Sie sind auf Seite 1von 8

Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 787 794

,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ$GYDQFHVLQ0DQXIDFWXULQJDQG0DWHULDOV(QJLQHHULQJ
$00(

6RPH6WXGLHV RQ 0HFKDQLFDO 3URSHUWLHV RI (SR[\&7%1&OD\


%DVHG3RO\PHU 1DQRFRPSRVLWHV 31&
%KDJZDQ)-RJLD 0DGDQ .XONDUQLD3.%UDKPDQNDUD'5DWQDE
D

'HSDUWPHQWRI0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ'U %DEDVDKHE $PEHGNDU7HFKQRORJLFDO8QLYHUVLW\/RQHUH5DLJDG06,QGLD


E

1DYDO0DWHULDOV5HVHDUFK/DERUDWRU\ '5'2  $PEHUQDWK0XPEDL 0DKDUDVKWUD6WDWH,QGLD

$EVWUDFW
5XEEHUWRXJKHQHGEOHQGVRIHSR[\/<DQGFDUER[\OJURXSWHUPLQDWHGEXWDGLHQHQLWULOH &7%1 ZDVVHOHFWHGDVDV\VWHPIRU
WKLVVWXG\ &7%1ZDVXVHGDVWRXJKHQLQJDJHQW ZLWKGLIIHUHQWFRQFHQWUDWLRQVRI&7%1ZLWKHSR[\DQG SDUWVSHU
KXQGUHGSDUWVUHVLQV SKU DUHWKHFRPELQDWLRQVZHUHSUHSDUHGE\YDU\LQJ&7%1FRQWHQWLQHSR[\-HIIDPLQHZDVXVHGDV
FXULQJ DJHQW IRU HSR[\&7%1 EOHQGV 7KURXJK RSWLPL]DWLRQ LW LV IRXQG WKDW  SKU HSR[\&7%1 VKRZV LPSURYHPHQW LQ
PHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVWHQVLOHSURSHUWLHVDQGG\QDPLFPHFKDQLFDOWKHUPDODQDO\VLV '07$ )XUWKHUPRUHFOD\DV QDQRILOOHULV
RSWLPL]HGDQGIRXQGWKDWZWRIFOD\ZLWKSKU HSR[\&7%1 EOHQGV VKRZVLPSURYHPHQWLQWKHPHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV ,W
PD\ EH GXH WR JRRG GLVSHUVLRQ DQG KLJKO\ H[IROLDWLRQ RI FOD\ LQ SRO\PHU QDQRFRPSRVLWHV 31&  7KH FOD\ UHLQIRUFHPHQW
HQKDQFHG WKH JODVV WUDQVLWLRQ WHPSHUDWXUH 7J  RI WKH PDWHULDO $QG 7J ZDV YHULILHG E\ XVLQJ GLIIHUHQWLDO VFDQQLQJ FDORULPHWULF
'6& DQG'07$7RXQGHUVWDQG WKH LQWHUDFWLRQ H[IROLDWLRQDQGGLVSHUVLRQ RIWKHFOD\LQWKH31& ;UD\GLIIUDFWLRQ ;5'
DQGVFDQQLQJHOHFWURQPLFURVFRS\ 6(0 ZDVFDUULHGRXW IRU IHZVHOHFWLYHVDPSOHV 7KHPDLQDLPLVWRRSWLPL]HWKHV\VWHP
2014
Elsevier
7KH$XWKRUV
3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU
/WG

Ltd. This
is an open access article
under the CC BY-NC-ND license
6HOHFWLRQDQGSHHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI 2UJDQL]LQJ&RPPLWWHHRI$00(
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of AMME 2014
.
G 3 O
LW 31& 0 K L O
WL G
L
K L O WK
O
O L '07$ (
&7%1&O
.H\ZRUGV3RO\PHUQDQRFRPSRVLWH 31&  0HFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHV G\QDPLFPHFKDQLFDOWKHUPDODQDO\VLV '07$ (SR[\&7%1&OD\

 ,QWURGXFWLRQ
,Q PDWHULDOV UHVHDUFK WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI SRO\PHU QDQRFRPSRVLWHV 31& LV UDSLGO\ HPHUJLQJ DV D
PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\UHVHDUFKDFWLYLW\ZKRVHUHVXOWVFRXOGEURDGHQWKHDSSOLFDWLRQVRISRO\PHUVWRWKHJUHDW EHQHILWRI
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[
(PDLODGGUHVV EIMRJL#GEDWXDFLQ

2211-8128 2014 Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of AMME 2014
doi:10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.329

