Punjab

25/01/2016
Punjab,IndiaWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Coordinates:30.79N75.84E
Punjab,India
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Punjab( i /pndb/)isastateinNorthIndia,
formingpartofthelargerPunjabregion.Thestateis
borderedbytheIndianstatesofJammuandKashmir
tothenorth,HimachalPradeshtotheeast,Haryanato
thesouthandsoutheast,Rajasthantothesouthwest,
andthePakistaniprovinceofPunjabtothewest.The
statecapitalislocatedinChandigarh,aUnion
Territoryandalsothecapitaloftheneighbouring
stateofHaryana.Thesummerresidenceofthe
GovernorofPunjabisatShimla.
Punjab
StateofIndia
AfterthepartitionofIndiain1947,thePunjab
provinceofBritishIndiawasdividedbetweenIndia
andPakistan.TheIndianPunjabwasdividedin1966
withtheformationofthenewstatesofHaryanaand
HimachalPradeshalongsidethecurrentstateof
Punjab.
Punjabisreligiouslydiverse,withSikhismand
Hinduismbeingthepredominantfaithspractisedby
thestate'spopulation.[4]
AgricultureisthelargestindustryinPunjab.[5]Other
majorindustriesincludethemanufacturingof
scientificinstruments,agriculturalgoods,electrical
goods,financialservices,machinetools,textiles,
sewingmachines,sportsgoods,starch,tourism,
fertilisers,bicycles,garments,andtheprocessingof
pineoilandsugar.Punjabalsohasthelargestnumber
ofsteelrollingmillplantsinIndia,whicharelocated
in"SteelTown"MandiGobindgarhinthe
FatehgarhSahibdistrict.
Contents
Toptobottom:HarmandirSahib,QilaMubarak,
GandhiBhavan,WagahBorder,JallianwalaBagh
Memorial
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Ancienthistory
Seal
2.2 SikhsinPunjab
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_India
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2.2 SikhsinPunjab
Nickname(s):LandofFiveRivers
2.3 CisSutlejstates
(Persian:PunjFive,AbWaters)
2.4 TheSikhEmpire
2.5 PunjabProvince(BritishIndia)
2.6 Independenceanditsaftermath
2.7 FormationofcurrentPunjab
3 Geography
3.1 Climate
4 Seasons
4.1 Summer
LocationofPunjabinIndia
4.2 Rainyseason
4.3 Winter
4.4 PostMonsoontransitionalseason
4.5 PostWintertransitionalseason
5 Rainfall
6 Floraandfauna
6.1 Animalsandbirds
7 Governmentandpolitics
8 Subdivisions
MapofPunjab
Coordinates(Chandigarh):30.79N75.84E
Country
Region
India
NorthIndia
9 Economy
Established
15August1947
10 Transport
History
8.1 Administrativesubdivisions
11 Demographics
12 Religion
13 Language
14 Education
(AsEastPunjab)
Summary
2Apr1849:ThePunjab
Provinceisannexedby
theEastIndiaCompany
withLahoreasthecapital
9Nov1901:TheNorth
WestFrontierProvinceis
createdwithPeshawaras
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14 Education
itscapital
15Aug1947:Partition
ofIndiawithShimlaas
thecapital
26Jan1950:EastPunjab
renamedasPunjab
1Nov1956:PEPSU
mergedintoPunjab
1Nov1966:Punjab
ReorganisationAct,1966
trifurcatesPunjabinto
HimachalPradeshand
Haryana
14.1 Schools
14.2 Universities
14.2.1 Central
14.2.2 State
14.2.3 Deemedpublic
universities
14.2.4 Private
Capital
14.2.5 Autonomouscollegesin
Punjab
Largestcity
Districts
14.2.6 MedicalColleges
Government
Governor
14.2.7 Reputedcolleges
(technicaland
professional)
14.2.8 Otherinstitutesofrepute
(general)
15 Media
16 Digitallibrary
17 Culture
17.1 Bhangra
17.2 Punjabifolklore
17.3 Literature
17.4 Music
17.5 Filmindustry
17.6 Cuisine
17.7 Festivalsandtraditions
18 Sports
19 Tourism
Chandigarh
Ludhiana
22
ChiefMinister
Legislature
Parliamentary
constituency
HighCourt
Area
Total
Arearank
KaptanSinghSolanki[1]
ParkashSinghBadal(SAD)
Unicameral(117seats)
13
PunjabandHaryanaHighCourt
50,362km2(19,445sqmi)
19th
Population(2011)[2]
Total
27,704,236
Density
550/km2(1,400/sqmi)
Languages
Official
Other
Regional
Punjabi
Hindi,English
Majhi,Malwai,Dogri,Bagri
Timezone
ISO3166code
IST(UTC+05:30)
INPB
HDI
HDIrank
0.679(medium)
9th(2005)
Literacy
76.68%
Website
PunjabGovt
(http://www.punjabgovt.gov.in/)
^JointCapitalwithHaryana
SymbolsofPunjab
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20 Seealso
21 References
22 Furtherreading
23 Externallinks
Etymology
Emblem
Language
Dance
Animal
Bird
Tree
River
Sport
LionCapitalofAshokawith
Wheatstem(above)andCrossed
Swords(below)
Punjabi
Bhangra,Giddha
Blackbuck
Baaz[3]
Tahli
Indus
Kabaddi(CircleStyle)
ThewordPunjabisaxenonymandexonymfromthePersianwordspanj("five")andb("waters"),thus
Panjbmeans"FiveRivers",whichroughlymeans"LandofFiveRivers".[6]ThefiveriversaretheSutlej,
Beas,Ravi,ChenabandJehlum(alsospelledJhelum).Traditionally,inEnglish,thereusedtobeadefinite
articlebeforethename,i.e."ThePunjab".[7]Thenameisalsosometimesspelledas"Panjab".Whilethe
GreeksalreadyreferredtoPunjabasPentapotamia,aninlanddeltaoffiveconvergingrivers,[8]thename
PunjabwasgiventotheregionbytheCentralAsianTurkicconquerorsofIndia,andmorepopularly
popularizedbytheTurcoMongolMughals.[9][10][11]
History
Ancienthistory
DuringtheperiodwhentheepicMahabharatawaswrittenaround800400BCE,Punjabwasknownas
TrigartaandruledbyKatochkings.[12][13]TheIndusValleyCivilizationspannedmuchofthePunjab
regionwithcitiessuchasHarappa(moderndayPunjab,Pakistan).TheVedicCivilizationspreadalongthe
lengthoftheSarasvatiRivertocovermostofNorthernIndiaincludingPunjab.Thiscivilizationshaped
subsequentculturesintheIndiansubcontinent.ThePunjabregionwasconqueredbymanyancientempires
includingtheGandhara,Nandas,Mauryas,Sungas,Kushans,Guptas,Palas,GurjaraPratiharasandHindu
Shahis.ThefurthesteasternextentofAlexandertheGreat'sexplorationwasalongtheIndusRiver.
AgricultureflourishedandtradingcitiessuchasJalandhar,SangrurandLudhianagrewinwealth.
Duetoitslocation,thePunjabregioncameunderconstantattackandinfluencefrombothwestandeast.
PunjabfacedinvasionsbytheAchaemenids,Greeks,Scythians,Turks,andAfghans.Thisresultedinthe
Punjabwitnessingcenturiesofbitterbloodshed.ItsculturecombinesHindu,Buddhist,Islamic,Afghan,
SikhandBritishinfluences.
ThecityofTaxila,foundedbyTaka,thesonofBharat,whointurnwasthebrotheroftheHindudeity
Rama,wasreputedtohouseTakshashilaUniversity,theoldestuniversityintheworld.[14]Oneofits
teacherswasthegreatVedicthinkerandpoliticianChanakya.Taxilawasagreatcentreoflearningand
intellectualdiscussionduringtheMauryaEmpire.ItistodayaUnitedNationsWorldHeritagesite.
