Bihar is India's most flood-prone State, with 76% of the population in the north Bihar living under the

recurring threat of flooddevastation.[3] According to some historical data, 16.5% of the total flood
affected area in India is located in Bihar while 22.1% of the flood affected population in India lives
in Bihar.[4] About 68,800 square kilometres (26,600 sq mi) out of total geographical area of 94,160
square kilometres (36,360 sq mi) comprising 73.06% is flood affected. Floods in Bihar are a
recurring disaster which on an annual basis destroys thousands of human lives apart from livestock
and assets worth millions.[3] The 2013 Flood in Bihar affected more than 5.9 million people in 3,768
villages in 20 districts of the state.[5]

OBJECTIVE OF STUDY To identify the causes of floods To describe the overall impact of flooding
To formulate a strategy for the flood affectedareas in Vijayawada, with reference to MITIGATION,
PREPAREDNESS, RESPONSE, RECOVERY.6/11/2013 Floods- Disaster Managment 5

1. INTRODUCTIONA flood occurs when the GeomorphicEquilibrium in the river system is

disturbedbecause of intrinsic or extrinsic factors orwhen a system crosses the
geomorphicthreshold.(a) Flooding in a river due to aggradation ofriver bed (intrinsic
threshold);(b) Flooding in a river due to heavy rainfall(extrinsic threshold)Floods in major
cities especiallyduring rainy season are proving todisastrous not only to theenvironment but
also have seriousimplications for human life andproperty.6/11/2013 6Floods- Disaster
ManagmentSource: FLOOD DISASTERS ANDMANAGEMENT
2. 7. TYPES OF FLOODS Types of floodsFlash floodsRiver floodsCoastal FloodsUrban
Flood According to their duration flood can be divided into different categories:Slow-Onset
Floods: Slow Onset Floods usually last for a relatively longer period, it may last forone or
more peeks, or even months.Rapid-Onset Floods: Rapid1Onset Floods last for a relatively
shorter period, they usually last forone or two days only.Flash Floods: Flash Floods may
occur within minutes or a fe1w hours after heavyrainfall, tropical storm, failure of dams or
levees or releases of ice dams. And it causes thegreatest damages to society.
3. 8. The soil becomessaturated andoverland flow andthrough flow reachthe river anddischarge
increases.Overland flow arrivesfirst.The time from peak rainfall to peakdischarge is the LAG
TIME.The discharge starts tofall slowly as water isadded from throughflow and
groundwaterflows which are muchslower.The base flow suppliesthe river with waterbetween
storms andkeeps it flowing insummer.Rainfall is interceptedor infiltrated into thesoil moisture
storeStart of the storm there is aslow rise in discharge, as only asmall amount of water
fallsinto the channel
1. 10. Causes of floods
FLOODS IMPACTS Human Loss Property Loss Affects the Major Roads Disruption of Air / Train /
Bus services Spread of Water-borne Communicable Diseases Communication Breakdown

Electricity Supply Cut off Economic and Social Disruption Increase in Air / Water Pollution6/11/2013
Floods- Disaster Managment 12
1. 13. Flood forecasting Anticipating floods before they occur allows for precautions to be taken
andpeople to be warned so that they can be prepared in advance for floodingconditions. For
example, Farmers can remove animals from low-lying areas and utility services can put in
placeemergency provisions to re-route services if needed. Emergency services can also
makeprovisions to have enough resources available ahead of time to respond to
emergencies asthey occur. In order to make the most accurate flood forecasts for
waterways, it is best tohave a long time-series of historical data that relates stream flows
tomeasured past rainfall events Radar estimates of rainfall and general weather forecasting
techniques arealso important components of good flood forecasting.
2. 14. Flood Control In many countries around the world, waterways prone to floods are often
carefullymanaged. Defences such as levees, bunds, reservoirs, and weirs are used to
preventwaterways from overflowing their banks. In the riparian zone near rivers and
streams, erosion control measures can be takento try and slow down or reverse the natural
forces that cause many waterwaysto meander over long periods of time. Flood controls,
such as dams, can be built and maintained over time to try andreduce the occurrence and
severity of floods as well.
1. 15. Flood benefits Floods (in particular more frequent or smaller floods) can also bring
manybenefits, such as Recharging ground water, Making soil more fertile and increasing
nutrients in some soils. Flood waters provide much needed water resources in arid and
semi-arid regionswhere precipitation can be very unevenly distributed throughout the year.
Freshwater floods particularly play an important role in maintaining ecosystems inriver
corridors and are a key factor in maintaining floodplain biodiversity. Flooding can spread
nutrients to lakes and rivers, which can lead toincreased biomass and improved fisheries for
a few years. For some fish species, an inundated floodplain may form a highly suitable
locationfor spawning with few predators and enhanced levels of nutrients or food. Fish, such
as the weather fish, make use of floods in order to reach new habitats.Bird populations may
also profit from the boost in food production caused byflooding.

Flood prone zones , areas in INDIA

INDIAFLOOD PRONE AREAOTHERSTATES43.9%UTTAR

PRADESH21.90%BIHAR12.71%ASSAM9.40%WEST BENGAL7.91% ORISSA4.18%

National Disaster Management Guidelines To minimise vulnerability to floods and consequent loss
of lives, livelihood systems, propertyand damage to infrastructure and public utilities Flood damage
assessment be made on a realistic and scientific basis and recorded basin-/sub-basin-wise.
Performance evaluation of a large number of FM schemes be carried out and their impacton the
socio economic development of the protected area be assessed. The use of flood plains be
regulated and a suitable legislation for flood plain zoning beenacted and enforced. Water Resources
planning and construction be basin wise and basin organisations be set up. Storages in various
forms is an important component of the package of measures for FMand flood space in reservoirs be
provided to the extent feasible and flood control notrelegated to a non- priority activity as against
competing water requirements forhydropower and Irrigation purposes. International dimensions of
problem of floods be kept in mind and the GOI should play animportant role in the matter. Requisite
funds be made available for construction of new and maintenance of existingworks. Emphasis be
laid on research, education and training on FM.6/11/2013 Floods- Disaster Managment 55

23. FLOOD DAMAGE IN INDIA

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