788

Bhagwan F. Jogi et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 787 794

GLIIHUHQW LQGXVWULHV 31& PD\ DYDLO OLJKWHU ZHLJKW WR KLJK VWUHQJWK DOWHUQDWLYHV WR FRQYHQWLRQDO SODVWLF PDWHULDOV
6FKDIHUHWDO  5DWQD  DQG6DQFKH]HWDO  DQGPDQ\PRUH H[SODLQHGWKHXVHRIQDQRILOOHUV LQWKH
SRO\PHULFPDWHULDOVIRUGHYHORSPHQWRIPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOPDWHULDOV $PRQJWKHYDULRXVDYDLODEOHQDQRILOOHUVFDUERQ
QDQRWXEHVKDYHEHHQYLHZHG DVWKHPRVWSURPLVLQJPDWHULDOLQWKHDUHDRI 31& DVSHU,MMLPD   *RMQ\HWDO
 DQG $MD\DQ HW DO   VWXGLHG SXULILHG DUF GLVFKDUJH PXOWLZDOO FDUERQ QDQRWXEHV 0:17  ZKLFK ZHUH
GLVSHUVHG LQ D OLTXLG HSR[\ EDVH UHVLQ E\ PHFKDQLFDO VWLUULQJ PHWKRG 7KH IXWXUH RI 31& WHFKQRORJ\ LV WUXO\
ERXQGOHVVKRZHYHUFRVWLVRQHRIWKHUHVWULFWLRQVIRU&17EDVHG 31&7KHUHDUHYDULRXVQDQRILOOHUV VXJJHVWE\
0DULDHWDO  DUH XVHGIRU31& VXFKDVQDQRFOD\FDUERQEODFN &% FDUERQQDQRWXEHV &17 JODVVILEUHV
HWF 2XWRIWKDWLWLVSODQQHGWRVWXG\RQFOD\DVDQDQRILOOHULQWKHSRO\PHUPDWUL[ $GGLWLRQRIFOD\ZLWK SRO\PHUV
KDVVKRZQWKH LPSURYHPHQWLQPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHV,QWKHSDVW WZRGHFDGHV 3|WVFKNHHWDO  DQG 0HLQFNH
HW DO   GHYHORSHG WKH LGHD RI XVLQJ OD\HUHG FOD\ PLQHUDOV IRU 31& DSSOLFDWLRQV ,W LV IRXQG WKDW 31& KDV
IORXULVKHG UHVXOWLQJ LQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI DGYDQFHG PDWHULDOV ZLWK LPSURYHG PHFKDQLFDO WKHUPDO HOHFWULFDO
EDUULHUDQGRSWLFDOSURSHUWLHV 7KLVSURJUHVVZDVHQDEOHGE\WKHXWLOL]DWLRQRIVSHFLDOO\GHVLJQHGRUJDQRSKLOLFFOD\
DVQDQRILOOHUVLQ 31& E\ 3|WVFKNHHWDO  DQG  
,QWKLVVWXG\HSR[\FDUER[\OWHUPLQDWHGEXWDGLHQH QLWULOH &7%1 ZLWKYDU\LQJFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIFOD\V\VWHPLV
SODQQHGWRRSWLPL]H WKURXJK YDULRXVFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQWHFKQLTXHV (SR[\LVD FRSRO\PHUKHDYLO\FURVVOLQNHG DQGLV
WKXV ULJLG DQG VWURQJ 7KH VWUHQJWK RI HSR[\ DGKHVLYHV LV GHJUDGHG DW WHPSHUDWXUHV DERYH  )  &  7KH
DSSOLFDWLRQV IRU HSR[\ EDVHG PDWHULDOV DUH H[WHQVLYH DQG LQFOXGH FRDWLQJV DGKHVLYHV DQG FRPSRVLWH PDWHULDOV
(SR[LHV DUH NQRZQ IRU WKHLU H[FHOOHQW DGKHVLRQ FKHPLFDO DQG KHDW UHVLVWDQFH JRRG WR H[FHOOHQW PHFKDQLFDO
SURSHUWLHVDQGYHU\JRRG HOHFWULFDOLQVXODWLQJ SURSHUWLHV(SR[\V\VWHPVDUHXVHGLQLQGXVWULDOWRROLQJDSSOLFDWLRQVWR
SURGXFH PRXOGV PDVWHU PRGHOV ODPLQDWHV FDVWLQJV IL[WXUHV DQG RWKHU LQGXVWULDO SURGXFWLRQ DLGV 7KLV SODVWLF
WRROLQJUHSODFHVPHWDO ZRRG DQGRWKHUWUDGLWLRQDOPDWHULDOV DQGJHQHUDOO\LPSURYHVWKHHIILFLHQF\DQGHLWKHUORZHUV
WKHRYHUDOOFRVWRUVKRUWHQVWKHOHDGWLPHIRUPDQ\LQGXVWULDOSURFHVVHV (SR[\ZDVVHOHFWHGIRU31&DVLWVKRZVORZ
FUHHS EHKDYLRXU KRZHYHU LW KDV DOVR KLJK PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV KLJK KHDW GLVWRUWLRQ WHPSHUDWXUH DQG H[FHOOHQW
GLPHQVLRQDOVWDELOLW\ >+DJJHQPXODU  @ 7RHQKDQFHWKHWRXJKQHVVRIFXUHGHSR[\UHVLQYDULRXVUHDFWLYHOLTXLG
UXEEHUV KDYH EHHQ LQFRUSRUDWHG &DUER[\O WHUPLQDWHG EXWDGLHQH QLWULOH &7%1  LV VHOHFWHG IRU WKLV VWXG\
>.DJDQRYVNLL  @&7%1KDVPXWXDOVROXELOLW\ZLWKHSR[\UHVLQEXWGRHVQRWKDYHLWZLWKFXUHGHSR[\UHVLQDQG
WKHUHLQIRUPVDGLVSHUVHGUXEEHUSDUWLFOHSKDVHDQGVHUYHVDVDFXVKLRQLQJPDWHULDOWRSUHYHQWFUDFNV
'HVSLWH RI LWV KLJK VWUHQJWK FXUHG HSR[\ UHVLQ KDV WKH SUREOHP RI EULWWOHQHVV GXH WR LWV SRRU HODVWLFLW\ 7KH
WRXJKHQLQJ HIIHFW RI WKH SKDVH VHSDUDWHG UXEEHU SDUWLFOHV VXJJHVWHG E\ 0F*DUU\ HW DO    DQG 2VXPL
 LV HQKDQFHG E\ WKH SUHVHQFH RI WKH QDQRILOOHUV WKURXJK D FKDQJH LQ WKH PRUSKRORJ\ DV SHU 0DULD HW DO
  7KH UXEEHU V\VWHP WKDW KDV DWWUDFWHG WKH PRVW DWWHQWLRQ LV WKH IDPLO\ RI FRSRO\PHUV RI EXWDGLHQH DQG
DFU\ORQLWULOH WKHVH DUH FRPPHUFLDOO\ DYDLODEOH ZLWK GLIIHUHQW DFU\ORQLWULOH FRQWHQWV UDQJLQJ IURP  ZW :LWK
MXVW  SKU SDUWV SHU KXQGUHG SDUWV UHVLQV  UXEEHU PRGLILHU WKH IUDFWXUH WRXJKQHVV RI PRGLILHG HSR[\ UHVLQV
LQFUHDVHVGUDPDWLFDOO\ZLWKRQO\VOLJKWUHGXFWLRQLQWKHJODVVWUDQVLWLRQWHPSHUDWXUHDQGWKHPRGXOXV7KHSXUSRVHV
RIDGGLQJHODVWLFDWHGDJHQWVLQFOXGHWKH IROORZLQJLPSURYHPHQWVLQPHFKDQLFDOVWUHQJWKSUHYHQWLRQRIFUDFNVGXH
WRWKHUPDOGLVWRUWLRQDQGUHGXFWLRQRIGLVWRUWLRQDQGLPSURYHPHQWVLQDGKHVLYHQHVVSDUWLFXODUO\LPSURYHPHQWVLQ
SHHO VWUHQJWK E\ LPSDUWLQJ HODVWLFLW\ WR GLVSHUVH VWUHVVHV )XUWKHUPRUH DIWHU RSWLPL]DWLRQ RI WKH UXEEHU WRXJKHQHG
EOHQGVRIHSR[\DQG&7%1FOD\LVPL[HGDVDQDQRILOOHUPDWHULDODVDQGZWLQDSKUFRPSRVLWLRQ
7KHVH VDPSOHV ZHUH SODQQHG IRU WHQVLOH WHVW 6DPSOHV KDYLQJ JRRG LPSURYHPHQW GXULQJ WHQVLOH WHVW ZHUH IXUWKHU
FKDUDFWHUL]HGIRU'07$'6& ;5' DQG6(0DQDO\VLV
 ([SHULPHQWDO
0DWHULDOVDQGVSHFLPHQSUHSDUDWLRQ
7KH V\QWKHVLV RI SRO\PHU QDQRFRPSRVLWHV 31& LV DQ LQWHJUDO DVSHFW RI SRO\PHU QDQRWHFKQRORJ\ )RU WKH
HSR[\&7%1FOD\ QDQRFRPSRVLWHVHSR[\UHVLQZDVVXSSOLHGE\&LED$WXO/WG$KPHGDEDGXQGHUWKHWUDGHQDPH
/<,WKDVYLVFRVLW\03DVDW R&GHQVLW\JFP DW R&DQG HTXLYDOHQWZHLJKW
 LVXVHGIRUIXUWKHUVWXG\ (SR[\UHVLQLVKDYLQJ VWRLFKLRPHWULF UDWLR &DUER[\OJURXSWHUPLQDWHGEXWDGLHQH
QLWULOH &7%1 ZDV VXSSOLHG E\ &9& WKHUPRVHW VSHFLHV XQGHU WKH WUDGH QDPH DV ; &7%1 ,W KDV
%URRNVILHOGYLVFRVLW\DW R& VSHFLILFJUDYLW\ DW R&PROHFXODU ZHLJKW 1DQRPHU
,( QDQRFOD\LVDVXUIDFHPRGLILHGPRQWPRULOORQLWHPLQHUDO &OD\ZDVVXSSOLHGE\1DQRFRU86$,WKDVVSHFLILF
JUDYLW\GHQVLW\ JFP DQGPHDQGU\SDUWLFOHVL]H PLFURQV WKLFNQHVV OHVVWKDQc