SikhsinPunjab
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TherootsofSikhismbeganatthetimeoftheConquestofNorthernIndiabyBabur.Hisgrandson,Akbar,
supportedreligiousfreedomandaftervisitingthelangarofGuruAmarDashadafavourableimpressionof
Sikhism.AsaresultofhisvisithedonatedlandtothelangarandhadapositiverelationshipwiththeSikh
Gurusuntilhisdeathin1605.[15]Hissuccessor,Jahangir,sawtheSikhsasapoliticalthreat.Hearrested
GuruArjunDevbecauseofSikhsupportforKhusrauMirza[16]andorderedhimtobeputtodeathby
torture.GuruArjanDev'smartyrdomledtothesixthGuru,GuruHarGobind,declaringSikhsovereigntyin
thecreationoftheAkalTakhtandtheestablishmentofaforttodefendAmritsar.[17]
JahangirattemptedtoassertauthorityovertheSikhsbyimprisoningGuruHarGobindatGwalior.Hefelt
compelledtoreleasehimwhenhebegantosufferpremonitionsofanearlyandgruesomedeath.TheGuru
refusedtobereleasedunlessthedozensofHinduprincesimprisonedwithhimwerealsograntedfreedom,
towhichJahangiragreed.SikhismdidnothaveanyfurtherissueswiththeMughalEmpireuntilthedeath
ofJahangirin1627.Hissuccessor,ShahJahan"tookoffense"atGuruHarGobind'ssovereigntyandaftera
seriesofassaultsonAmritsarforcedtheSikhstoretreattotheSivalikHills.[17]GuruHarGobind's
successor,GuruHarRaimaintainedthegurushipintheSivalikHillsbydefeatinglocalattemptstoseize
SikhlandandtakinganeutralroleinthepowerstrugglebetweenAurangzebandDaraShikohforcontrolof
theTimuriddynasty.TheninthGuru,GuruTeghBahadur,movedtheSikhcommunitytoAnandpurand
traveledextensivelytovisitandpreachinSikhcommunitiesindefianceofMughalrule.HeaidedKashmiri
PanditsinavoidingconversiontoIslamandwasarrestedandconfrontedbyAurangzeb.Whenoffereda
choicebetweenconversionordeath,hechosetodieratherthancompromisehisprinciplesandwas
executed.[18]GuruGobindSinghassumedthegurushipin1675andtoavoidbattleswithSivalikHillRajas
movedthegurushiptoPaunta.Hebuiltalargeforttoprotectthecityandgarrisonedanarmytoprotectit.
ThegrowingpoweroftheSikhcommunityalarmedSivalikHillRajas,whoattemptedtoattackthecity,but
theGuru'sforcesroutedthemattheBattleofBhangani.HemovedontoAnandpurandestablishedthe
Khalsa,acollectivearmyofbaptisedSikhs,on30March1699.TheestablishmentoftheKhalsaunitedthe
SikhcommunityagainstvariousMughalbackedclaimantstotheguruship.[19]
In1701,acombinedarmycomposedoftheSivalikHillRajasandtheMughalarmyunderWazirKhan
attackedAnandpurand,followingaretreatbytheKhalsa,weredefeatedbytheKhalsaattheBattleof
Muktsar.BandaSinghBahadurwasanasceticwhoconvertedtoSikhismaftermeetingGuruGobindSingh
atNanded.Ashorttimebeforehisdeath,GuruGobindSinghorderedhimtouprootMugalruleinPunjab
andgavehimaletterthatcommandedallSikhstojoinhim.Aftertwoyearsofgainingsupporters,Banda
SinghBahadurinitiatedanagrarianuprisingbybreakingupthelargeestatesofZamindarfamiliesand
distributingthelandtothepoorSikh,HinduandMuslimpeasantswhofarmedtheland.[20]BandaSingh
BahadurstartedhisrebellionwiththedefeatofMughalarmiesatSamanaandSadhauraandtherebellion
culminatedinthedefeatofSirhind.Duringtherebellion,BandaSinghBahadurmadeapointofdestroying
thecitiesinwhichMughalshadbeencrueltoSikhs,includingexecutingWazirKhaninrevengeforthe
deathsofGuruGobindSingh'ssons,BabaZorawarSinghandBabaFatehSinghaftertheSikhvictoryat
Sirhind.[21]HeruledtheterritorybetweentheSutlejriverandtheYamunariverestablishedacapitalinthe
HimalayasatLohgarhandstruckcoinageinthenamesofGuruNanakandGuruGobindSingh.[20]
CisSutlejstates
TheCisSutlejstateswereagroupofstatesinmodernPunjabandHaryanastateslyingbetweentheSutlej
Riveronthenorth,theHimalayasontheeast,theYamunaRiverandDelhiDistrictonthesouth,andSirsa
Districtonthewest.ThesestateswereruledbytheScindhiadynastyoftheMarathaEmpire,variousSikh
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sardarsandotherRajasoftheCisSutlejstatespaidtributestotheMarathas,untiltheSecondAnglo
MarathaWarof18031805,afterwhichtheMarathaslostthisterritorytotheBritish.[22]TheCisSutlej
statesincludedKaithal,Patiala,Jind,Thanesar,MalerKotla,andFaridkot.
TheSikhEmpire
TheSikhEmpire(1801
1849)wasformedonthe
foundationsofthePunjabi
ArmybyMaharajaRanjit
Singh.Theempireextended
fromtheKhyberPassinthe
west,toKashmirinthe
north,toSindhinthesouth,
DarbarofMaharajaRanjitSingh
andTibetintheeast.The
maingeographicalfootprint
oftheempirewasthePunjabregion.Thereligiousdemographyof
theSikhEmpirewasMuslim(70%),Sikh(17%),Hindu(13%).[23]
SikhEmpire
TheSikhEmpirebeganwiththedisbandmentofthePunjabArmybythetimeofcoronationofRanjitSingh
in1801,creatingaunifiedpoliticalstate.AlltheMislleaderswhowereaffiliatedwiththeArmywere
nobilitywithusuallylongandprestigiousfamilyhistoriesinPunjab'shistory.[24][25]
AfterRanjitSingh'sdeathin1839,theempirewasseverelyweakenedbyinternaldivisionsandpolitical
mismanagement.ThisopportunitywasusedbytheBritishEmpiretolaunchtheAngloSikhWars.Aseries
ofbetrayalsoftheSikhsbysomeprominentleadersinthearmyledtoitsdownfall.MaharajaGulabSingh
andRajaDhianSinghwerethetopgeneralsofthearmy.[26][27]
TheSikhEmpirewasfinallydissolved,afteraseriesofwarswiththeBritishattheendoftheSecond
AngloSikhWarin1849,intoseparateprincelystatesandtheBritishprovinceofPunjab,whichwere
grantedstatehood.Eventually,aLieutenantGovernorshipwasformedinLahoreasadirectrepresentative
oftheBritishCrown.
PunjabProvince(BritishIndia)
TheCisSutlejstates,includingKaithal,Patiala,Jind,Thanesar,
MalerKotla,andFaridkot,wereunderthesuzeraintyofthe
ScindhiadynastyoftheMarathaEmpire,followingtheSecond
AngloMarathaWarof18031805,whenMarathaslostthisterritory
totheBritish.Duringthewar,someofthestatesintheregiongave
theirallegiancetoBritishGeneralGerardLake.Attheconclusionof
theSecondAngloMarathaWar,an1809agreementwithRanjit
Singh,ruleroftheSikhEmpirewestoftheSutlej,broughtthese
statesunderformalBritishprotection.[22][28][29]
BritishPunjabProvince,before1947
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RanjitSingh'sdeathinthesummerof1839broughtpoliticalchaos,andthesubsequentbattlesofsuccession
andthebloodyinfightingbetweenthefactionsatcourtweakenedthestate.By1845theBritishhadmoved
32,000troopstotheSutlejfrontiertosecuretheirnorthernmostpossessionsagainstthesuccessionstruggles
inthePunjab.Inlate1845,BritishandSikhtroopsengagednearFirozpur,beginningtheFirstAngloSikh
War.Thewarendedthefollowingyear,andtheterritorybetweentheSutlejandtheBeaswascededto
BritishCompanyruleinIndia,alongwithKashmir,whichwassoldtoGulabSinghofJammu,whoruled
KashmirasaBritishvassal.
