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10/31/2012
Dr M-Moawed
REACTION TURBINE
Reaction turbines are those kind of
turbines which the degree of reaction
does not equal zero, and the major of
pressure drop takes place in the rotating
wheel (in impulse turbine, the pressure
drop takes place in the nozzle).
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Francis turbine
It is named after James B. Francis (1815 1892) an English
born inventor who developed the turbine in the year 1849.
It is used when the head is between 80 to 500 metres. i.e. it is a
medium head turbine.
It is a mixed flow reaction turbine.
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Francis turbine
A Francis turbine rotates in a
closed casing.
Its wheel has many curved blades
called runner vanes as many as 24.
Its shaft is vertical. The wheel of a
Francis turbine operates under
water.
The guide vanes and stay vanes
control the amount of water
flowing into the runner vanes.
The runner is rotated mainly due to
the weight or pressure of the
flowing water.
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Figure 2 Reaction
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turbine installation.
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Runner dimensions
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Net Head:
By definition the net head is the difference in
elevation between headwater and tail
water levels minus the pipe friction losses
and the velocity head in the tail race at the
point of discharge from the draft tube (the
rejected kinetic energy).
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Cavitation in Turbines:
The cavitation phenomenon occurs when, at
any point, the water pressure drops below
its corresponding vapour pressure. This will
create bubbles and the fluid will rush into
the cavities left by the bubbles causing a
species of water hammer.
The resulting cavitation that occurs in the
turbine not only impairs the turbine
performance but it may also damage the
machine itself.
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Typical
head
Rad
Rev
Metric
British
>300
<0.2
<0.03
<30
<10
Francis
500-30
0.25-1.3
0.04-0.2
50-250
10-60
Kaplan
50-4
2-6
0.3-1
3601200
100-300
Pelton
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Impulse turbine
Reaction turbine
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Kaplan turbine
Water enters the runner vanes axially Water enters the runner vanes radially
and leaves axially, hence it is called and leaves axially, hence it is called a
axial flow turbine.
mixed flow turbine.
The number of blades in the runner The number of blades in the runner is
is generally between 3 and 8.
generally between 16 and 24.
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Francis turbine
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Example 1
In a vertical shaft inward flow reaction turbine, the sum of the
pressure and kinetic heads at entrance to the spiral casing
is 120 m and the vertical distance between this section and
the tail race level is 3 m. The peripheral velocity of the
runner at entry is 30 m/s, the radial velocity of the water is
constant at 9 m/s and the discharge from the runner is
without whirl. The estimated hydraulic losses are:
(1) between turbine entrance and exit from the guide
vanes 4.8 m.
(2) in the runner 8.8 m.
(3) in the draft tube 790 mm.
(4) kinetic head rejected to the tail race 460 mm.
Calculate the guide vane angle, the runner blade angle at inlet
and the pressure head at entry to the runner.
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Solution
Given:
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Thank You
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