Bhagwan F. Jogi et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 787 794

7KH PRGLILHG HSR[\ UHVLQV DUH SUHSDUHG E\ D VLPSOH DGGLWLYH PHWKRG RU D SUHUHDFWHG PHWKRG 6DOYHWDW HW DO
  'LIIHUHQWSDUWVSHUKXQGUHG SKU RI&7%1DUHSUHSDUHGE\PL[LQJ&7%1DQGHSR[\UHVLQ
SKUDUHWKHFRPELQDWLRQVDUHSODQQHGWRSUHSDUHPRGLILHGHSR[\DOVRNQRZQDVUXEEHUWRXJKHQHGHSR[\ YL]
SKU VDPSOHKDV JPRI HSR[\ JPRI&7%1DQGJPRIWULSKHQ\OSKRVSKLQH 733 WRSURPRWHWKHUHDFWLRQV
EHWZHHQWKHFDUER[\OLFJURXSVDQGWKHHSR[\JURXSVDWUHODWLYHO\ORZWHPSHUDWXUH DUHPL[HGWRJHWKHULQDWKUHHQHFN
URXQGERWWRPIODVN+RZHYHU733DFWVDVFDWDO\VWKDYLQJDERXWZWRIHSR[\7KLVSURFHVVRIPRGLI\LQJHSR[\
LV DOVRNQRZQDVSUHUHDFWLRQ$PHFKDQLFDOVWLUUHUIRUWKUHHQHFNVURXQGERWWRPIODVNDORQJZLWKSRWHQWLRPHWHULV
XVHGWRJHWUHJXODWHGVSHHGRIURWDWLRQ7HPSHUDWXUHDURXQG R&LVPDLQWDLQHGGXULQJWKHFRPSOHWLRQRIUHDFWLRQ
LQWKH IODVN7KHUHDFWLRQLVFDUULHGRXWIRUKRXUVE\ PDLQWDLQLQJ WKHFRQVWDQW WHPSHUDWXUHDW R&7KHVDPH
SURFHGXUHLVIROORZHGWRSUHSDUHDOOSKUFRPSRVLWLRQV7RFKHFNWKHFRPSOHWLRQRIWKHUHDFWLRQRIHSR[\DQG&7%1
DFLG YDOXH LV FDOFXODWHG E\ IROORZLQJ IRUPXOD $FLG YDOXH  % 5 ; 1RUPDOLW\ RI 1D2+ RU .2+  ZHLJKW RI
VDPSOHLQJP ZKHUH%56WDQGVIRUEXUHWWHUHDGLQJ,IDFLGYDOXHLVIRXQG]HURLWPHDQWWKDWUHDFWLRQLVRYHU
1DQRPHU QDQRFOD\LVHDVLO\GLVSHUVHGLQOLTXLGHSR[\UHVLQVXVLQJPHGLXPVKHDU FRZOV SDGGOHRUWXUERPL[HU 
%DQGHOLQSUREHXOWUDVRQLFDWRUZDVXVHGIRUXOWUDVRQLFDWLRQRI31&V )RUEHVWUHVXOWVWKHUHVLQVKRXOGEHSUHKHDWHG
WR  & 1DQRPHU LV WKHQ GRVHG VORZO\ LQWR UHVLQ ZKLOH PL[LQJ $IWHU  PLQXWHV D VPRRWK XQLIRUP
GLVSHUVLRQZLOOUHVXOWPD\EHDFKLHYHG2VXPLHWDO  VXJJHVWHGIHZFXULQJPHWKRGV)RUWKLVVWXG\-HIIDPLQH
LVVHOHFWHGDVDFXULQJDJHQW,WLVVXSSOLHGE\6LJPD$OGULFKKDYLQJPROHFXODUZHLJKWDQGPROUDWLR
ZLWKHSR[\ 7KHFXULQJWLPHIRUFOD\ZDVSODQQHGDVKRXUV7KLVRSHUDWLRQLVIROORZHGE\SRVWFXULQJRIFOD\DW
 R& IRU  KRXUV &XUHG PDWHULDO LV GHJDVVHG DQG PRXOGHG XQGHU QRUPDO FRQGLWLRQV $V 1DQRPHU QDQRFOD\
GLVSHUVHV WR KLJK VXUIDFH DUHD DQG KDYLQJ VPDOO SDUWLFOHV VL]H UHVLQ YLVFRVLW\ PD\ EH LQFUHDVHG 6XIILFLHQW PL[LQJ
HQHUJ\PXVWEHXVHGWRFRPSHQVDWHIRUWKHLQFUHDVHGYLVFRVLW\&XULQJF\FOHLVPDLQWDLQHGVDPHGXULQJDOOVDPSOH
SUHSDUDWLRQ:KHQDVROXWLRQRIUXEEHULQHSR[\LVFXUHGUXEEHUSDUWLFOHVSUHFLSLWDWHRXWDVDVHFRQGSKDVH
&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ
9DULRXV WHQVLOH SURSHUWLHV GHWHUPLQHG E\ XVLQJ XQLYHUVDO WHVWLQJ PDFKLQH 870  870 +RXQVILHOG 7LQLXV
2OVHQ   .1 JLYHV WKH UHVXOW RI VWUHVVVWUDLQ FXUYH 7HVW VSHFLPHQ GLPHQVLRQV DQG WROHUDQFHV DV SHU VWDQGDUG
