EXERCISE CHAPTER 2 : STRUCTURE OF ATOM

1. Table 1 shows the proton number and nucleon number of six particles P, Q,
R, S, T and U.

Element
P
Q
R
S
T
U

Proton
number
6
11
8
6
15
19

Nucleon number

Electron arrangement

12
23
16
14
31
39
Table 1

(a) Write the electron arrangement of each particle.

(b) What is the number of valence electrons in particle R?
(c) Draw the atomic structure of T.
(d) Explain the meaning of nucleon number.
(e) What is the number of neutrons in U?
(f) (i) Explain the meaning of the term isotope.
(ii) Which of the elements in Table 1 is a pair of isotope?
(iii) Give an example of isotope and its use in industry.
(g) State two elements which belong to the same group in the Periodic Table.
Explain your answer.

2. An experiment is carried out to determine the melting point of acetamide.

The acetamide is heated and the temperature is recorded at every 1/2
minute interval.
Table 2 show the results of the experiment.
Time /min
Temperature /
C

0
71.
0

1
2
75.
0

78.
0

80.
0

81.
0

81.
0

81.
0

81.
0

82.
0

84.
0

87.
0

Table 2
(a) Draw a labelled diagram for the apparatus set-up used to carry out the
experiment.
(b) Plot a graph of temperature against time for the heating of acetamide.
(c) Explain why the temperature remains constant between the time 2 to 3
minutes.
(d) What is the physical state of acetamide at third minute?
(e) Draw the arrangement of acetamide particles at first minute.
(f) Sketch the shape of the graph obtained if the molten acetamide is cooled.

(g) The melting point of phenol is above 100C. What alteration must be done
to the apparatus set-up before the experiment can be carried out to
determine the melting point of phenol?

3. Diagram 3 shows the graph of temperature against time when sulphur is

heated until it boils.
Temperature/C
550
X50

445
V50 W50

115
U50

T1

T2

T3

100

(a) State
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

T4
Time/min

the physical state of sulphur in the following region:

UV :
VW:
WX:
XY:
YZ:

(b) At which minute

i.
The sulphur starts to melt?
ii.
All the sulphur has melted?
iii.
The sulphur starts to boil?
iv.
All the sulphur has boiled?
(c) State the
(i) melting point of sulphur.
(ii)boiling point of sulphur.
(d) Draw the arrangement of sulphur particles in region WX.
(e) When solid iodine is heated, it changes to gas without undergoing the
i.
ii.

4.

liquid state.
Name the process wherein a solid changes directly into gas on
heating.
Name another substance which undergoes this change on heating.

5. Table 5 shows the melting ang boiling points of four substances.

Substanc
e

Melting
point/C

Boiling
point/C

W
X
Y
Z

-78
961
954
-97

-33
2212
1603
65

Electrical conductivity
In solid
In liquid
state
state
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
no
No

(a) At room temperature, what is the physical state of

i.
ii.

W?
X?

iv.
v.

Y?
Z?

iii.
iv.

Y
Z

iii.
vi.
(b) State the particles present in
i.
ii.

W:
X

v.
(c) Explain why substance Y can conduct electricity in liquid state but not in
solid state.
(d) Which substance is silver metal? Explain why.
(e) If substance Z is unintentionally mixed with water, how can you separate
the mixture?