Asaconditionofthepeacetreaty,someBritishtroops,alongwitharesidentpoliticalagentandother
officials,wereleftinthePunjabtooverseetheregencyofMaharajaDhalipSingh,aminor.TheSikharmy
wasreducedgreatlyinsize.In1848,outofworkSikhtroopsinMultanrevolted,andaBritishofficialwas
killed.Withinafewmonths,theunresthadspreadthroughoutthePunjab,andBritishtroopsonceagain
invaded.TheBritishprevailedintheSecondAngloSikhWar,andundertheTreatyofLahorein1849,the
PunjabwasannexedbytheBritishEastIndiaCompany,andDhalipSinghwaspensionedoff.ThePunjab
becameaprovinceofBritishIndia,althoughanumberofsmallstates,mostnotablyPatiala,Kapurthala,
Faridkot,Nabha,andJind,retainedlocalrulersinsubsidiaryallianceswiththeBritish,withtherulers
retainingtheirowninternalsovereigntybutrecognizingBritishsuzerainty.[30]
TheJallianwalaBaghMassacreof1919occurredinAmritsar.In1930,theIndianNationalCongress
proclaimedindependencefromLahore.InMarch1940,theallIndiaMuslimLeaguepassedtheLahore
Resolution,demandingthecreationofaseparatestatefromMuslimmajorityareasinIndia.Theambiguity
oftheLahoreResolutionsparkedviolentprotests,inwhichPunjabbecameacentralstage.[31]
In1946,massivecommunaltensionsandviolenceeruptedbetweenthePunjab'sMuslimmajorityandthe
HinduandSikhminorities.TheMuslimLeagueattackedthegovernmentofUnionistPunjabiMuslims,
SikhAkalisandtheCongressandledtoitsdownfall.Unwillingtobecoweddown,SikhsandHindus
counterattacked,andtheresultingbloodshedlefttheprovinceingreatdisorder.BothCongressandLeague
leadersagreedtopartitionPunjabuponreligiouslines,aprecursortothewiderpartitionofthecountry.[32]
Independenceanditsaftermath
In1947thePunjabProvinceofBritishIndiawaspartitionedalong
religiouslinesintoWestPunjabandEastPunjab.Hugenumbersof
peopleweredisplaced,andtherewasmuchintercommunal
violence.Followingindependence,severalsmallPunjabiprincely
states,includingPatiala,accededtotheUnionofIndiaandwere
unitedintothePEPSU.In1956thiswasintegratedwiththestateof
EastPunjabtocreateanew,enlargedIndianstatecalledsimply
"Punjab".
RuralSikhsinalongoxcarttrain
headedtowardsIndia.1947.Margaret
BourkeWhite.
TheundividedPunjab,ofwhichPakistaniPunjabformsamajor
regiontoday,washometoalargeminoritypopulationofPunjabi
HindusandSikhsuntil1947,apartfromtheMuslimmajority.[33]
Immediatelyfollowingindependencein1947,andduetotheensuingcommunalviolenceandfear,most
SikhsandPunjabiHinduswhofoundthemselvesinPakistanmigratedtoIndiaaspartoftheexchangeof
populations.[34]PunjabiMuslimswereuprootedsimilarlyfromtheirhomesinEastPunjab,whichnow
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formspartofIndia.[35]MorethansevenmillionmovedtoPakistan,andoversixmillionsettledinPunjab.
In1950,twonewstateswererecognisedbytheIndianconstitution:theIndianpartoftheformerBritish
provinceofPunjabbecamethestateofEastPunjab,whiletheprincelystatesoftheregionwerecombined
intothePatialaandEastPunjabStatesUnion(PEPSU).HimachalPradeshwaslatercreatedasaunion
territoryfromseveralprincelystatesinthehills.
FormationofcurrentPunjab
ThecapitalcityoftheundividedProvinceofPunjab,Lahore,wasallocatedtothePakistaniWestPunjab
duringthepartitionofBritishIndiain1947,soanewcapitalforIndianPunjabwasbuiltatChandigarh.
ShimlawasnamedtemporarycapitalofthePunjabuntilChandigarhwascompletedin1960.
AfteryearsofprotestbyAkaliDalandotherSikhorganisationsfinallyPunjabwasdividedalonglinguistic
basisin1966.On1November1966,theHindispeakingsouthernhalfofPunjabbecameaseparatestate,
HaryanaandthePaharispeakinghillyareasinnorthbecameHimachalPradesh.Chandigarhwasonthe
borderbetweenPunjabandHaryanaandbecameaunionterritorythatservesasthecapitalofbothPunjab
andHaryana.Duringthe1970s,theGreenRevolutionbroughtincreasedeconomicprosperityforthe
Punjab,mainlyduetothelatePratapSinghKairon.However,agrowingpolarisationbetweentheIndian
NationalCongresscentralgovernmentandthemainSikhpoliticalparty,theShiromaniAkaliDal,
developedduringthe1970s.HostilityandbitternessarosefromwhatwaswidelyseenbytheAkaliDalas
increasingalienation,centralizationanddiscriminatoryattitudestowardsPunjabbytheGovernmentof
India.ThispromptedtheShiromaniAkaliDaltopasstheAnandpurSahibResolution,whichaskedfor
grantingmaximumautonomytotheregionofPunjabandotherstatesandlimitedroleandpowersofthe
CentralGovernment.
Geography
PunjabisinnorthwesternIndiaandhasanareaof50,362squarekilometres(19,445sqmi).Itextendsfrom
thelatitudes29.30Northto32.32Northandlongitudes73.55Eastto76.50East.Itisboundedonthe
westbyPakistan,onthenorthbyJammuandKashmir,onthenortheastbyHimachalPradeshandonthe
southbyHaryanaandRajasthan.
MostofthePunjabliesinafertile,alluvialplainwithmanyriversandanextensiveirrigationcanal
system.[36]Abeltofundulatinghillsextendsalongthenortheasternpartofthestateatthefootofthe
Himalayas.Itsaverageelevationis300metres(980ft)abovesealevel,witharangefrom180metres
(590ft)inthesouthwesttomorethan500metres(1,600ft)aroundthenortheastborder.Thesouthwestof
thestateissemiarid,eventuallymergingintotheTharDesert.TheShiwalikHillsextendalongthe
northeasternpartofthestateatthefootoftheHimalayas.
Thesoilcharacteristicsareinfluencedtoalimitedextentbythetopography,vegetationandparentrock.
Thevariationinsoilprofilecharacteristicsaremuchmorepronouncedbecauseoftheregionalclimatic
differences.Punjabisdividedintothreedistinctregionsonthebasisofsoiltypes:southwestern,central,
andeastern.
PunjabfallsunderseismiczonesII,III,andIV.ZoneIIisconsideredalowdamageriskzonezoneIIIis
consideredamoderatedamageriskzoneandzoneIVisconsideredahighdamageriskzone.[37]
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Climate
ThegeographicalandsubtropicallatitudinallocationofPunjab
makeslargevariationintemperaturefrommonthtomonth.Even
thoughonlylimitedregionexperiencetemperaturebelow0degree
C,groundfrostiscommonlyfoundinmajorityoftheareasinwinter
season.Thetemperaturerisesgraduallywithhighpresenceof
moistureandovercastsky.However,theriseintemperatureissteep
whenskyisclearandmoisturecontentisverylessinair.[38]
ThemidMayandJunemonthsrecordsthemaximumtemperature.