$670'*DXJHOHQJWKPPZLGWKPPWKLFNQHVVPP ,QWHQVLOHWHVWLQJDGRJERQHVKDSHGVDPSOH
LVSODFHGLQWKH JULSVRI PRYDEOHDQGVWDWLRQDU\ IL[WXUHVLQDVFUHZGULYHQGHYLFH ZKLFKSXOOVWKHVDPSOH XQWLOLW
EUHDNVDQGPHDVXUHVDSSOLHGORDGYHUVXVHORQJDWLRQRIWKHVDPSOH 7KHWHVWLQJSURFHVVUHTXLUHVVSHFLILFJULSVORDG
FHOODQGH[WHQVRPHWHUIRUHDFKPDWHULDODQGVDPSOHW\SH7KHORDGFHOOLVDILQHO\FDOLEUDWHGWUDQVGXFHUWKDWSURYLGHV
D SUHFLVH PHDVXUHPHQW RI WKH ORDG DSSOLHG 7KH H[WHQVRPHWHU LV FDOLEUDWHG WR PHDVXUH WKH VPDOOHVW HORQJDWLRQV
(ORQJDWLRQ LV W\SLFDOO\ PHDVXUHG E\ WKH H[WHQVRPHWHU LQ YROWV DQG PXVW EH FRQYHUWHG WR PLOOLPHWUHV 0HFKDQLFDO
SURSHUWLHVDUHGHWHUPLQHGIURPDVWUHVVYVVWUDLQSORWRIWKHORDGDQGHORQJDWLRQGDWD
'\QDPLF PHFKDQLFDO DQDO\VLV '0$  ZLOO EH XVHG WR JDWKHU HODVWLF PRGXOXV GDWD ZKLFK GHWHUPLQHV HODVWLF
PRGXOXVORVVPRGXOXVDQGGDPSLQJ FRHIILFLHQWDVDIXQFWLRQRIWHPSHUDWXUHIUHTXHQF\DQGRUWLPH7KHDSSURDFK
LVRIWHQ XVHG WRGHWHUPLQH JODVVWUDQVLWLRQWHPSHUDWXUHDV ZHOO6DPSOHVLQ '07$GHSHQGLQJRQWKHHTXLSPHQW
FDQEHTXLWHVPDOOLQWKHUDQJHRIPP[PP[PP7KH'07$DSSOLHVWRUVLRQDORVFLOODWLRQWRWKHVDPSOH
ZKLOH VORZO\ PRYLQJ WKURXJK WKH VSHFLILHG WHPSHUDWXUH UDQJH '07$ KDG FDUULHG RXWXVLQJ *DER LQ WKH EHQGLQJ
PRGHDQGWKHIXUQDFHZLOOKHDWDW.PLQIURP WR&ZLWKDIUHTXHQF\RI+]7KHIXUQDFHKDGIOXVKHG
ZLWKOLTXLGQLWURJHQWKURXJKRXWWKHPHDVXUHPHQWVWRSUHYHQWR[LGDWLYHGHJUDGDWLRQRIWKHVDPSOHV
'LIIHUHQWLDO6FDQQLQJ&DORULPHWU\ '6& LVWKHPRVWZLGHO\XVHGWHFKQLTXHRIDOOWKHWKHUPDODQDO\VLVPHWKRGV
,QDKHDWIOX['6&PDFKLQHWKHPHDVXUHG VDPSOH LVSODFHGLQDQDOXPLQLXPSDQZKHUHDVDQHPSW\DOXPLQLXPSDQ
VHUYHV DV WKH UHIHUHQFH 7KHVH WZR SDQV DUH SXW RQ DQ HOHFWULFDOO\ KHDWHG SODWH LQ RUGHU WR PDNH VXUH WKDW WKH
WHPSHUDWXUHLQWKH VDPSOHLV WKH VDPHDVLQ WKHUHIHUHQFH 9LDWKRVHSODWHVDQGWKHSDQVKHDW LVWUDQVIHUUHGWRWKH
VDPSOHDQGWKHUHIHUHQFHZLWKWKHXVHRIDGHILQHGFRPSXWHUFRQWUROOHGKHDWLQJSURJUDP 7KHGLIIHUHQWLDOKHDWIOX[
WRWKHVDPSOHDQGWKHUHIHUHQFHDVZHOODVWKHVDPSOHWHPSHUDWXUHDUHPHDVXUHG7KHRXWSXWRID'6& PHDVXUHPHQW
WKHVRFDOOHGWKHUPRJUDPLVDSORWRIWKHGLIIHUHQFHRIKHDWGHOLYHUHGWRWKHVDPSOHDQGWRWKHUHIHUHQFHDVDIXQFWLRQ
RIWKHVDPSOHWHPSHUDWXUH *ODVVWUDQVLWLRQV WHPSHUDWXUH 7J PD\RFFXUDVWKHWHPSHUDWXUHRIDQ DPRUSKRXV VROLGLQ
31& 7$,QVWUXPHQWV4PDFKLQHZDVXVHGWRFDUU\RXWWKH'6&WHVWVDW R&ZDVWKHUDPSZLWKWHPSHUDWXUH
WRR&
;UD\ GLIIUDFWLRQ ;5' LV D XVHIXO WRRO IRU GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH VWUXFWXUH RI SRO\PHU QDQRFRPSRVLWHV ;5' FDQ
GHWHFWWKHSHULRGLFDOO\VWDFNHGRI FOD\ OD\HUV :KHQWKHUHLVDSHDN GHSLFWV FOD\VWDFNV IXUWKHU LQGLFDWH FKDQJHV RI 

