexing Principles
Multiplexing Principles
The two most common types of multiplexing
are
1. Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)
Multiplexing Principles
Another form of multiple access is known as
code-division multiple access (CDMA).
Widely used in cell phone systems to allow many
subscribers to use a common bandwidth
simultaneously.
Uses special codes assigned to each user that can
be identified.
Time-Division Multiplexing
PAM Multiplexer
The simplest time multiplexer operates like a singlepole multiple-position mechanical or electronic
switch.
It rapidly, sequentially samples multiple analog inputs.
The switch arm dwells momentarily on each contact.
This allows the input signal to be passed to the
output.
It then switches quickly to the next channel, allowing
that channel to pass for a fixed duration.
The remaining channels are sampled in the same way.
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Time-Division Multiplexing
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Time-Division Multiplexing
PAM Multiplexer
Four different analog signals can be sampled by a
PAM multiplexer. In the following slide of Figure
10-15:
Signals A and C are continuously varying analog signals.
Signal B is a positive-going linear ramp.
Signal D is a constant DC voltage.
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Time-Division Multiplexing
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Time-Division Multiplexing
PAM Multiplexer: Commutator Switches
Multiplexers in early TDM/PAM telemetry systems
used a form of rotary switch known as a commutator.
One complete revolution of the commutator switch is
referred to as a frame. During one frame, each input
channel is sampled one time.
The number of frames completed in 1 second is called
the frame rate.
Multiplying the frame rate by the number of samples
per frame yields the commutation rate or multiplex
rate, which is the basic frequency of the composite
signal transmitted over the communication channel.
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Time-Division Multiplexing
PAM Multiplexer: Electronic Multiplexers
In practical TDM/PAM systems, electronic circuits
are used instead of mechanical switches or
commutators.
The multiplexer itself is usually implemented with
FETs.
FETs are nearly ideal on/off switches and can turn
off and on at very high speeds.
2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
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Time-Division Multiplexing
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Time-Division Multiplexing
Demultiplexer Circuits
Once the composite signal is received, it must be
demodulated and demultiplexed.
The signal is picked up by the receiver.
The signal is sent to an FM demodulator that
recovers the original PAM data.
The PAM signal is then demultiplexed into the
original analog signals.
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Time-Division Multiplexing
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Time-Division Multiplexing
Demultiplexer Circuits
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Time-Division Multiplexing
Demultiplexer Circuits: Clock Recovery and Frame
Synchronization
The clock for a demultiplexer is typically derived from
the received PAM signal through a clock recovery
circuit.
After clock pulses of the proper frequency have been
obtained, the multiplexed channels must be
synchronized.
This synchronization is achieved by using a special
synchronizing (sync) pulse applied to one of the input
channels at the transmitter.
2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
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Time-Division Multiplexing
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Time-Division Multiplexing
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TDM STANDARD
Digital Carrier Systems
The most widespread use of TDM is in the
telephone system.
Years ago, the telephone companies developed a
complete digital transmission system called the Tcarrier system.
The T-carrier system defines a range of PCM TDM
systems with progressively faster data rates.
The physical implementations of these systems
are referred to as T-1, T-2, T-3, and T-4.
2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
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25
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Fractional T-Carriers
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Fractional T-Carriers
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Larger Groupings
Jumbogroups = 3600 VB channels
Multijumbogroups = 7200 VB channels
Superjumbogroups = 10,800 VB channels
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Formation of a Group
Each voice channel is bandlimited with an
anti-aliasing fliter prior to modulating the
channel carrier
Uses a single sideband suppressed carrier
(SSBSC) modulation using the combination of
balance modulator and bandpass filter
Tuned to the difference between the carrier
frequency and the input voice band frequency
(LSB)
2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
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Formation of a Group
The carrier frequency of the channel bank is
determined from:
Fc = 112 4n ; kHz where; N=channel number
Formation of a Group
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Formation of a Supergroup
Formed by combining five groups with a
frequency spectrum 60 kHz to 108 kHz for
each group
Mixed with different carrier frequency in a
balance modulator and bandlimited by with a
bandpass filter tuned to the difference in
frequency
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Formation of a Supergroup
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Formation of a Supergroup
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U600 Mastergroup
formed with a super group bank by combining ten
super group
The frequency spectrum for each supergroup is
312kHz to 552 kHz
The output is bandlimited to the difference
frequency band (LSB) to form Single Sideband
Suppressed Carrier (SSBSC)
Mathematically, the output frequency is
F(out) = fc fs Where :
fc= carrier frequency
fs= 312 kHz to 552 kHz
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13
1116
14
1364
15
1612
16
1860
17
2108
18
2356
D25
2652
D26
2900
D27
3148
D28
3396
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U600 Mastergroup
A. Block Diagram
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U600 Mastergroup
B. Output Spectrum
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U600 Guardband
void band of frequencies that is not included within any
supergroup band
Necessary because the demultiplexing process is
accomplished through filtering and down-converting
Without guardband, it would be difficult to separate
one supergroup from adjacent supergroup
8 kHz of Guardband between all supergroups except 18
and D25
56 kHz between 18 and D25
Reduce the quality factor, bandwidth increases from
(600x4kHz) = 2400kHz to 2520kHz (564 kHz-3084kHz
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Channel Guardband
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L600 Mastergroup
10 supergroup are combined
The composite baseband spectrum occupies a
lower-frequency band than U-type mastergroup
Cannot be further multiplexed with a maximum
channel capacity of 600 VB channel
Mathematically, the output frequency is
F(out) = fc fs Where :
fc= carrier frequency
fs= 312 kHz to 552 kHz
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612
Direct
1116
1384
1612
1860
2108
2356
2724
10
3100
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L600 Mastergroup
B. Output Spectrum
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Radio Channel
A. Block Diagram
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Radio Channel
B. Bandwidth Spectrum
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