AgriculturalfieldsofPunjabin
Thetemperatureremainsabove40Cintheentireregionduring
Monsoon
thisperiod.Ludhianarecordedthehighestmaximumtemperatureat
46.1CwithPatialaandAmritsarrecording45.5C.Themaximum
temperatureduringthesummermonthsinLudhianaremainsabove41Cforadurationofoneandahalf
months.TheseareasexperiencelowesttemperatureduringtheJanuarymonth.Thesunraysareoblique
duringthesemonthsandthecoldwindscontroltherisetemperatureatdaytime.[38]
PunjabstateexperiencesminimumtemperatureduringDecembertoFebruarymonths.Thelowest
temperaturewasrecordedatAmritsar(0.2C)andLudhianastoodsecondwith0.5C.Theminimum
temperatureoftheregionremainsbelow5Cforalmosttwomonthsduringthewinterseason.Thehighest
minimumtemperatureoftheseregionsintheJunemonthismorethanthedaytemperaturesexperiencedin
theJanandFebmonth.Ludhianaexperiencesminimumtemperatureabove27Cformorethantwo
months.Theannualaveragetemperatureintheentirestateisapproximately21C.Further,themean
monthlytemperaturerangevariesbetween9CinJulytoapproximately18CinNovmonth.[38]
Seasons
Punjabstateexperiencesthreemainseasons.Theyare:
HotSeason(midApriltotheendofJune)
RainySeason(earlyJulytotheendofSeptember)
ColdSeason(earlyDecembertotheendofFebruary).[38]
Apartfromthesethree,thestateexperiencestransitionalseasonslike:
Presummerseason(MarchtomidApril):Thisistheperiodoftransitionbetweenwinterandsummer
season.
Postmonsoonseason(SeptembertoendofNovember):Thisistheperiodoftransitionbetween
monsoonandwinterseason.[38]
Summer
TheareastartsexperiencingmildhottemperaturesfromFebruary.However,actualsummerseason
commencesfrommidApril.Theareaexperiencespressurevariationsduringsummermonths.The
atmosphericpressureoftheregionremainsat987milibarsduringFebruaryandittouches970milibarsin
June.[38]
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Rainyseason
Monsoonbringsjoytotheagriculturefieldasitisthetimewhenfarmersbecomeverybusy.Monsoonin
thestatebeginsinfirstweekofJuly.ItisthemonsooncurrentsgeneratedinBayofBengalwhichbrings
rainintheregion.[38]
Winter
TemperaturevariationisminimalinJanuary.Themeannightanddaytemperaturefallto5Cand12C
respectively.Winterseasoninthenorthernpartisablightforthepoorwhocannotarrangeforprotection
againstthecold.[38]
PostMonsoontransitionalseason
MonsoonbeginstoreducebythesecondweekofSeptember.Thisbringsinagradualchangeinclimateand
temperature.ThetimebetweenOctoberandNovemberisthetransitionalperiodbetweenmonsoonand
winterseasons.Weatherduringthisperiodisgenerallyfairanddry.[38]
PostWintertransitionalseason
TheeffectsofwinterdiminishesbythefirstweekofMarch.Hotsummerseasoncommencesfrommid
April.Thisperiodismarkedbyoccasionalshowerswithhailstormandsquallswhichcausesextensive
damagetocrops.ThewindsremaindryandwarmduringthelastweekofMarchcommencingtheharvest
period.[38]
Rainfall
MonsoonRainfall
Monsoonseasonprovidesmostoftherainfallfortheregion.Punjabregionreceivesrainfallthroughthe
monsooncurrentoftheBayofBengal.ThismonsooncurrententersPunjabstatethroughthesoutheast
directioninthefirstweekofJul.[38]
WinterRainfall
Thewinterseasonremainsverycoolwithtemperaturegoingdownbelowzerodegreeatsomeplaces.
Winterseasonalsobringsinsomewesterndisturbances.[38]
Therainfallinwinterseasonprovidesrelieftothefarmersassomeofthewintercropsintheregionof
ShivalikHillsareentirelydependentonthisrainfall.Asperthemeteorologicalstatistics,thesubShivalik
areareceivesmorethanhundredmmrainfallinthewintermonths.[38]
Floraandfauna
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TheplainsinPunjabdonothaveanythickforests.Theonly
availablepatchesareofgrass,smallbushandshrubs.Inthe
southerneastpartofPunjabandtheareasofHoshiarpurand
Multan,themangosaregrown.Theothervarietiesoffruitsthatare
growninabundanceareorange,apple,fig,quince,almond,
pomegranate,peach,mulberry,apricotandplum.
Theregionthathasmajorcultivationofrichfloraandfaunacanbe
majorlyseenintheShivalikranges.Dueitsrichfloraandfauna,it
hasbeentermedasthezoneofmicroendemicinIndia.Thevariety
AgricultureinPunjabIndia
ofangiospermsintheareaincludes355typesofherbs,treesof70
typesshrubsallinbigandsmallsizesareof70kinds,climbersof
19typescanbeseenwhile21typesoftwinescanbeseen.Otherthanangiosperms,othervarietiesavailable
are31kindsofpteridophytes,bryophytesof27kindswhileaspecialspeciesofgymnospermsnamedas
PinusRoxburghiicanbeseenintherangesinPunjab.
Thefaunaoftheareaisrichthathasbirdsof396types,Lepidopteraisof214kinds,55varietiesoffish
species,reptilesof20typesareavailableandmammalsof19kindsareintheseranges.ThestateofPunjab
haslargewetlandareas,birdsanctuariesthathousesnumerousspeciesofbirdsandalargenumberof
zoologicalparks.WetlandsincludeNationalwetlandHariKePattan,thewetlandofKanjli,thewetlandsof
KapurthalaSutlej.WildlifesanctuariesincludetheHarikewildlifeindistrictofTarnTaranSahib,
ZoologicalParkinRupnagar,ChhatbirBansarGardeninSangrurAamKhasBaghinSirhind,Amritsars
famousRamBagh,ShalimarGardeninKapurthalaandthefamousBaradariGardenincityofPatiala.[39]
Animalsandbirds
AfewoftheriversinPunjabhavedangerousspeciesofcrocodiles.Theextractionofsilkfromsilkwormsis
anotherindustrythatflourishesinthestate.ProductionofbeehoneyisdoneinsomepartsofPunjab.The
southernplainsaredesertlandhencecamelscanbeseen.Buffaloesgrazearoundthebanksofrivers.The
northeasternparthasanimalslikehorses.Thedesertareahasdangerousspeciesofsnakeslikecobraand
sangehur.Thewildlifesanctuarieshavespeciesofwildanimalslikeotter,wildboar,wildcat,fruitbat,hog
deer,flyingfox,squirrelandmongoose.
ThenaturalformedforestscanbeseenintheShivalikrangesofindistrictslikeRopar,Gurdaspurand
Hoshiarpur.PatialahastheBirforestwhilewetlandsareainPunjabhasthefamousMandforest.[40]
TherearebotanicalgardensspreadaroundPunjab.Thereisazoologicalparkandatigersafaripark.There
arethreeparksdedicatedtodeer.[40]
Thestatebirdisthebaz(northerngoshawk)[41](Melieraxpoliopterus),thestateanimalistheblackbuck
(Antilopecervicapra),andthestatetreeistheshisham(Dalbergiasissoo).[36]
Governmentandpolitics
EachofthestatesofIndiapossessesaparliamentarysystemofgovernment,withaceremonialstate
Governor,appointedbythePresidentofIndiaontheadviceofthecentralgovernment.Theheadof
governmentisanindirectlyelectedChiefMinisterwhoisvestedwithmostoftheexecutivepowers.The
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statelegislature,theVidhanSabha,istheunicameralPunjabLegislativeAssembly,with117members
electedfromsingleseatconstituencies.ThecapitalofPunjabisChandigarh,whichalsoservesasthe
capitalofHaryanaandisthusadministeredseparatelyasaUnionTerritoryofIndia.Thejudicialbranchof
thestategovernmentisprovidedbythePunjabandHaryanaHighCourtinChandigarh.[42]Thecurrent
Governmentwaselectedinthe2012AssemblyelectionsasthecoalitionofSADandtheBJPwon68outof
117AssembleseatsandPrakashSinghBadaloftheShiromaniAkaliDalisthecurrentChiefMinister.