789

790

Bhagwan F. Jogi et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 787 794

G VSDFLQJ RU JDOOHU\ VSDFLQJ ;5' DQDO\VLV RI WKH VDPSOHV DUH FDUULHG RXW RQ 5LJDNX 8OWLPD ,,, GLIIUDFWRPHWHU
.9P$  &X.VRXUFH  c WRFKHFN NWKHH[IROLDWLRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFV7KHVFDQQLQJUDQJHLV R
WRR ZLWKDVFDQQLQJUDJHRI R PLQ 6FDQQLQJHOHFWURQPLFURVFRS\ 6(0 ZLOOEHXVHGWRGHWHUPLQHGLVWULEXWLRQ
RI FOD\ SDUWLFOHV DQG WR H[DPLQH IUDFWXUH VXUIDFHV 7KH 6(0 FRQVLVWV RI DQ HOHFWURQ JXQ SURGXFLQJ D VRXUFH RI
HOHFWURQVDWDQHQHUJ\UDQJHRINH97KHHOHFWURQEHDPLQWHUDFWVZLWKWKHQHDUVXUIDFHUHJLRQRIWKHVSHFLPHQWR
DGHSWKRIDERXWPDQGJHQHUDWHVVLJQDOVXVHGWRIRUPDQLPDJH 6SXWWHUFRDWLQJ RQ QRQFRQGXFWLYHVDPSOHVZLWK
DILQHJROGOD\HULVRIWHQ SURYLGHGWRDYRLG FKDUJLQJ
 5HVXOWVDQG'LVFXVVLRQ
7HQVLOHSURSHUWLHVRI HSR[\&7%1 EOHQGV LQWKHSUHVHQFHRIFOD\
7KHPHFKDQLFDOEHKDYLRXURIEOHQGVLVVWURQJO\GHFLGHGE\WKHFRQWULEXWLRQRIHDFKFRPSRQHQW PDWUL[DQG ILOOHU 
WKHSKDVHPRUSKRORJ\DQGWKHLQWHUIDFLDODGKHVLRQEHWZHHQWKHSKDVHV SOD\VLPSRUWDQWUROHIRUGHILQLQJWKHPDWHULDO
SURSHUWLHV,WLVZHOOUHDOL]HGWKDWHORQJDWLRQDWEUHDNDQGWRXJKQHVVDUHWKHLPSRUWDQWWRROVWRPRQLWRUWKHDGKHVLRQ
EHWZHHQSKDVHV HSR[\DQG&7%1 ZKHUHDVWKHWHQVLOHVWUHQJWKLVUHODWHGWRWKHPRUSKRORJ\ $QHIILFLHQWZD\WR
WRXJKHQHSR[\LVWREOHQGZLWKUXEEHU\SKDVH &7%1 ,WLVRSWLPL]HGE\YDU\LQJ&7%1IURPSKU 
DQGSKU DVVKRZQLQWDEOH$OOWKHFRPSRVLWLRQV RISKU QHDWHSR[\  DQGSKU ZLWK&7%1 ZHUH
PDGHLQSUHVHQFHDQGDEVHQFHRI FOD\ 7KHWRXJKHQLQJHIIHFWZDVDOVRWDNHQLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQWRRSWLPL]HUXEEHU
FRQFHQWUDWLRQ 7R LQYHVWLJDWH WKH HIIHFW RI &7%1 DQG FOD\ UHLQIRUFHPHQW RQ WKH PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV RI WKH
HSR[\&7%1 PDWUL[ WHQVLOH WHVWLQJ KDV EHHQ FDUULHG RXW 7KH HIIHFWV RI EOHQGLQJ VHTXHQFH RQ WKH PHFKDQLFDO
EHKDYLRXURIWKHEOHQGVKDYHDOVREHHQLQYHVWLJDWHG 7KHUHVXOWV DUHLOOXVWUDWHGLQWKHWDEOH 
7DEOH7HQVLOHYDOXHVREWDLQHGE\DGGLWLRQRI YDU\LQJFRQFHQWUDWLRQRI &7%1ZLWKHSR[\V\VWHP
&7%1&RPSRVLWLRQ SDUWVKXQGUHG

0RGXOXV 03D

7HQVLOHVWUHQJWK 03D

(ORQJDWLRQDWEUHDN 





































 SKU QHDW HSR[\  LV VKRZLQJ KLJKHVW VWUHVV KDYLQJ EULWWOH QDWXUH RI WKH PDWHULDO $GGLWLRQ RI &7%1 UXEEHU
GHFUHDVHVWKHEULWWOHQDWXUHLQDOOFRPSRVLWLRQV ,WLVIRXQG WKDW PRGXOXVZDVGHFUHDVLQJZLWKLQFUHDVLQJSHUFHQWDJH
RI UXEEHU &7%1 DV VKRZQ LQ WKH 7DEOH  $W WKH VDPH WLPH WHQVLOH VWUHQJWK ZDV DOVR IRXQG WR EH GHFUHDVLQJ
+RZHYHU DV UXEEHUSHUFHQWDJHLQFUHDVHVHORQJDWLRQ DWEUHDN LV IRXQGWREHLQFUHDVHG ,WPD\EH REVHUYHGWKDW SKU
VDPSOHLV EHWWHU IRUPHFKDQLFDO 7HQVLOH SURSHUWLHV DQGIXUWKHUDQDO\VLV +RZHYHU IXUWKHU ZW FOD\ORDGLQJZDV
GRQHZLWKDOO SKU FRPSRVLWLRQV ,WLV IXUWKHU REVHUYHGIURP 7DEOHZKLFKVKRZV WKHREWDLQHGWHQVLOHWHVWYDOXHVDIWHU
ORDGLQJZWRIFOD\ LQDOOSKUHQKDQFHPHQWLQWHQVLOHSURSHUWLHVZDVIRXQGKLJKHU LQWKHFDVHRISKU&7%1
DGGLWLRQVZLWKHSR[\,WFDQEHVHHQDIWHUDGGLWLRQRIFOD\ GHSLFWV LPSURYHPHQWLQ WKH PRGXOXVDVZHOODVLQWHQVLOH
VWUHQJWKDVFRPSDUHGWRSODLQSKUV\VWHP
7DEOH 7HQVLOHYDOXHVREWDLQHGE\DGGLWLRQRI ZW FOD\LQ HSR[\&7%1V\VWHP
&7%1&RPSRVLWLRQ SDUWVKXQGUHG

0RGXOXV 03D

7HQVLOHVWUHQJWK 03D

(ORQJDWLRQDWEUHDN 































Bhagwan F. Jogi et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 787 794

7KH FOD\ ILOOHG HSR[\&7%1 FRPSRVLWHV VKRZV VXSHULRU WHQVLOH SURSHUWLHV $GGLWLRQ RI UXEEHU LQFUHDVHV WKH
WRXJKQHVVKRZHYHU LPSURYHPHQWLQ WHQVLOHSURSHUWLHVDQG PRGXOXVLVIRXQG LQWKHSUHVHQFHRI FOD\ ,WLVDOVRIRXQG
WKDW SKU &7%1LQWKHHSR[\ KDV EHWWHULPSURYHPHQWVLQWKHHORQJDWLRQDWEUHDN LQWKHSUHVHQFHRIZW RI FOD\
WKDQ RWKHU FRPSRVLWLRQV DV VKRZQ LQ 7DEOH  )XUWKHUPRUH LW LV SODQQHG WR VWXG\ WKH HIIHFW RI FOD\ RQ WKH
HSR[\&7%1EOHQGVLQGHWDLO7KH FOD\SHUFHQWDJH LV YDULHG IURPZW LH DQG ZW  ,WLVDOVRIRXQG
WKDW LQ WKLV RSWLPL]DWLRQ  SKU ZLWK  ZW FOD\ H[KLELWV WKH EHWWHU UHVXOWV DV VKRZQ LQ WKH 7DEOH  7KLV
LPSURYHPHQW LQ WKH PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV PD\ EH GXH WR WKH FOD\ VWDFNV ZKLFK KDYLQJ JDOOHU\ VSDFLQJ LPSURYHV
DGKHVLRQEHWZHHQPDWUL[ HSR[\&7%1 DQGILOOHU FOD\ 
7DEOH 7HQVLOHYDOXHVREWDLQHGE\DGGLWLRQRI YDU\LQJZW FOD\LQ SKU &7%1ZLWKHSR[\V\VWHP
&OD\LQSKU&7%1HSR[\ ZW

