Nowadays, the EV is receiving a vast amount of attention due to the major

guaranteed challenges: Cleanliness, silence and reduction of oil dependency.

Since last century, various battery technology have been tried. The lithium
battery reveals as the most promising by dint to its tremendous advantages such
as the high energy density, power performance and the long cycle of life. This
device provides intermittent and reversible energy storage but it should not be
over charged or over discharged to prevent a permanent damage and extend its
lifetime.
In order to optimize its management, it is essential to find a reliable algorithm
able to identify the state of charge SOC while it is in use in the vehicle, this is a
critical issue in view of the complicated battery dynamic. The SOC, which we
emphasize in this paper, is the percentage ratio of the present battery capacity
to the maximum capacity.
The issue of obtaining accurate battery SOC can be divided into battery modeling
and state estimation. The literature documents an amount of cell modeling
methods, there are mainly two kinds of models: electrochemical models,
equivalent circuit models.
The main advantage of electrochemical models is the possibility to emulate the
battery behavior with mathematical equations. Unfortunately, this type of
equations is often valid only for a constant current. Results that they provide
quickly become inaccurate in the case strong and sudden changes in current
occurring during driving. It is then necessary to take into account the transient
phenomena which are polarization and the capacitive behavior of the cells. While
the equivalent circuit models are well known and widely used depending on the
application and the type of accumulators. Professionals in the field have
developed several models and each one generalizes a battery model at the cost
of multiple tests and adjustments. A large amount of models presented in the
literature:
The simple model is composed just by a voltage source representing the open
circuit voltage and an equivalent series resistance. This ideal battery model can
be criticized for not considering the evolution of the parameters. [2] took(taken)
over the based model with internal resistance and made the Equivalent Series
Resistance(ESR) decreases with the state of charge . The Thevenin model [3] is
an improvement from the previous model thanks to the insertion of a RC dipole
due to the phenomena of double layer are often marked in very short time. The
nonlinear dynamic model takes into account the non-linearity of parameters. In
this model[4][5] , the process of charge and discharge are separated. The test
analysis of the characteristics of a lithium-ion battery proves the existence of
polarization phenomenon [6][7] . In order to give a further study of the RC
networks on the model accuracy, the evaluation tests evince that the most
reliable structure is the Dual Polarization model with two RC networks. Besides
the effects of temperature and polarization, lithium ion batteries have a

hysteresis phenomenon that affects its behavior and it can be observed by

comparing the charge/discharge curves. Hysteresis model reported in [8][9]
suppose that the hysteresis characteristics of lithium-ion batteries are probably
due to the intercalation of lithium ions in the electrodes[10].
A wide range of approaches are proposed to estimate the SOC can be divided
into two main classes: the non model based methods and the model based
methods. For the first one we find the famous coulomb counting method
developed by Aylor [].It is easy to implement by integrating current but it suffer
from initial SOC and cumulative error. However, in 1975 ,Christianson []
developed a method in which the SOC is indicated based on the open circuit
voltage. Besides the time required to measure the OCV, an accurate
measurement is a challenge due to the battery dynamics. Those simple SOC
estimation methods are disqualified for battery used in the electrical vehicle due
to their rates and their dynamic profile. In order to have an accurate state of
charge estimation, a concrete battery modeling is needed, that's why it is
required to take into account all phenomena happening inside the battery, as well
as its behavior towards external circumstances."The better the model, the better
the SOC"[].