ThestateofPunjabisdividedintofiveadministrativedivisionsandtwentytwodistricts:
Subdivisions
TheareaofPunjabcanbedividedinto:
MajhaisahistoricalregionoftheIndianPunjab
comprisingthemoderndistrictsofAmritsar,
Pathankot,GurdaspurandTarnTaran.Itlies
betweenriversRavi,BeasandtheSutlej.This
regioniscalledtheheartlandofPunjabandis
celebratedasbeingthe'CradleofSikhism'.
DoabaistheregionofIndianPunjabbetweenthe
riversBeasandSutlej.Thename"Doaba"
literallytranslatesto"landbetweentworivers"
("Do"two,"Ab"riverPunjabi).Itisoneofthe
mostfertileregionsoftheworldandwasthe
centreoftheGreenRevolutioninIndia.Tothis
DistrictsofPunjabalongwiththeirheadquarters,
day,itremainsoneofthelargestpercapita
producersofwheatintheworld.Thecitiesin
till2007
DoabaareJalandhar,Hoshiarpur,ShahidBhagat
SinghNagar(Nawashahr),Kapurthalaand
Phagwara.
MalwaisaregionofPunjabsouthtoriverSutlej.TheMalwaareamakesupmajorityofthePunjab
regionconsisting11districts.CitiessuchasLudhiana,Patiala,Mohali,Bathinda,Barnala,Sangrur,
Moga,Rupnagar,Ferozepur,FazilkaandMansaarelocatedintheMalwaregion.Malwaisfamous
forcottonfarming.
Administrativesubdivisions
ThestateofPunjabhas22districtswhichcomprisesubdivisions,tehsilsandblocks.
Amritsar
Barnala
Bathinda
Ferozepur
Fazilka
FatehgarhSahib(Sirhind
Fategarh)
Faridkot
Gurdaspur
Ludhiana
Mansa
Moga
SASNagar(Mohali)
Muktsar
Patiala
Rupnagar
Sangrur
ShaheedBhagatSingh
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Hoshiarpur
Jalandhar
Kapurthala
Pathankot
Nagar(Nawanshahr)
TarnTaran
FazilkaandPathankotwere
createdin2013takingthetotal
numberofdistrictsto22.
Divisions:Thereare5divisionsinPunjab.ThesearePatiala,Rupnagar,Jalandhar,FaridkotandFirozepur.
Tehsils:82(in2015)
Subtehsils:87
MauristhelatesttehsilindistrictBathinda.ZirakpuristhelatestSubtehsilindistrictMohali.
ThestatecapitalofPunjabisChandigarh,aUnionterritory,whichissharedwithHaryana,beingitscapital
too.Thereare22citiesand157townsinIndianPunjab.ThemajorcitiesareLudhiana,Amritsar,Jalandhar,
Patiala,BathindaSASNagar(Mohali).
Economy
Punjab'sGDPis 3.17lakhcrore(US$47billion).Punjabisoneof
themostfertileregionsinIndia.Theregionisidealforwheat
growing.Rice,sugarcane,fruitsandvegetablesarealsogrown.
IndianPunjabiscalledthe"GranaryofIndia"or"India'sbread
basket".[43]Itproduces10.26%ofIndia'scotton,19.5%ofIndia's
wheat,and11%ofIndia'srice.TheFirozpurandFazilkaDistricts
arethelargestproducersofwheatandriceinthestate.Inworldwide
terms,IndianPunjabproduces2%oftheworld'scotton,2%ofits
wheatand1%ofitsrice.[43]Thelargestcultivatedcropiswheat.
Burningofriceresiduesafterharvest,
Otherimportantcropsarerice,cotton,sugarcane,pearlmillet,
toquicklypreparethelandforwheat
maize,barleyandfruit.RiceandwheataredoublecroppedinPunjab
planting,aroundSangrur,Punjab
withricestalksbeingburnedoffovermillionsofacrespriortothe
plantingofwheat.Thiswidespreadpracticeispollutingand
wasteful.[44]InPunjabtheconsumptionoffertiliserperhectareis223.46kgascomparedto90kg
nationally.ThestatehasbeenawardedtheNationalProductivityAwardforagricultureextensionservices
fortenyearsfrom199192to199899andfrom2001to200304.Inrecentyearsadropinproductivity
hasbeenobservedmainlyduetofallingfertilityofthesoil.Thisisbelievedtobeduetoexcessiveuseof
fertilisersandpesticidesovertheyears.Anotherworryistherapidlyfallingwatertableonwhichalmost
90%oftheagriculturedependsalarmingdropshavebeenwitnessedinrecentyears.Bysomeestimates,
groundwaterisfallingbyameterormoreperyear.[45][46]
AccordingtotheIndiaStateHungerIndex,PunjabhasthelowestlevelofhungerinIndia.[47]
Transport
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PublictransportinPunjabisprovidedbybuses,autorickshaws,
IndianrailwaysandaninternationalrailconnectiontoPakistan
(SamjhautaExpress).Thestatehasalargenetworkofmultimodal
transportationsystem:
Air
Punjabhasfivecivilairports.TheSriGuruRamDassJee
InternationalAirportinAmritsaristhelargestandmostimportant
airportinthestateandisalsothesecondbusiestinNorthIndiaafter
DelhiAirport.ChandigarhInternationalAirportisthesecond
internationalairportinPunjab.
SriGuruRamDassJeeInternational
AirportinAmritsar
OtherairportsinPunjabare:
BathindaAirport
PathankotAirport
PatialaAirport
SahnewalAirport
Rail
Almostallthemajoraswellassmallercitiesofthestatearelinkedbyrailways.Amritsaristhelargest
railwaystationhavingtrainsconnectingtoallmajorcities.TheShatabdiExpressconnectsAmritsarto
Delhi.TherailwayjunctioninBhatindaisthelargestinAsia.TheShatabdiExpressconnectsNewDelhito
Bathinda.,[48]
LudhianaMetroisaproposedrapidtransitsystemforthe
metropolitancityofLudhiana.
TheSamjhautaExpressisajointventurebetweenIndianRailways
andPakistanRailwaysandrunsfromAttarirailwaystationnear
AmritsarinIndiatoLahoreRailwayStationinPunjab,Pakistan.
Road
AllthecitiesandtownsofPunjabareconnectedbyfourlane
nationalhighways.TheGrandTrunkRoad,alsoknownas"NH1"
ADMUTraininLudhiana
connectsKolkatatoPeshawarpassingthroughJalandharand
Amritsar.AnothermajornationalhighwayconnectsPunjabto
JammupassingthroughHoshiarpurandPathankot.Nationalhighwayspassingthroughthestateareranked
thebestinthecountrywithwidespreadroadnetworksthatserveisolatedtownsaswellastheborderregion.
LudhianaandAmritsarcitiesamongseveralIndiancitieshavehighestaccidentrateinIndia.[49]
TherearealsothebusrapidtransitsystemslikeAmritsarBRTSandLudhianaBRTSincitiesofAmritsar
andLudhianarespectively.[50]
Thefollowingnationalhighwaysconnectmajortowns,citiesandvillages:
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NationalHighway1(India),NationalHighway10(India),NationalHighway15(India),NationalHighway
1A(India)NationalHighway20(India),NationalHighway21(India),NationalHighway22(India),
NationalHighway64(India),NationalHighway70(India),NationalHighway71(India),National
Highway95(India).
Demographics
Accordingtothe2011IndianCensus,thepopulationofIndianPunjabis
27,704,236(males14,634,819&females13,069,417).[53]Theliteracyrateis
75%,maleliteracybeing80.23%andfemaleliteracy68.36%.
MajorcitiesbypopulationinPunjabare[54]
1. Ludhiana,populationof1,613,878
2. Amritsar,populationof1,183,761
3. Jalandhar,populationof873,725
4. Bathinda,populationof459,786
5. Patiala,populationof404,686
ThesexratioofPunjabwas895femalesper1000males(2011census).On
accountoffemalefoeticide,Punjabhasthesecondlowestsexratioamongstall
Indianstates.
PopulationGrowth
Census
Pop.