0RGXOXV 03D

7HQVLOHVWUHQJWK 03D

(ORQJDWLRQDWEUHDN 

























)XUWKHU FOD\ SHUFHQWDJH LQ  SKU HSR[\&7%1 LV YDULHG IURP   DQG  ZW ZW FOD\ LV VKRZLQJ EHWWHU
LPSURYHG LQ WHQVLOHVWUHQJWKDQGPRGXOXVDVFRPSDUHGWRDOORWKHUFRPSRVLWLRQV )RU RWKHUFRPSRVLWLRQVPRGXOXV
GHFUHDVHV DIWHU DGGLWLRQ RI  DQG ZW FOD\ (ORQJDWLRQ VHHPV WR EH GHFUHDVLQJ DV FOD\ SHUFHQWDJH LV LQFUHDVHG
KRZHYHU DWORZSHUFHQWDJH RIFOD\FRQWHQWHORQJDWLRQ LVIRXQGWREH KLJKHU ,WPD\DOVRFRQFOXGHWKDWGLVSHUVLRQRI
 ZW FOD\ LQ FRPSRVLWLRQ RI HSR[\ PDWUL[ LV IRXQG WR EH EHWWHU DV FRPSDUHG WR DOO RWKHU FRPSRVLWLRQV KHQFH
VKRZLQJLPSURYHGPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHV $VFOD\UHLQIRUFHPHQW LQFUHDVHV FHUWDLQOLPLWZKLFK VWDUWVGHFUHDVLQJWKH
WHQVLOH SURSHUWLHV WKDW LVREVHUYHGDIWHUDGGLWLRQRIZWFOD\ ,WFDQDOVREH IRXQG WKDWSURSHUWLHVDUHLPSURYLQJ
ZLWKDGGLWLRQRI FOD\ IURPVPDOOHUZWWRZW +RZHYHU DGGLWLRQRI ZWFOD\LQ UHPDLQLQJ SKU LV QRWVKRZLQJ
LPSURYHPHQW LQWKHPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHV +HQFHDGGLWLRQRIZWRIFOD\LQSKULVIRXQGDEHWWHUFRPELQDWLRQ
IRUWKHLPSURYHGPRGXOXVWHQVLOHVWUHQJWKDQGHORQJDWLRQDWEUHDN
 '\QDPLF0HFKDQLFDO7KHUPDO$QDO\VLV '07$ RIHSR[\&7%1EOHQGVLQWKHSUHVHQFHRIFOD\
)LJXUH  GHSLFWVWKHQHDWHSR[\ SKU DQGHSR[\&7%1 SKU VDPSOH LQWKHSUHVHQFHRIYDU\LQJZWRIFOD\
  DQG  ZW  6WRUDJH PRGXOXV RI SXUH HSR[\ LV KLJKHU WKDQ DOO RWKHU FRPSRVLWLRQ DQG GHFUHDVLQJ ZLWK
WHPSHUDWXUH DV LW ZDV VKRZLQJ EULWWOH QDWXUH 6WRUDJH PRGXOXV GHFUHDVHV DV FOD\ FRQFHQWUDWLRQ LV LQFUHDVLQJ
+RZHYHU VWRUDJH PRGXOXV RI  SKU LQ SUHVHQFH RI  ZW FOD\ LV IRXQG WR EH KLJKHU FRPSDUHG WR  SKU
HSR[\&7%1DQG SKUHSR[\&7%1LQSUHVHQFHRI DQGZWRI FOD\ (IIHFWRIWRXJKHQLQJVKRZVFKDQJHLQ
JODVV WUDQVLWLRQ WHPSHUDWXUH )XUWKHU JRRG H[IROLDWLRQ RI  ZW RI FOD\ UHVXOWHG ULVH LQ VWRUDJH PRGXOXV ZLWK
LQFUHDVH LQ JODVV WUDQVLWLRQ WHPSHUDWXUH 7 J  ,W LV IRXQG WKDW 7J LQFUHDVHV ZLWK WKH DGGLWLRQ RI FOD\ 7KH FOD\
UHLQIRUFHG FRPSRVLWLRQ VKRZV KLJKHU ORVV PRGXOXV DV FRPSDUHG WR QHDW %XW  SKU ZLWK  ZW FOD\ LV VKRZLQJ
UHGXFHGORVVPRGXOLWKDQQHDWHSR[\ PD\EHGXHWRKLJKHUZWRIILOOHU,WPD\EH DOVR GXHWRDJJORPHUDWLRQRIFOD\
VWDFNVLQ31&/RVVPRGXOXVLVJUHDWHUIRUSKUZWFOD\VKRZVJRRGLQWHUDFWLRQRIFOD\SDUWLFOHVZLWKPDWUL[
'LIIHUHQWLDOVFDQQLQJFDORULPHWU\ '6& RIHSR[\&7%1EOHQGVLQWKHSUHVHQFHRIFOD\
*ODVVWUDQVLWLRQWHPSHUDWXUH 7 J RIWKHSKU QHDWHSR[\ DQGSKU HSR[\&7%1 ZLWKDQGZLWKRXWDQGZW
 FOD\ LV PHDVXUHG RQ '6& DQG '07$ WR XQGHUVWDQG WKH HIIHFW RI FOD\ RQ WKH 7 J ,W ZDV IRXQG WKDW WKHUH LV
LQFUHPHQWLQ7J RIWKHV\VWHPDIWHUDGGLQJZWFOD\LQWKHQHDWDVZHOODVSKU HSR[\&7%1 FRPSRVLWLRQV,W
FDQEHFOHDUO\VHHQWKDWLQFUHDVHGFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIUXEEHU &7%1 GHFUHDVHVWKH7 J RIWKHV\VWHPDVIRXQGLQDQG
SKUV\VWHP 7J REWDLQHG IURP'6&DQG'07$ ZHUHFRPSDUHGDV VKRZQLQ7DEOH,WLVDOVR IRXQGWKDWWKH
WUHQG REWDLQHG ZDV VDPH LQ ERWK '6& DQG '07$ 7KH YDOXHV PD\ FKDQJH IURP LQVWUXPHQW WR LQVWUXPHQW 7KH
VWUXFWXUDOGHIHFWPD\UHVXOWGHFUHDVHG7 J RI'6&YDOXHVWKDQ'07$+HQFHPD[LPXPYDOXHVDUH FRQVLGHUHG,WLV
DOVRREVHUYHGWKDWWKHGLIIHUHQFHLQ7 J YDOXHVLVUDQJLQJEHWZHHQR&IRU'6&DQG'07$ 7KLVFOHDUO\UHYHDOV
WKDWLPSURYHGPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHV RIZW RIFOD\ UHLQIRUFHPHQW LQ SKU VDPSOHV PD\EHGXHWRWKHXQLIRUP
GLVSHUVLRQDQG H[IROLDWLRQ RIWKHFOD\ILOOHUV

