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DRILLING ENGINEERING
Drilling Hydraulics
Drilling Hydraulics
Energy Balance
Incompressible fluid
Slightly compressible fluid
Ideal gas
Real gas
q
v
2
2.448 d
Annular Flow
q
v
2
2
2.448 d 2 d1
WHERE
in.
pipe or borehole, in.
E 2 E 1 p 2 V2
p1V1
1 2
2
g D2 D1
v 2 v1
2
W Q
In the wellbore, in many cases
Q = 0 (heat)
r = constant
p2 p1 0.052 r
D2 D1
p1 and p2
r
v1 and v2
pp
pf
D1 and D2
400 gal/min.
12 lbm/gal.
D2
10,000 ft.
D1
(mud pits)
v2
2
2.448 d
(gal/min)
2
(in )
400
v2
26 .14 ft/sec
2
2.448 * (2.5)
p 2 p1 0.052 r (D2 D1 )
8.074 * 10
-4
r ( v v ) Pp Pf
2
2
2
1
p 2 0 0.052 * 12 (10,000 - 0)
- 8.074 * 10 - 4 * 12 (26.14 2 0 2 ) 3,000 1,400
0 6,240 6.6 3,000 1,400
p2 p1 0.052 r ( D2 D1 )
8.074 *10
-4
r (v v ) Pp Pf
2
2
2
1
D2 D1
Pp 0
v1
v 2 vn
Pf 0
4
p 2 p1 8.074 * 10 rv
and
vn
2
n
p
4
8.074 * 10 r
If
Pf 0
vn c d
p
4
8.074 * 10 r
c d 0.95
Example:
vn 0.95
1,000
305 ft/sec
4
8.074 * 10 * 12
//
vn c d
p
8.074 * 10 4 r
p bit
q
& vn
3.117 A t
8.311 * 10 -5 r q2
2
d
C A
2
t
Hydraulic Horsepower
HHP of pump putting out 400 gpm at 3,000 psi = ?
Power
q
A
PH qp
In field units:
q p
HHP
1714
400 * 3,000
700hp
1714
CD 0.95
q 400 gal/min
r 12 lb/gal
p n 1,169 psi
r q vn
mv m
Fj
v
t
32.17 * 60
t
CD 0.95
Fj 0.01823 c d q r p
q 400 gal/min
r 12 lb/gal
p n 1,169 psi
Experimentally ,
F
V
A
L
Shear stress = viscosity * shear rate
F
V
A
L
i.e.,
dyne
1
2
cm
sec
dyne sec
2
cm
dyne - s
g
1 poise 1
1
2
cm
cm s
1 centipoise 0.01 poise
Slope of line
Example 4.16
Example 4.16
shear rate V / L
10/1 sec -1
5
dyne s
0 .5
0.5 poise
2
10
cm
50 cp
p y
if y
if - y y
p y
if - y
Power-Law Model
Power-Law Model
n 1
if 0
if 0
Rheological Models
shear stress
absolute viscosity
1. Newtonian Fluid:
shear rate
y ( p ) *
What if
y yield point
p plastic viscosity
Rheological Models
3. Power Law Fluid:
K ( )
K = consistency index
n = flow behavior index
Velocity Profiles
(laminar flow)
Fig 4.34:
(r varies)
Types of Flow
Laminar Flow
Types of Flow
Turbulent Flow
Types of flow
Fig. 4-30. Laminar and turbulent flow patterns in a circular pipe: (a) laminar
flow, (b) transition between laminar and turbulent flow and (c) turbulent flow
N Re
r vd
In field units,
N Re
928 v d
N Re
928 v d
Q = 280 gal/min
r = 12.5 lb/gal
PPUMP = PDP + PDC
+ PBIT NOZZLES
+ PDC/ANN + PDP/ANN
+ PHYD
PPUMP
"Friction" Pressures
2,500
DRILLPIPE
2103
2,000
1,500
DRILL COLLARS
1,000
BIT NOZZLES
500
ANNULUS
0
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
i.e.
v n Cd
Pb
8.074 *10 4 r
v n Pb
ppump p d pbit
p bit p pump p d
where p d may be called the parasitic pressure
loss in the system (friction).
p d p s p dp p dc p dca p dpa cq
1.75
p d cq
where 0 m 2
p bit p pump p d
PHbit
p d cq
pbit q p pumpq cq
1714
1714
dPHbit
0 when
dq
m 1
pd
p pump
m 1
F j 0.01823 cd q r pbit
0.01823 c d q r ( p pump pd )
F j 0.01823 c d q r (p pump pd )
But parasitic pressure drop,
pd cq
F j 0.01823 cd
r p p q r cd q
2
m2
2
p d
p p
m2