1951
9,161,000
1961
11,135,000 21.5%
1971
13,551,000 21.7%
1981
16,788,915 23.9%
1991
20,281,969 20.8%
2001
24,289,296 19.8%
2011
27,704,236 14.1%
source:CensusofIndia[51][52]
Beinganagriculturalstate,alargepartofthepopulationlivesinruralareas.Roughly66%ofthepeople
liveinruralareaswhiletherestofthe34%areurbanresidents.[55]
PunjabhashighestdalitpopulationinIndiaat31.9%[56]includingScheduledCastesandScheduled
Tribes.[57]DistrictswithhighdalitpopulationareFerozepur(42%),Nawanshahr(40%),Jalandharand
Muktsar(38%),Faridkot(36%),TarnTaran(32%)andKapurthala(30%).[58]AccordingtoSocio
EconomicandCasteCensus2011,Punjabhas36.74%ofscheduledcastehouseholds,whichishighestin
Indiabutscheduledcastesgetonlyabout24%ofreservation.
Punjabhashighestpercentageoflandlesshouseholds,about45.34%whoareearningtheirincomefrom
manualcasuallabour.[59]
Religion
SikhismandHinduismarethepredominantfaithsinPunjab,adheredbyaround57%and40%ofthe
populace,respectively.BeforetheadventofIslam,andlaterbirthofSikhism,Hinduismwasthemain
religionpractisedbythePunjabipeople.[4]
TheholiestofSikhshrines,theSriHarmandirSahib(orGoldenTemple),isinthecityofAmritsarandthe
cityalsohousestheSGPC,thetopmostSikhreligiousbody.TheSriAkalTakhtSahib,whichiswithinthe
GoldenTemplecomplex,isthehighesttemporalseatofSikhs.OfthefiveTakhts(TemporalSeatsof
religiousauthority)ofSikhism,threeareinPunjab.TheseareSriAkalTakhtSahib,DamdamaSahiband
AnandpurSahib.DuringmajorholidaysontheSikhcalendar(suchasVaisakhi,HolaMohalla,Gurpurb
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andDiwali),manySikhsgatherandmarchinprocessionsthrough
virtuallyeverycity,townandvillage.AtleastoneSikhGurdwara
canbefoundinalmosteveryvillageinthestate,aswellasinthe
townsandcities(invariousarchitecturalstylesandsizes).The2011
CensusofIndiareportedapercentage57.69%fortheSikh
populationinPunjabstate.[60]
HinduismisthesecondmostpractisedfaithinPunjab,forming
38.5%ofthepopulation.[4]AlargesegmentofPunjabiswhoare
categorisedasPunjabiHinduscontinueheterogeneousreligious
practicesinspiritualkinshipwithSikhism.Thisnotonlyincludes
venerationoftheSikhGurusinprivatepracticebutalsovisitsto
SikhGurdwarasalongwithHindutemples.
LocatedinAmritsar,Harmandir
SahibistheholiestshrineofSikhism.
Muslimsform1.93%ofthepopulationandareconcentratedin
Malerkotla,theonlycityinIndianPunjabwithaMuslimmajority
andalsourbancentreofLudhiana.
OtherreligionssuchasChristianity(1.3%)arealsofollowed,as
wellasBuddhism(0.12%)andJainism(0.16%).
Language
ThePunjabilanguage,writtenintheGurmukhiscript,istheofficial
languageofthestate.[61]Punjabiistheninthmostspokenlanguage
intheworldandfourthmostspokenlanguageinAsia.[62]
DurgianaTempleinAmritsaris
dedicatedtoHindugoddessDurga.
Education
PrimaryandSecondaryeducationismainlyaffiliatedtoPunjabSchool
EducationBoard.Punjabisservedbyseveralinstitutionsofhigher
education,including32universitieswhichprovideundergraduateand
postgraduatecoursesinallthemajorarts,humanities,science,
engineering,law,medicine,veterinaryscience,andbusiness.Punjab
AgriculturalUniversityisaleadinginstitutiongloballyforthestudyof
agricultureandplayedasignificantroleinPunjab'sGreenRevolution
inthe1960s70s.AlumniofthePanjabUniversity,Chandigarhinclude
ManmohanSingh,theformerPrimeMinisterofIndia,andDr.Har
GobindKhorana,abiochemistrynobellaureate.Oneoftheoldest
institutionsofmedicaleducationistheChristianMedicalCollege,
Ludhiana,whichhasexistedsince1894.[63]Thereisanexistinggapin
educationbetweenmenandwomen,particularlyinruralareasof
Punjab.Ofatotalof1million300thousandstudentsenrolledingrades
fivetoeight,only44%arewomen.[64]
ReligioninPunjab,India(2011)
Sikhism(57.7%)
Hinduism(38.5%)
Islam(1.9%)
Christianity(1.3%)
Otherornotreligious
(0.60%)
Schools
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MountLiteraZeeSchool,Moga
LittleMillenniumSchoolMoga
Universities
Punjabhastotal23universitiesfromwhich10areprivate
universities,9arestateuniversities,1isCentraland3aredeemed
universities.Punjabhas1.04lakhengineeringseats.[65]
Central
CentralUniversityofPunjab,Bathinda
TheNationalInstituteof
PharmaceuticalEducationand
Research
State
PanjabUniversity,Chandigarh(aPunjabState
University[66])
BabaFaridUniversityofHealthSciences,Faridkot
GuruNanakDevUniversity,Amritsar
PunjabAgriculturalUniversity,Ludhiana
IKGujralPunjabTechnicalUniversity,[67]Jalandhar
MaharajaRanjitSinghStateTechnical
University,[68][69]Bathinda
PunjabiUniversity,Patiala
GuruRavidasAyurvedUniversity,Hoshiarpur
GuruAngadDevVeterinaryandAnimalSciences
University,Ludhiana
RajivGandhiNationalUniversityofLaw,Patiala
TheRanjitSinghBlockatGuru
NanakDevUniversity
Deemedpublicuniversities
SantLongowalInstituteofEngineeringand
Technology,Longowal(Deemed)
ThaparUniversity,Patiala(Deemed)
GuruGobindSinghBhawanat
PunjabiUniversity
Private
SriGuruGranthSahibWorldUniversity,Fatehgarh
Sahib
LovelyProfessionalUniversity,Phagwara
ChandigarhUniversity,Ajitgarh
AdeshUniversity,Bathinda
ChitkaraUniversity,Rajpura
DeshBhagatUniversity,MandiGobindgarh
GuruKashiUniversity,TalwandiSabo
DAVUniversity,Jalandhar
RayatBahraUniversity,Sahauran(GreaterMohali)
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SantBabaBhagSinghUniversity,
Jalandhar
AkalUniversity,Talwandisabo
SuryaWorldUniversity,Rajpura
GNAUniversity,Phagwara
AutonomouscollegesinPunjab
ManycollegesofPunjabhavebeengranted
autonomousstatusbyUGC.
ShaheedBhagatSinghCollegeOfEngineering
andTechnology,Firozpur
KhalsaCollege,Amritsar
ThaparUniversity
MataGujriCollege,FatehgarhSahib
S.G.G.S.KhalsaCollege,Mahilpur(Hoshiarpur
district)
AmritsarCollegeofEngineering&Technology
BeantCollegeofEngineeringandTechnologyGurdaspur
GuruNanakDevEngineeringCollege,Ludhiana[70]
MedicalColleges
GovernmentMedicalCollege,Amritsar
SriGuruRamDasInstituteofMedicalSciences&Research,SriAmritsar
GovernmentMedicalCollege,Patiala
ChristianMedicalCollege,Ludhiana
DayanandMedicalCollege&Hospital,Ludhiana
AdeshInstituteofMedicalSciences&Research,Bathinda
ChintpurniMedicalCollege,Pathankot
GianSagarMedicalCollege&Hospital,Patiala
GuruGobindSinghMedicalCollege,Faridkot
PunjabInstituteofMedicalSciences,Jalandhar[71]
Reputedcolleges(technicalandprofessional)
BarjindraCollege,Faridkot
IndianInstituteofTechnology,Ropar
GurunanakDevEngineeringCollegeLudhiana
IndianInstituteofManagementAmritsar[72]
IndianInstituteofScienceEducationandResearch,Mohali
DrBRAmbedkarNationalInstituteofTechnology,Jalandhar
IndianSchoolofBusiness,Ajitgarh
InstituteofNanoScienceandTechnology(INST),Mohali
GianiZailSinghPunjabTechnicalUniversityCampus(GovernmentEngineeringCollege),Bathinda
MaloutinstituteofManagement&Technology,Malout(Govt.ofPunjab)
BhuttaCollegeofEngineering&Technology,Ludhiana
MalwaCollegeofNursing
BabaBandaSinghBahadurEngineeringcollege,FatehgarhSahib
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UniversityCollegeofNursing,BFUHS,Faridkot
GNAInstituteofManagement&Sciences,Phagwara
Otherinstitutesofrepute(general)
UniversalGroupOfInstitutions
IndoGlobalColleges
GuruNanakCollege,Moga.
LLRCollegeGhalKalan,Moga
JagatSewakKhalsaCollegeMehna,Moga
MohindraCollege,Patiala
LyallpurKhalsaCollege,Jalandhar
Govt.BikramCollegeofCommerce,Patiala
KhalsaCollege,Patiala
SGGSKhalsaCollegeSector26Chandigarh
BBKDAVCollegeforWomen,Amritsar
StateCollegeofEducation,Patiala
Govt.CollegeofEducation,Sector20Chandigarh
RegionalCentrePunjabiUniversity,Bathinda
GHGKhalsaCollegeofEducation,GURUSARSudhar
PatelMemorialNationalCollege,Rajpura
BCMCollegeofEducation,Ludhiana
[DorahacollegeofEducation,Doraha]
CollegeofEngineeringandManagement,Kapurthala
PunjabEngineeringCollege,Chandigarh
GulzarGroupofInstitutes,Khanna(EngineeringCollege)
KingsGroupofInstitutions,Barnala,Punjab
MalwaGroupofInstitutions(http://malwa.org).
SwamiSarvanandGiriPanjabUniversityRegionalCentre,Hoshiarpur
Aryabhattagroupofinstitutions,Barnala[73]
PCTEGroupofInstitutes(includingPunjabCollegeofTechnicalEducation),Ludhiana
MalwaCollegeofNursing,Kotkapura
GovindNationalCollegeNarangwal,Ludhiana
Srisaicollegeofengineeringandtechnology,badhani,Pathankot.
Media
DailyAjit,Jagbani,PunjabiTribuneandTheTribunearethelargestsellingPunjabiandEnglish
newspapersrespectively.Avastnumberofweekly,biweeklyandmonthlymagazinesareunderpublication
inPunjabi.OthermainnewspapersareDailyPunjabTimes,RozanaSpokesman,NawanZamanaetc.
DoordarshanisthebroadcasteroftheGovernmentofIndiaanditschannelDDPunjabiisdedicatedto
Punjabi.ProminentPunjabichannelsincludenewschannelslikeABPSanjha,[74]GlobalPunjabTV,[75]Zee
PunjabHaryanaHimachal,Day&NightNews(http://www.dayandnightnews.com)andentertainment
channelslikeGETPunjabi,ZeeETCPunjabi,ChardiklaTimeTV(http://www.timetvindia.com),PTC
Punjabi,JUSPunjabiMH1and9xTashan.
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PunjabhaswitnessedagrowthinFMradiochannels,mainlyinthecitiesofJalandhar,Patialaand
Amritsar,whichhasbecomehugelypopular.Therearegovt.radiochannelslikeAllIndiaRadio,Jalandhar,
AllIndiaRadio,BathindaandFMGoldLudhiana.[76]PrivateradiochannelsincludeRadioMirchi,BIG
FM92.7,94.3MyFM,RadioMantraandmanymore.
Digitallibrary
Launchedin2003underNanakshahiTrust,thePunjabDigitalLibrarywasaresultoftheearlyphaseofthe
digitalrevolutioninPunjab.WhilemostsawtheNanakshahiasasmalldigitisationorganisation,orasan
assemblageofsomeunknownyouthworkingtowardscapturingsomemanuscriptsontheirdigitalcameras,
itsfounderssawitasacornerstoneofafundamentallynewapproachtopreservingPunjabsheritagefor
futuregenerations.Intheshadowofsearchengines,aSemanticWebapproachconceivedintheearly2003
reachedmaturityin2006.Thiswaswhentheorganizationplannedtoexpanditsoperationsfromamere
threeemployeeorganizationtooneoftheleadingNGOsworkinginthefieldofdigitalpreservationall
overIndia.[77][78]
DigitisedcollectionsincludemanuscriptsheldbythePunjabLanguagesDepartment,itemsfromthe
GovernmentMuseumandArtGallery,Chandigarh,ChiefKhalsaDiwan,SGPC,DSGMCandmanuscripts
intheJawahrLalNehruLibraryofKurukshetraUniversity.Hundredsofpersonalcollectionsarealso
included.Withover5millionpagesdigitised,itisthebiggestrepositoryofdigitaldataonPunjab.
Culture
ThecultureofPunjabhasmanyelementsincludingmusicsuchas
bhangra,anextensivereligiousandnonreligiousdancetradition,a
longhistoryofpoetryinthePunjabilanguage,asignificantPunjabi
filmindustrywhichdatesbacktobeforePartition,avastrangeof
cuisinewhichhasbecomewidelypopularabroad,andanumberof
seasonalandharvestfestivalssuchasLohri,[79]Basant,Vaisakhi
andTeeyan,[80][81][82]allofwhicharecelebratedinadditiontothe
religiousfestivalsofIndia.
AkissaisaPunjabilanguageoralstorytellingtraditionthathasa
mixtureoforiginsrangingfromtheArabianpeninsulatoIranand
Afghanistan.[83]
Womenatculturalevent
Punjabiweddingtraditionsandceremoniesareastrongreflectionof
Punjabiculture.Marriageceremoniesareknownfortheirrich
rituals,songs,dances,foodanddresses,whichhaveevolvedover
manycenturies.[84][85]
Bhangra
Bhangra(Punjabi:
(Gurmukhi),pronounced[p
])and
GiddhaareformsofdanceandmusicthatoriginatedinthePunjab
region.[86]Bhangradancebeganasafolkdanceconductedby
WomenusingCharkha
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Punjabifarmerstocelebratethecomingoftheharvestseason.The
specificmovesofBhangrareflectthemannerinwhichvillagers
farmedtheirland.ThishybriddancebecameBhangra.Thefolk
dancehasbeenpopularisedinthewesternworldbyPunjabisin
England,CanadaandtheUSAwherecompetitionsareheld.[87]Itis
seenintheWestasanexpressionofSouthAsiancultureasa
whole.[88]Today,Bhangradancesurvivesindifferentformsand
stylesallovertheglobeincludingpopmusic,filmsoundtracks,
collegiatecompetitionsandculturalshows.
Punjabifolklore
Punjabijutti
ThefolkheritageofthePunjabreflectsitsthousandsofyearsofhistory.WhileMajhiandDoabiare
consideredtobethestandarddialectofPunjabilanguage,thereareanumberoflocaldialectsthrough
whichthepeoplecommunicate.TheseincludeMalwaiandPwadhi.Thesongs,ballads,epicsandromances
aregenerallywrittenandsunginthesedialects.
ThereareanumberoffolktalesthatarepopularinPunjab.ThesearethefolktalesofMirzaSahiban,Heer
Ranjha,SohniMahiwal,SassiPunnun,JaggaJatt,DullaBhatti,PuranBhagat,JeonaMaudetc.Themystic
folksongsandreligioussongsincludetheShalooksofSikhgurus,BabaFaridandothers.Theyalsoinclude
Kafis,Hamds,Baits,Dohas,Lohris,Sehra,andJugni.[89]
ThemostfamousoftheromanticlovesongsareMayhiah,DholaandBoliyan.Punjabiromanticdances
includeDhamaal,Bhangra,Giddha,Dhola,andSammiandsomeotherlocalfolkdances.
Literature
MostearlyPunjabiliteraryworksareinverseform,withprosenotbecomingmorecommonuntillater
periods.Throughoutitshistory,Punjabiliteraturehassoughttoinformandinspire,educateandentertain.
ThePunjabilanguageiswritteninseveraldifferentscripts,ofwhichtheShahmukhi,theGurmukhscripts
arethemostcommonlyused.
Music
PunjabiFolkMusicisthetraditionalmusiconthetraditional
musicalinstrumentsofPunjabregion.[90][91][92]Thereisagreat
repertoireofmusicfromthetimeofbirththroughthedifferent
stagesofjoyandsorrowtilldeath.Thefolkmusicinvokesthe
traditionsaswellasthehardworkingnature,braveryandmanymore
thingsthatthepeopleofPunjabgetfromitsgatewaytoIndia
geographicallocation.Duetothelargeareawithmanysubregions,
thefolkmusichasminorlingualdifferencesbutinvokesthesame
feelings.
BhangraDance
BhangramusicofPunjabisfamousthroughouttheworld.[93][94]
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Punjabimusichasadiversestyleofmusic,rangingfromfolkandSufitoclassical,notablythePunjab
gharanaandPatialagharana.[95][96]
Filmindustry
PunjabisalsohometothePunjabifilmindustry,oftencolloquiallyreferredtoas'Pollywood'.[97]Itis
knownforbeingthefastestgrowingfilmindustryinIndia.ItisbasedmainlyaroundChandigarhcity.[98][99]
ThefirstPunjabifilmwasmadein1936.Sincethe2000sPunjabicinemahasseenarevivalwithmore
releaseseveryyearwithbiggerbudgets,homegrownstars,andBollywoodactorsofPunjabidescenttaking
part.[100]
Cuisine
OneofthemainfeaturesofPunjabicuisineisits
diverserangeofdishes.[101][102]Homecookedand
restaurantcuisinesometimesvaryintaste.
Restaurantstyleuseslargeamountsofghee.Some
fooditemsareeatenonadailybasiswhilesome
delicaciesarecookedonlyonspecialoccasions.
WithinthePunjabregion,therearedifferent
preferencesintermsofuseofspicesandcooking
methods.Alsomanyvarietiesofingredientsexistas
well.Peopleinvillagestendtocookmuchstuffin
animalfatscomparedtotheresidentsinthecities.
Alsotherearemanyregionaldishesthatarefamous
insomeregionsonly.Manydishesareexclusiveto
VegPunjabiThaali
Punjab,suchassarsondasaag,Tandoorichicken,
Shamikebab,makkidirotietc.[103]tonameafew.
TandoorifoodisaPunjabispecialtyespeciallyfornonvegetariandishes.Beforethe1947partition,
tandooricookinginIndiawastraditionallyassociatedwiththeformerundividedPunjab.Manyofthemost
popularelementsofIndiancuisineasitismarketedtononIndiancustomers(suchastandoor,naan,
pakorasandvegetabledisheswithpaneer)isderivedfromPunjab.
Festivalsandtraditions
Punjabiscelebrateanumberoffestivalswhichhavetakenasemisecularmeaningandareregardedas
culturalfestivalsbypeopleofallreligions.SomeofthefestivalsareBandiChhorDivas(Diwali),[104][105]
MelaMaghi,[106]HolaMohalla,[107][108]Rakhri,Vaisakhi,Lohri,TeeyanandBasant.
Sports
Kabbadi(CircleStyle),ateamcontactsportoriginatedinruralPunjabisrecognisedasthestate
game.[109][110]Fieldhockeyisalsoapopularsportinthestate.[111]KilaRaipurSportsFestival,popularly
knownastheRuralOlympics,isheldannuallyinKilaRaipur(nearLudhiana).Competitionisheldfor
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majorPunjabiruralsports,includecartrace,ropepulling.Punjab
governmentorganisesWorldKabaddiLeague,[112][113]Punjab
GamesandannualKabaddiWorldCupforCircleStyleKabbadiin
whichteamsfromcountrieslikeArgentina,Canada,Denmark,
England,India,Iran,Kenya,Pakistan,Scotland,SierraLeone,Spain
andUnitedStatesparticipated.
Kabbadi(CircleStyle)
Punjabalsohavemany
magnificentstadiumslike
GuruGobindSinghStadium,GuruNanakStadium,PunjabCricket
AssociationISBindraStadium,InternationalHockeyStadium,
GandhiSportsComplexGroundandSurjitHockeyStadium.
Tourism
TourisminIndianPunjab
PCAStadiumunderlightsatAjitgarh
centresaroundthehistoric
palaces,battlesites,andthe
greatSikharchitectureofthe
stateandthesurrounding
region.[114]Examples
includevarioussitesofthe
IndusValleyCivilization,
theancientfortofBathinda,
MotiBaghPalaceinPatiala
thearchitecturalmonuments
ofKapurthala,Patiala,and
Chandigarh,themoderncapitaldesignedbyLeCorbusier.[115]The
HarmandirSahibinAmritsarisa
GoldenTempleinAmritsarisoneofthemajortouristdestinations
majortouristdestinationinPunjab
ofPunjabandindeedIndia,attractingmorevisitorsthantheTaj
Mahal,LonelyPlanetBluelist2008hasvotedtheHarmandirSahib
asoneoftheworldsbestspiritualsites.[116]Moreover,thereisarapidlyexpandingarrayofinternational
hotelsintheholycitythatcanbebookedforovernightstays.Anothermaintouristdestinationisreligious
andhistoriccityofSriAnandpurSahibwherelargenumberoftouristscometoseetheVirasateKhalsa
(KhalsaHeritageMemorialComplex)andalsotakepartinHolaMohallafestival.KilaRaipurSports
FestivalisalsopopulartouristattractioninKilaRaipurnearLudhiana.[117][118][119]Shahpurkandifort,
RanjitsagarlakeandMuktsarTemplealsopopularattractionsinPathankot.
Seealso
ListofpeoplefromPunjab(India)
SikhLightInfantry
PunjabRegiment
SikhRegiment
Punjabiculture
Punjab(Pakistan)
Punjabifolklore
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ProvincesofIndia(British)
HistoryofIndia
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113. "theWorldKabaddiLeague(WKL)waslaunchedwiththepromotersPunjabDeputyChiefMinisterSukhbir
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Furtherreading
RadhikaChopra.MilitantandMigrant:ThePoliticsandSocialHistoryofPunjab(2011)
HarnikDeol.ReligionandNationalisminIndia:TheCaseofthePunjab(RoutledgeStudiesinthe
ModernHistoryofAsia)(2000)
HarjinderSinghDilgeer,EncyclopediaofJalandhar,SikhUniversityPress,Brussels,Belgium
(2005)
HarjinderSinghDilgeer,SIKHHISTORYin10volumes,SikhUniversityPress,Brussels,Belgium
(201011)
J.S.Grewal.TheSikhsofthePunjab(TheNewCambridgeHistoryofIndia)(1998)
J.S.Grewal.SocialandCulturalHistoryofthePunjab:Prehistoric,AncientandEarlyMedieval
(2004)
NazerSingh.DelhiandPunjab:Essaysinhistoryandhistoriography(1995)
TaiYongTan.TheGarrisonState:Military,GovernmentandSocietyinColonialPunjab,1849
1947(SageSeriesinModernIndianHistory)(2005)
Primarysources
J.C.AggarwalandS.P.Agrawal,eds.ModernHistoryofPunjab:RelevantSelectDocuments(1992)
R.M.Chopra,"TheLegacyofThePunjab",1997,PunjabeeBradree,Calcutta.
Externallinks
Officialwebsite(http://www.punjabgovt.gov.in/)
PunjabtravelguidefromWikivoyage
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Punjab,_India&oldid=701555402"
WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedtoPunjab.
Categories: Punjab,India Statesandterritoriesestablishedin1956

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Thispagewaslastmodifiedon25January2016,at06:38.
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apply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipediaisa
registeredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.
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