791

792

Bhagwan F. Jogi et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 787 794

D 6WRUDJHPRGXOXV ( YHUVXVWHPSHUDWXUHE /RVVPRGXOXV ( YHUVXVWHPSHUDWXUH


)LJ '\QDPLF0HFKDQLFDO7KHUPDO$QDO\VLV '07$ RIHSR[\&7%1EOHQGVZLWKFOD\
7DEOH&RPSDULVRQRI JODVVWUDQVLWLRQWHPSHUDWXUH 7J REWDLQHGIURP'6&DQG'07$
&RPSRVLWLRQ

7J WKURXJK'6& R&

7J WKURXJK'07$ R&

SKU





SKUZW FOD\





SKUZWFOD\





SKU





SKUZWFOD\





SKUZWFOD\





;UD\GLIIUDFWLRQ ;5' RIHSR[\&7%1EOHQGVLQWKHSUHVHQFHRIFOD\


)XUWKHUPRUHWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKH GLVSHUVLRQDJJORPHUDWLRQRIFOD\ ;UD\GLIIUDFWLRQ ;5' WHVWLQJZDVSHUIRUPHG
RQWKHSKUDQG SKULQWKHSUHVHQFHRI YDU\LQJFOD\FRQFHQWUDWLRQ )LJXUH  GHSLFWV;5'RI FOD\ 1DQRPHU,(
QHDW HSR[\  SKU DQG  SKU HSR[\&7%1 EOHQGV ZLWK YDU\LQJ FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI FOD\ 3XUH FOD\ 1DQRPHU ,(
VKRZVEURDGGLIIUDFWLRQSHDNLQ;5' DWc+RZHYHU IRU QHDWHSR[\ SKU DQGSKUHSR[\&7%1EOHQGV
ZLWKYDU\LQJFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIFOD\ VDPSOHV GRHVQRW VKRZDQ\ ;5' SHDN LQWKH;5'JUDSK LQ WKHFOD\SHDN UDQJH
 c ,W LQGLFDWHVFOD\VWDFNVZHUHKLJKO\LQWHUFDODWHGRUH[IROLDWHG'XHWRH[IROLDWLRQ DQG JRRGGLVSHUVLRQ EHWWHU
DGKHVLRQPD\DFKLHYHGEHWZHHQILOOHU FOD\ DQGWKHPDWUL[ HSR[\&7%1 ZKLFKPD\H[KLELW LPSURYHG PHFKDQLFDO
SURSHUWLHV +HQFH LWPD\EH LQGLUHFWO\REVHUYHG WKURXJKPHFKDQLFDOWHVWLQJ'07$'6&DQG;5' WKDW LQWHUDFWLRQ
RI FOD\ VXUIDFH ZDV JRRG ZLWK HSR[\&7%1 PDWUL[ 'LVSHUVLRQ RI WKH FOD\ LQ WKH HSR[\&7%1 PDWUL[ PD\ EH
GLUHFWO\REVHUYHGWKURXJKVFDQQLQJHOHFWURQPLFURVFRS\ 6(0 
 6FDQQLQJHOHFWURQPLFURVFRS\ 6(0 RIQHDWHSR[\HSR[\&7%1EOHQGVLQWKHSUHVHQFHRIFOD\
)XUWKHUPRUSKRORJLFDOVWXG\ZDVFDUULHG RQVHOHFWLYH VDPSOHVRQ E\ 6FDQQLQJHOHFWURQPLFURVFRS\ 6(0 6(0
SLFWXUHVRIIUDFWXUHVXUIDFHIRU SKU QHDW HSR[\ VKRZVVPRRWKVXUIDFH ZLWKFOHDUDQGORQJIUDFWXUHOLQHV )LJXUH
D  $GGLWLRQ RI &7%1 UXEEHU LQ WKH HSR[\ DV  SKU VKRZV EODFN GRWV LQ VPRRWK HSR[\ VXUIDFH )LJXUH E  ,W
SURYHG WKDW WKHUH ZDV D SKDVH VHSDUDWLRQ EHWZHHQ HSR[\ DQG &7%1 UXEEHU PHDQV PDWUL[ GLVSHUVHG GURSOHW
PRUSKRORJ\ LV DFKLHYHG 5XEEHU UHPDLQV LQ HSR[\ PDWUL[ EXW GRHV QRW HQWHU LQWR HSR[\ OD\HUV +RZHYHU LQ WKH
SUHVHQFHRIFOD\6(0SLFWXUHVKRZV )LJXUHF WKHIRUPDWLRQRILQWHUFRQQHFWHGOD\HUV ,WPD\UHVXOWWKDWDGKHVLRQ
EHWZHHQFOD\DQG HSR[\&7%1 PDWUL[LVIRXQG WREH LPSURYHGDQGYHULILHGE\WHQVLOHWHVWLQJ,WLVDOVREHOLHYHGWKDW
FOD\SDUWLFOHVUHVWULFWRUKLQGHUHGWKHFUDFNSURSDJDWLRQGXULQJDSSOLHGORDGEHIRUHIUDFWXUH%XWVLQFHFOD\SDUWLFOHV
QRWGLVWULEXWHGXQLIRUPO\LQZWFOD\IUDFWXUHVWUHQJWKRI 31& LVIRXQGWREHGHFUHDVHG,WLVDOVRIRXQGWKDWDV
FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI FOD\ LQFUHDVHV DERYH  ZW WKHQ QXPEHU RI IUDFWXUH OLQHV DOVR LQFUHDVHV ZKLFK SURGXFHV YHU\

Bhagwan F. Jogi et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 787 794

URXJK VXUIDFH RI 31& ,W VHHPV DGGLWLRQ RI FOD\ PDNHV V\VWHP EULWWOH EHFDXVH VLOLFDWH OD\HUV FRPH EHWZHHQ WKH
HSR[\FKDLQVDQGGHFUHDVHLQWHUOLQNLQJ

)LJ ;5'RI1DQRPHU,(DQGQHDWHSR[\ SKUDQGSKUHSR[\&7%1EOHQGVZLWKYDU\LQJFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIFOD\


;D[LVLQGLFDWHVSRVLWLRQDQJOHLQ c<D[LVLQGLFDWHVFRXQWV

D SKU QHDWHSR[\
E SKU HSR[\&7%1
F SKU HSR[\&7%1 ZWFOD\
)LJ 6(0 RIFU\RIUDFWXUHGVXUIDFHV VKRZLQJSKDVHVHSDUDWLRQEHWZHHQSXUHHSR[\DQGHSR[\ZLWKUXEEHUDQGFOD\

&RQFOXVLRQ
,Q VKRUW UXEEHU WRXJKHQHG HSR[\&7%1 SRO\PHU EOHQG ZDV SUHSDUHG 7KH HSR[\&7%1 FOD\ FRPSRVLWHV ZHUH
VXFFHVVIXOO\ V\QWKHVL]HG 7KH FOD\ FRPSRVLWHV FRQWDLQLQJ  ZW FOD\ UHLQIRUFHPHQW H[KLELWHG WKH LPSURYHG
PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV FRPSDUHG WR RWKHU FRPSRVLWLRQV 7KH DGGLWLRQ RI  ZW RI FOD\ LPSURYHG WHQVLOH VWUHQJWK
DURXQG  WHQVLOH PRGXOXV DURXQG  DQG HORQJDWLRQ DW EUHDN GHFUHDVHG E\  WKDQ SXUH HSR[\&7%1
SRO\PHUEOHQGV6WRUDJHPRGXOXVDQGORVVPRGXOXVZHUHIRXQGWREHGHFUHDVHGDVFRPSDUHGWRSXUHVDPSOHVIRURQ
UHLQIRUFLQJ FOD\ DV ILOOHU )RU SKU HSR[\&7%1  FRPSRVLWLRQ  ZW RI FOD\ VDPSOH VKRZV KLJKHU VWRUDJH
PRGXOXVDQGORVVPRGXOXV IRU31&DVFRPSDUHGWRRWKHUFOD\ VDPSOHV 7KHFOD\UHLQIRUFHPHQWLQFUHDVHVWKH7 J RI
WKHV\VWHPDVFRPSDUHGWRQHDWV\VWHP,WLVYHULILHGWKURXJK'6&DQG'07$FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ 6(0H[KLELWH[WHQW
RIGLVSHUVLRQRI QDQRILOOHULQWRHSR[\&7%1EDVHGSRO\PHU QDQRFRPSRVLWHV +HQFHLW PD\EHFRQFOXGHGWKDW WKH
HSR[\&7%1FOD\SRO\PHUQDQRFRPSRVLWHV\VWHPLVRSWLPL]HG
5HIHUHQFHV
*RMQ\)+:LFKPDQQ0+.RSNH*8)LHOGH%6FKXOWH5.  &DUERQQDQRWXEHVUHLQIRUFHGHSR[\FRPSRVLWHVHQKDQFHGVWLIIQHVV
DQGIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVDWORZQDQRWXEHVFRQWHQW- &RPSRVLWHV6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\
+DJJHQPXHOOHU 5 *RPPDQV ++ 5LQ]OHU $ * )LVFKHU -( :LQH\ .,  $OLJQHG VLQJOHZDOO FDUERQQDQRWXEHVLQ FRPSRVLWHV E\
PHOW SURFHVVLQJPHWKRGV&KHPLFDO3K\VLFV/HWWHUV 
+ROJHU:3RO\PHU6FLHQFH
,LMLPD6  &DUERQQDQRWXEHV1DWXUH
.DJDQRYVNLL<63DULWVND\D/11DOZD+6'LIIXVLRQLQ1DQRPDWHULDOV (QF\ORSHGLD RI1DQRVFLHQFHDQG1DQRWHFKQRORJ\
/R]DQR . %DUUHUD (9  1DQRILEHUUHLQIRUFHG WKHUPRSODVWLF FRPSRVLWHV , 7KHUPRDQDO\WLFDO DQG PHFKDQLFDO DQDO\VHV -RXUQDO RI
$SSOLHG3RO\PHU6FLHQFH

793

794

Bhagwan F. Jogi et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 787 794

0DULD ' 6DOLQDV5XL] 0 6NRUGRV $$ ,YDQD .  5XEEHUWRXJKHQHG HSR[\ ORDGHG ZLWK FDUERQ QDQRWXEHV VWUXFWXUHSURSHUW\
UHODWLRQVKLSV -RXUQDORI0DWHULDO6FLHQFH
0F*DUU\)- ,Q 3RO\PHU7RXJKHQLQJ$UHQGV&%HG0DUFHO'HNNHU,QF1HZ<RUN
0F*DUU\)-:LOOQHU$06XOWDQ-17RXJKHQLQJRIJODVV\FURVVOLQNHGSRO\PHUZLWKHODVWRPHULFLQFOXVLRQV&LYLO(QJJ'HSW5HSRUW5
0DVVDFKXVHWWV,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJ\&DPEULGJH
0HLQFNH2.DHPSIHU':HLFNPDQQD+)ULHGULFK&9DWKDXHU0:DUWK +0HFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVDQGHOHFWULFDOFRQGXFWLYLW\RI
FDUERQQDQRWXEH ILOOHGSRO\DPLGHDQGLWVEOHQGVZLWKDFU\ORQLWULOHEXWDGLHQHVW\UHQH3RO\PHU
2VXPL<7KUHH%RQG7HFKQLFDO1HZV,VVXHG2FWREHU 
3|WVFKNH3$EGHO*RDG0$OLJ,'XGNLQ6/HOOLQJHU'5KHRORJLFDODQG GLHOHFWULFDOFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIPHOWPL[HGSRO\FDUERQDWH
PXOWLZDOOHGFDUERQQDQRWXEHVFRPSRVLWH3RO\PHU
3|WVFKNH3%KDWWDFKDU\D$5-DQNH$*RHULQJ+0HOWPL[LQJRISRO\FDUERQDWHZLWK0:&17PLFURVFRSLFVWXGLHVRQWKHVWDWHRI
GLVSHUVLRQ(XURSHDQ3RO\PHU-RXUQDO
3|WVFKNH3)URQHV7'3DXO'5 %HKDYLRURI0XOWLZDOOHG&DUERQ1DQRWXEH3RO\FDUERQDWH&RPSRVLWHV 3RO\PHU
5DWQD'+DQGERRNRIWKHUPRVHWUHVLQV6PLWKHUV5DSUD7HFKQRORJ\/RQGRQ8.
6DOYHWDW-3$QGUHZ*%ULJJV'%RQDUG-0 %DFVD55.XOLN$-6W|FNOL7%XUQKDP1$)RUUR/ 3K\V5HY /HWW

6DQFKH] & -XOLDQ % %HOOHYLOOH 3 3RSDOO 0  *HQHUDO VWUDWHJ\ IRU WKH GHVLJQ RI IXQFWLRQDO K\EULG PDWHULDOV -RXUQDO RI 0DWHULDOV
FKHPLVWU\  
6FKDHIHU:'-XVWLFH65+RZQDQRDUHQDQRFRPSRVLWHV0DFURPROHFXOHV 

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen