PEMIPAAN GAS BUMI

TEKNOLOGI DAN KEEKONOMIAN

(1)

Dr.Ir. Asep Handaya Saputra, MEng.

Natural Gas Transportation

Pipeline
Liquefied natural gas (LNG)
Compressed natural gas (CNG)
SUPPLY

Gas to Solid (GTS)

MARKETS

Gas to Liquids (GTL)

Gas to Chemicals (GTC)
Gas to Wire (GTW)

Physical conversion

: pipeline, CNG, LNG, GTS

Chemical conversion

: GTL, GTC, GTW

Natural gas transportation

Concept (I)

Source: Hetland

Natural Gas Transportation

- Concept (II) -

Source:Verghese

Introduction to Pipelines
Pipeline History
Map of Gas Transportation
Gas Pipeline System
Pipeline Design

Pipeline History
Distance between Natural Gas Resources
and the Market needs cost effective
Natural Gas transportation
Transportation of Natural Gas:

Pipeline
LNG
CNG
Hydrate

Gas Pipelines
Cheapest and easiest way to transport gas
Can have an inner diameter that is usually
between 12 and 42 inches
Can be built above the surface, because it is
the cheapest way
In more urban, environmentally sensitive or
dangerous areas, they are buried
underground at a depth of one meter
Can be built underwater

Natural Gas Value of Chain

- from wellhead to burner-tip

Natural gas Pipeline

Information in Map of
Gas Pipeline
Major receipt and delivery points
Yearly average gas flows (MMcf/d)
Flow directions on mainlines
Owners, operators, and total miles of
pipelines
The number of compressors and total
system horsepower (HP)
Seasonal storage (Bcf) Gas supply and
market zones
Shows the exact position of gas pipelines

MASTER PLAN ON NATIONAL NATURAL GAS TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

NETWORK
(MPNNGTDN)

INDONESIA

Note :
Indonesian Government provides the
pipeline map on detailed region

LEGEND
Category I : Open Access
(Unbidded)
Planed Pipeline
- Development Principle Agreement
- Principle Agreement, installed
Planned Distribution Network
Region
- Principle Agreement , installed

Category I: Open Access

Category II: Downstream Dedicated

Existed Pipeline

Existed Pipeline

Planned Pipeline, Bidding

Planned Pipeline

Existed Distribution
Network Region
Planned Distribution Network
Region, Bidding

Category III: Upstream Dedicated

Gas
Resource

Petrochemical,
Steel Factory

Customer

Power Plant

Compressor

Region Boundary

Regulator

Existed Pipeline

City

Planned Pipeline

Refinery

DEVELOPMENT OF TRANS JAVA GAS PIPELINE

MUARA
TAWAR
CILAMAYA

CILEGON

CIREBON
SEMARANG

GRESIK

CEPU

PAGERUNGAN

PORONG

Track 1: GRESIK SEMARANG 250 KM

Estimated INVESTMENT US$ 175 MILLION
Track 2: CIREBON - SEMARANG 230 KM
Estimated INVESTMENT US$ 260 MILLION
ESTIMATED TIME OF CONSTRUCTION : 3 YEAR

Legend
Existing

Pipeline from Sumatera (under construction)

Planning TJGP

Pipeline from Kalimantan

Pipeline Map of USA

Gas Pipeline System

Low Pressure
: < 100 mbar
Medium Pressure : 100 mbar < P < 4 bar
High Pressure
: > 4 bar
Transmisi
: >16 bar

DEVELOPING CONCEPT OF
NATIONAL NATURAL GAS TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

PROPOSAL

Indonesian Gvt.
Local Gvt.
.
.
State Enterprise
Local Enterprise
Gvt. Institution .
Non Gvt. Institution
.

Indonesian Gvt.
Local Gvt.
State Enterprise
Local Enterprise
Gvt. Institution
Non Gvt. Institution

JUDGEMENT

Private
Enterprise x

Private
Enterprise x

OWNER

OPERATOR

UTILITY
TYPE

NETWORK
TYPE

State
Enterprise

OPEN ACCESS

State Enterprise

COMERCIAL
& TECHNICAL

M
P
N
N
G
T
D
N

Comercial

CATEGORY I

Territorial
Private
Enterprise Enterprise

BP MIGAS

State
Enterprise
Private
Teritorial
Enterprise Enterprise

Transmission.
BIDDING Pipeline Segment
.
Distribution
Network

License :
Commerce
Transportation

Special Rights :
OPEN ACCESS

CATEGORY I

Private
Enterprise

Comercial

DIRECTORATE
GENERAL
OF
OIL AND GAS

Special Rights :
Territorial
Enterprise

State
Enterprise
SOCIAL,
POLITICAL,
& TECHNICAL

BPH MIGAS

State
Enterprise

Private
Enterprise

Private Enterprise

State
Enterprise x

FUNDING

Indonesian
Gvt.
Teritorial Gvt.

SOCIAL,
POLITICAL,
& TECHNICAL

State Enterprise
Local Enterprise

MPNNGTDN

Transmission
.
BIDDING Pipeline Segment
.
Distribution
Network

License :
Commerce
Transportation

Special Rights :
OPEN ACCESS

CATEGORY I

Private
Enterprise

COMERCIAL
& TECHNICAL

Comercial

Private
Private
Enterprise x Enterprise x

Fully Dedicated
Shared Dedicated

CATAGORY II

COMERCIAL
& TECHNICAL

Comercial

State
Private
Enterprise x Enterprise x

Fully Dedicated
Shared Dedicated

CATAGORY III

Transmission.
BIDDING Pipeline
. Segment
Distribution
Network

License :
Commerce
Transportation

License :
Commerce
Transportation

SHARING
CONTRACT

PIPELINE DESIGN

PIPELINE DESIGN
Supply and demand
Route, topography, and
access
Crossing
Fluid properties
Design conditions
Environment: Social,
Hydrological, Seismic and
Volcanic impacts
ROW (Right Of Way)

Code and Standard

Capacity, load factor
Distance, location
Flow equation
Pipeline materials
The need for compression
Onshore vs. Offshore
Pipeline hydraulic and sizing

Supply, Demand & Route Selection

The location of supply and demand points
determines the pipeline route and the
location of facilities and control points (river
crossing, mountain passes, heavily
populated area)
The estimated future demand determines
the optimum pipeline facilities size and
location.

Route Selection Analisys

Optimal Route must consider:

Cost efficiency
Pipeline Integrity
Environment Impacts
Public Safety
Land-use constraints
Restricted proximity to existing facilities
Source: Mohitpour

Preliminary Route Selection

Identification of supply ad destination points
(1:50.000 map)
Identification of control points on the map
Plot shortest route considering areas of major
concern (high peak, lakes, etc.)
Plot of the selected route on aerial photograph and
analysis the selected route
Refinement of the selected route to accommodate
better terrain, easier crossing, etc.
To ensure the pipeline route perform detailed
survey

Safety Consideration
Routing of the pipeline considering population density
regions, housing proximity, housing density and other
human activity concentrations e.g. sports centers,
hotels, industrial facilities, theaters, convention halls,
army camps, markets, main roads, agricultural
activities and fuel and dangerous materials depots,
power stations, communication centers.
Distances to human activity centers from natural gas
pipelines as may be determined by the effects caused
by a gas leak and the safety limits imposed.

CROSSING
Railroad
Highway, secondary road
Pipeline Crossing
Canal, irrigation ditch
Rivers
Meter Station
Other underground facilities

Fluid Properties
Following properties have to be calculated for
gas at specific temperature and pressure
Specific volume
Compressibility factor especially for high
pressure
Specific heat
Viscosity
Joule-Thompson Coefficient

GROUND PIPELINE
Must consider the ground conditions (daya dukung
tanah):
Ground Temperature
Soil Heat Conductivity kebutuhan dari proteksi
katodik
Soil Density untuk clay
Soil Specific Heat
Depth of Burial

Guideline for Low

Environmental Impact (1)
Compliance
Legislation compliance
Environmental guideline compliance
Recommendation by
volcanologist/geologist/seismic consultant

Soil Erosion Protection

Erosion process and types
Erosion risk assessment

Guideline for Low

Environmental Impact (2)
Water Quality Protection
Baseline water quality
Water analysis / quality index
Impact and mitigation measures

Archeological heritage protection

Historical resources
Archeological resources

Protection of gas pipeline

ROW (Right of Way) preparation
ROW width during construction

Protection from hydrological impact

RIGHT OF WAY (ROW)

What is a right of way?
A right of way is an area of land protecting the natural gas
transmission pipelines that run beneath it. The right of way
is kept clear of major vegetation and obstructions in order
to ensure clear sightlines and easy access to the pipeline
for operation, maintenance and emergency response
purposes. The depths vary and must be confirmed
Pipeline ROW must complies with environmental and
safety regulations (soil, water, archeological, etc.)

Safety Zone
Safety zone on either side of the ROW to
protect the pipeline, the environment and you

Code and Standard

Source: Mohitpour

KLASIFIKASI TEKANAN GAS

NO
.

KLASIFIKASI
TEKANAN

1.

Ekstra Tinggi

2.

Sangat Tinggi

3.

Tinggi

4.

Menengah

5.

Rendah

6.

Sangat Rendah

PT
PERTAMINA
(bar)

PT PGN
(bar)

National
Transmission
System (England)

USULAN
KLASIFIKAS
I (kg/cm2)
>100
>50 100

> 16

> 16

> 10 - 16

> 4-16

> 2 bar 7 bar

(Intermediate)

>16 - 50

5 - 10

1- 4

> 7,5 mbar 2 bar

(Medium)

>4 - 16

<5

<1

< 7,5 mbar

(Low)

>1 - 4
<1

Catatan: Usulan klasifikasi Berdasarkan Kepmen 300.K/38/M.PE/1997

29

Flow equation

- Fanning friction factor

Flow Equation
(P-L-D-Q)

Flow Equation
Compressible fluid PV=ZRT
P12-P22 ( 58 G H Pave2/R Tave Zave)
Qb = gc R/1,856) (ZbTb/Pb) -----------------------------------------------Zave Tave G L
where
Qb
H
G
P1
P2
L
f
1/f
D

= base gas flow rate, mmscfd

= elevation change, ft
= gas gravity, Mgas/Mair
= gas inlet pressure, psia
= gas outlet pressure, psia
= pipe length, ft
= friction coefficient, = transmission factor (for pressure
drop calculation)
= inside diameter of the pipeline, inch

1/f . D2.5

Qb ~ 1/f
Qb ~ D2.5

Source: Mohitpour

Source: Mohitpour

Formula for Specific Applications

Formula

Usage

Panhandle A
(Partially Turbulent)

Medium to large diameter, moderate gas flow rate,

medium to high pressure

AGA
(Partially Turbulent)

Medium diameter, medium flow rate and high pressure

Panhandle B
(Fully Turbulent)

High flow rate and large diameter (more than NPS 24),
high pressure

Weymouth
(Fully Turbulent)

High flow rate, large diameter, high pressure, for

distribution network

AGA
(Fully Turbulent)

High pressure, high flow rate and medium to large

diameter pipeline

Colebrooke-White

Partially and Fully Turbulent, suitable for transition zone,

large diameter, high pressure, medium to high flow rate
Source: Mohitpour

Flow equation
P vs. Qb

P12-P22 = K Qbn
K

Qb

= Pipeline total resistance

= R x L, R resistance per foot of pipeline
L the length of pipeline in feet
= Gas flow rate in base condition

= flow-rate exponent

Flow Equation

- Resistance factor and flow-rate exponent

Source: Mohitpour

Impact of different parameters on flow capacity

Source: Mohitpour

Pressure drop for pipeline in series

and parallel
P1

P2
D1

K1

Qb

P3

D2 K2 Qb

P1 2- P22 = K1 Qbn

P4
D3 K3

Qb

P12- P42 = Kt Qbn

P2 2- P32 = K2 Qbn

Kt = K1 + K2 + K3

P32- P42 = K3 Qbn

Qb1
Qb
P1 2- P22 = K1 Qb1n
P1 2- P22 = K2 Qb2n

P1

K1
D1

Qb2

K2

P2 Qb
Qb = Qb1 + Qb2

D2
Source: Mohitpour

Gas velocity and Erosional Velocity

Erosional velocity (above which the inner wall
of pipe is eroded) for compressible fluid

ue= C/0.5

C = a constant within the range 75 < C < 150

For gas transmission C =100

ue= 100/(29 G P/Z R T)0.5

Recommended gas velocity = 40-50% of
erosional velocity (10-17 m/sec)

Pipeline Design
Maximum allowable pressure
P = (2St/D) x F x L x E x T
where
P = design pressure, lb/in2
S = Specified Minimum Yield Strength (SMYS), lb/in2
t = wall thickness, in
D= nominal outside diameter, in
F= design factor
E= longitudinal joint factor
L= location factor
T= temperature derating factor

Source: Mohitpour

SMYS for Steel and Iron Pipe

SMYS for Steel and Iron Pipe

Pipeline Materials
1. Ensure that the material selected will perform safely, reliably,
and efficiently
2. Material performance criteria:
-

The toughness level is specified to reduce the risk of fracture

initiation and propagation
Sufficient strength is selected to safely withstand the design
pressure
Restriction on carbon & chemical composition of the materials
are specified to help ensure good weld-ability
Risk of fit-up problem is reduced by placing tight limits on
dimensional tolerances
Inspection procedures are specified to ensure that components
are free of defects and that sound workmanship and
manufacturing standard are followed.

Source: Mohitpour

Type of Materials
Steel Pipe
API 5L, ASTM A 53, ASTM A 106, ASTM A 134, ASTM A 135,
ASTM A 139, ASTM A 333, ASTM A 38, ASTM A 671, ASTM A
672

Iron Pipe
Ductile iron pipe manufactured in accordance with ANSI A21.52

Plastic Pipe
ASTM D 2513 - Thermoplastic Gas Pressure Pipe, Tubing, and
Fittings
ASTM D 2517 - Reinforced Epoxy Resin Gas Pressure Pipe and
Fittings

j = T/P or T/L
T2= (T1-Tg + j/a)/

eaL

+ Tg j/a

Where
T1= inlet gas temperature, oF
T2= outlet gas temperature, oF
Tg= ground temperature, oF
j = Joule-Thompson Effect, oF/psi or oF/ft
a = d U/ m Cp, ft-1

Gas temperature > freezing temperature

This formulae is for effects of JT and heat
convection to ground on T2

Gas temperature

Temperature Output Prediction

using J-T effect
Gas temperature profile
Ground (soil) temperature

Pipe length

COMPRESSOR - TYPE
Positive Displacement (high pressure drop)
Reciprocating Compressor
Rotary Compressor

Dynamic (high flow)

Centrifugal (radial) compressor
Axial Compressor

COMPRESSOR - DRIVERS
Gas turbine
Electric motor
Steam turbine

Critical Offshore Issues

Type of Subsea pipeline (1)

Flowlines (Intrafield lines)
A flowline to connect a well to a platform or sub-sea manifold. Usually
the line has a small diameter and may be bundled. The flowline is used
where reservoir pressure is sufficient to flow the fluid through the line
without boost.
Gathering Lines (Interfield lines)
A gathering line connects from one (multiwell) platform to another
platform and is usually a small to medium line but can be large
diameter too. The line may be a bundled oil, gas, condensate, or twophase flow. The range of operating pressure is usually between 1,0001,400 psi. Flow in the line is done by booster pumps or compressors
which are often installed on the platform. A gathering line may also
transmit the product from drilling platform to separate production
platform.

Source: Mousselli

Type of Subsea pipeline (2)

Trunk Lines
A trunk line handles the combined flow from one or many platforms
to shore. The line is usually of a large diameter and can be either
be oil or gas. Booster pumps or compressors must be provided at
intermediate platforms for very long trunk lines. A trunk line is
usually a common carrier, carrying product owned by many
producers.
Loading (Unloading) Lines
These lines usually connects a production platform and a loading
facility or subsea manifold and a loading facility. The lines can be
small or large diameter and carry liquid only.

Source: Mousselli

Offshore Pipeline Design

Submarine-Pipeline Design
Considerations
Line sizing
Route selection
Hydrodynamic stability
analysis
Solid liquefaction analysis
Solid movement analysis
Ice movement and sour data
Pipe protection
method/burial requirement
Pipe buckling analysis
Thermal load//flexibility
analysis

Pipe lay analysis (vessel

motion, tension, stinger)
Route plant and profiles
Riser design
Connection tie-in safety joint
design
Shore crossing design
Permit application and
design report
Specifications, materials,
installations

Source: Mousselli

Design condition
Some of the factors which may influence the safety and
reliability of an offshore pipeline and riser include:
(a) waves
(b) current
(c) marine soils
(d) wind
(e) ice
(f) seismic activity
(g) temperature
(h) pressure
(i) water depth
(j) support settlement
(k) accidental loads
(l) commercial shipping (n) fishing/shrimping activities
The design of offshore pipelines is often controlled by
installation considerations rather than by operating load
conditions

Source: ASME

Route selection
Avoid bottom obstruction or possible pipe
spans
Avoid other pipeline crossing whenever
possible
Avoid anchoring areas
Minimize pipe length in unstable sea floor
Avoid any mounted obstruction and
depressions which may cause spans
In mud-flow areas, minimize any soilmovement risk of damage to the pipe

Source: Mousselli

Sizing Consideration
Type of hydrocarbon contents
Throughput
Compressor capacity
Pressure loss along the pipe length and pipeline
route
Flow and hydraulic calculations to account for
friction losses between contents and the pipeline
Offshore pipeline standard

DNV OS-F101
ASME B31.S-199
Source: Mousselli

Material Specification
Depending on:
water depth, water temperature, internal pressure, product composition,
product temperature, installation method and/or other loading conditions.
Thus, consideration may include one or more of the following:
(a) wall thickness tolerance
(b) outside diameter tolerance
(c) out-of-roundness
(d) maximum and minimum yield and tensile strengths
(e) maximum carbon equivalent
(f) fracture toughness
(g) hardness
(h) hydrostatic testing and other mechanical testing

Source: ASME

BUCKLING

Source: B M T F l e e t T e c h n o l o g y

Interconnectivity of Buckle
Formation & Design

Source: John Hooper

Typical Pipeline Buckle & Arrestors

Source: Mousselli

Hydrodynamics Force on Pipe

Source: Mousselli

Grain Transport & Vortex

Source: Mousselli

Source: Mousselli

Offshore Pipeline
Installation

Installation Methods
Lay barge method
Reel barge method
Bottom-pull
Tow

Source: Mousselli

Lay-barge and Reel-barge

Methods

Source: Mousselli

Surface and Below-Surface Tow

Source: Mousselli

Bottom Tow

Source: Mousselli

Operational Design Considerations

Loading Classifications. All parts of the offshore pipeline and riser
system shall be designed for the most critical combinations of
operational and design environmental loads, acting concurrently, to
which the system may be subjected.
Operational Loads. Operational loads that shall be considered are
those forces imposed on the pipeline system under static
environmental conditions (i.e., excluding wind, waves, current, and
other dynamic loadings).
Design Environmental Loads. Loadings that should be considered
under this category include, as appropriate, those arising due to waves,
current, wind, seismic events, accidental loadings (e.g., trawl boards,
anchors), dynamic soil induced loadings (e.g., mudslides, liquefaction),
ice loads (e.g., weight, floating impacts, scouring)

Source: ASME

Pipeline maintenance
Pipeline Patrolling
Each operating company shall maintain a periodic pipeline
patrolling program to observe conditions on and adjacent
to the pipeline right-of-way, indication of leaks, construction
activity other than that performed by the company, and any
other factors affecting the safety and operation of the
pipeline. These inspections should be made as often as
necessary to maintain the integrity of the pipeline. Records
of these inspections shall be maintained for the life of the
facility
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs)

Source: ASME

Satelite Monitoring

PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION

Horizontal Directional Drilling

Compressed Natural
Gas (CNG)

Asep Handaya Saputra

Outline
Introduction
CNG/BBG/NGV
CNG Terrestrial/Trucking
CNG Marine
CNG for Peak Hour Power Plant

THE KEY ELEMENTS TO PROMOTE GAS

INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA
GAS INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

SOURCE OF
GAS

DOMESTIC
DEMAND

GAS PRICING
MECHANISM

- ENERGY POLICY
- INCENTIVE
PACKAGES
- RULE OF BUSINESS

REGIONAL
DEMAND
COMPETITION

- GEOPOLITICS
- ENERGY SHORTAGE

Physical Transportation

Pipeline transporting natural gas in a gaseous phase (200-1000 psi)

LNG volume reduction = 1/600, at -160oC , Floating LNG, Small

Scale LNG

CNG volume reduction = 1/280 at 2850 psig, 0 oC

volume reduction = 1/133 at 1400 psig, 0 oC

Indonesia Supply Demand

Natuna

9.70
North Sumatra

Proven : 91.17 tcf

Potential : 86.96 tcf
Total
: 178.13 tcf

54.25

1.05
Central Sumatra

44.55

19.34

East Kalimantan

~3

Papua

South Sumatra

33.43
6.77

Potential
Gas markets
& Exports

Natural gas
Utilization

West Java

4.13

5.41

South Sulawesi

East Java

Challenges: simplest fossil molecule, cleaner fuel,

high price of crude oil (~ 50 US$/bbl)
Obstacles: high cost of transportation, stranded gas
(no economic transport solution/remote, marginal fields)
Alternative: Emerging Gas Technologies Mini LNG & CNG

BUSINESS SEGMENTS IN GAS INDUSTRY

Gas Flow
SC : Small Customer
MC : Medium Customer
BC : Big Customer
(Customer Classification
Based on Quantity)

Exploration/Exploitation
Business

Processing
Business

Transportation
Business

Storage
Business

Trading
Business
Trader
Trader

Shipment
LNG
Refinery

Receiving
Terminal

Trader

Transmission
General
Trading/
Trader

LPG
Refinery

Export
LNG
LPG
Gas
Import/Do
mestic
GAS
LNG
LPG/CNG
SC, MC,
BC
SC, MC,
BC

Distribution
Exploration

Exploitation
Sea / Land
Transportation

GTL/CNG
Facilities

Upstream

Storage/
Bottling

General
Trading/
Trader

SC, MC, BC

Sea / Land
Transportation

Downstream

End Users

CNG/NGV/BBG

CNG Terrestrial

CNG Terrestrial
Teknologi penyimpanan gas alam
menggunakan media pipa/bejana
bertekanan tinggi (s.d. 3000 psig,
temperature ruang) untuk
memudahkan transportasi gas alam
khususnya melalui jalur darat.
Modul CNG dapat dipasang pada
truk, gerbong kereta

Sistem Transportasi CNG Terrestrial

Production

CNG
Transport

Costumers
MAKE-UP
TRANSMISSION

INDUSTRY
COMMERCIAL
&
HOUSEHOLD
TRANSPORTATION

Skenario Gas Treating dan Loading CNG

Model 1 : Sumur berdekatan dengan infrastruktur jalan

Gas Field
Skid Mounted
Gas Treating

Loading Point

Gas Delivery Trailer

Model 2 : Sumur jauh dari infrastruktur jalan

Gas Field

Pipeline

Skid Mounted
Gas Treating

Loading Point

Gas Delivery Trailer

Skenario Gas Treating dan Loading CNG

Model 3 : Dua atau lebih sumur berdekatan dengan infrastruktur jalan

Gas Field A

Gathering
Point

Gas Field B

Skid Mounted
Gas Treating

Loading Point

Gas Delivery Trailer

CNG Energy Group

Product Volume (Nominal)
Number of Tube

CNG

10

12

16

154,425
scf

193,245
scf

231,894
scf

321,360
scf

Tube Information
Spec

DOT 3AAX

Length

344

36

36

36

36

O.D

18

22

22

22

22

Pressure

3855 psi

2700 psi

2700 psi

2700 psi

2900 psi

Fiba Tech

FIBA TECHNOLOGIES,Inc :
Modular Trailer
Product Volume (Nominal)
Number of Tube

18

27

36

45

54

CNG

33,960
scf

51,038 scf

68,051
scf

85,064
scf

102,077 scf

Tube Information
Spec
Length
O.D
Pressure

DOT 3A-2400
206

206

206

206

206

9 5/8

10 5/8

11 5/8

12 5/8

13 5/8

2400 psi

Wellship

Weldship Fabrication

Doc. Asep HS

Weldship Corporation :
Super Jumbo Trailer
Product Volume (Nominal)
Number
OfTubes

10

Methane

125,096 cf
3540 m3

145,945 cf
4130 m3

166,795 cf
4720 m3

Trailer Specs
Length

43 ft
13.1 m

43 ft
13.1 m

43 ft
13.1 m

Width

8 ft
2.4 m

8 ft
2.4 m

8 ft
2.4 m

Height

8.5 ft
2.6 m

8.5 ft
2.6 m

8.5 ft
2.6 m

Weight (3AAX)

40,000 lbs
19,777 kg

49,400 lbs
22,408 kg

55,200 lbs
25,039 kg

Weldship Corporation:
Jumbo Tube Trailer Type
Product Volume (Nominal)
Number of
Tubes

10

Methane

107,860 scf
3052 m3

143,814scf
4070 m3

179,768 scf
5141 m3

Trailer Specs
Length

37 ft
11.3 m

37 ft
11.3 m

38 ft
11.3 m

Width

8 ft
2.4 m

8 ft
2.4 m

8 ft
2.4 m

Height

8.5 ft
2.6 m

8.5 ft
2.6 m

10.5 ft
3.2 m

Weight (3AAX)

37,000 lbs
16,783 kg

47,000 lbs
21,319 kg

57,000 lbs
25,855 kg

Weldship Corporation :
Standard Tube Trailer
Product Volume (Nominal)

Methane

Number of 9 Tubes

18

27

30

36

38

45

49

54

36,277 cf
1027 m3

54,426 cf
1540 m3

60,473 cf
1711 m3

72,568 cf
2054 m3

76,600 cf
2168 m3

90,710 cf
2567 m3

98,773 cf
2795 m3

108,852 cf
3081 m3

Trailer Specs

Length

24 ft
7.3 m

24.2 ft
7.4 m

24 ft
7.3 m

24.2 ft
7.4 m

24 ft
7.3 m

24.2 ft
7.4 m

26 ft
7.9 m

24.2 ft
7.4 m

Width

7 ft
2.1 m

8 ft
2.4 m

8 ft
2.4 m

8 ft
2.4 m

8 ft
2.4 m

8 ft
2.4 m

8 ft
2.4 m

8 ft
2.4 m

Height

7 ft
2.1 m

7.6 ft
2.3 m

8.5 ft
2.6 m

8.5 ft
2.6 m

9.2 ft
2.8 m

9.2 ft
2.8 m

10.1 ft
3.1 m

10.5 ft
3.2 m

Weight

17,500 lbs
7988 kg

24,400 lbs
11,068 kg

26,000 lbs
11,794 kg

30,700 lbs
13,926 kg

32,000 lbs
14,515 kg

38,000 lbs
17,237 kg

38,000 lbs
17,237 kg

44,300 lbs
20,094 kg

Truck Mounted
FRP Vessel for CNG

CNG Marine

Case : CNG Marine

Stranded gas

CNG
Marine
< 3000 km

Potential Market
Java/Bali

Stranded Gas/
Field Gas

CNG Process

CNG Specification
Component
Methane
Ethane

Limit
min. 88%
max. 6%

C3 +

max. 3%

Oxygen
CO2+N2
Sulphur

max. 1%
range 1.5-4.5% (CO2 maks 3%)
max. 16 ppm (H2S mak 4 ppm)

Water

max. 65-112 mg/m3 (4-7 lb/MMscf)

Wobbe Index

46-52 MJ/m

Logistic Equations
-Tug speed
: 12 knot
- GTM Volume : 134 MMscf
- Load Factor : 100 %

tloading (h)

Vb arge ( MMscf )
Rate _ gasl ( MMscfd )

x 24h

Dis tan ce(km)

ttravel (h)
Tugspeed(km / h)
Number _ B arg e

t roundtrip (h)
tloading (h)

tloading (h) tunloading(h)

troundtrip (h) tloading 2 * ttravel tunloading

Number _ Tug

2 * ttravel (h)
Number _ B arg e
t roundtrip (h)

CNG Marine Technology

Provider
COSELLE
(USA)
TransCANADA (Canada )
VOTRANS
(USA)
TransOCEAN (Canada)
KNUTSEN
(Norwegia)

COSELLE (USA)

COSSELE (USA)

Coselle Stack design

stacking & support

Cosselle arrangement in
barge

Cosselle arrangement in
barge

COSSELLE CNG TUG & BARGE

SYSTEM

Votrans-Enersea (USA)

Votrans pressure vessel

specification

Votrans pressure vessel

Pressurized tube configurations

in Votrans CNG ship

Pressurized tube configurations

in Votrans CNG ship

TransCanada
Specification
Storage Capacity

Barge mounted 25+ mmscf ship up to 1 bcf

Storage System

Pressure vessel consists of a high strength steel

inner liner and heads and wrapped with
external glass fiber.
Weight is 60% of equivalent steel vessel

Storage vessel size

42 to 60 inch diameter, 20, 40, 80 ft long

Gas Pressure

Up to 3600 psi (1500 psi minimum)

Gas Temperature

Ambient

Vessel Size

Typical size 3200 dwt

Gas Transport Module

(GTM)

Composite Materials

Composite Layer

Doc. Asep HS

Demonstration GTM

Burst Test

Hydrostatic & Cycle Test

CNG Ship & Barge

mounted module

Large Articulated Tug Barge

(AT/B)

TransCanada

TransOcean (Canada)
Specification
Storage Capacity

150 mmcf to 1.2 bcf

Storage System

Pressure vessel consists of a high density polyethylene liner with

stainless steel end bosses and wrapped with external glass
and/or carbon fiber. Weight is one third of equivalent steel
vessel

Storage vessel size

42 to 60 inch diameter, 40 to 120 ft long

Gas Pressure

3600 psi

Gas Temperature

5 oC

Vessel Size

Panamax for 500 mmscf

TransOcean Module

TransOcean CNG ship

Knutsen (Norway)

Knutsen Large Size

Knutsen Transportation
system specification
Standard Size

Small Size

Large Size

2672

870

3900

20 MSm3

3.4 MSm3

30 MSm3

Length, o.a

276 m

182 m

325 m

Length, b.p

260 m

171.5 m

311 m

Beam (Bm)

54 m

29 m

59 m

Dm

29 m

16 m

29 m

13.5 m

8.5 m

15 m

Tballast abt.

11 m

7.3 m

11.6 m

DWT up to

20000 tons

3500 tons

30000 tons

Service Speed

15.5 knots

18 knots

18 knots

Specification
No. of gas Cylinders
Volume of Gas Carried

Tdesign

Pipe Data
42 in Dia.
19-38 m legth
Steel High Strength (X80)

Licensors Comparison
Parameter

Licensors
Cossele

Vortrans

TransOcean

TransCanada

Knutsen

263

389

111

248

267

Material

Carbon
Steel

Carbon Steel

Fiber
Reinforced
Plastic

Composite
Pressure
Vessel

Carbon Steel

Maturity

Prototype
Testing

Prototype
Testing

Prototype
Testing

Prototype
Testing

Prototype
Testing

a. Loading/Unloading

STL

STL

FPSO

FPSO

STL

b. Temperature (oC)

100

-20

Ambient

Ambient

c. Pressure (psi)

3600

1885

3600

3600

3640

Safety

Good

Good

Moderate

Moderate

Moderate

Certification

ABS,
DNV

ABS, DNV

ABS

ABS

DNV

Moderate

More expensive
in total

More
expensive

More
expensive

Steel pipe $200/t

> Coselle pipe

Ratio Capacity (cf/ft3)

Operability

Price

Simple Economic Analysis

of CNG

Capex O&M cost of CNG

(high case)
Component

Capex
(US$)

Share(%)

O&M
(US$/year)

Share (%)

Tug

50,960,000

10.7%

12,700,000

58.9%

Barge

77,400,000

16.3%

2,000,000

9.3%

GTM

277,200,000

58.3%

1,300,000

6.0%

Transporter

405,560,000

85.3%

16,000,000

74.1%

Gas Treating

30,388,205

6.4%

3,765,654

17.4%

Loading

23,011,896

4.8%

702,285

3.3%

Unloading

16,325,829

3.4%

1,112,299

5.2%

475,285,930

100.0%

21,580,239

100.0%

Total

Source:TransCanada for 0.5 mtpa, 2130 km

US$ 950/tpa, and O&M cost 43 US$/ton (US$ 0.83/mmbtu).

Capital Cost Breakdown

CapEx Marine
6.4%

4.8%

3.4%

85.3%

Transporter

Gas Treating

Loading

Unloading

Capex & O&M (low case)

Source: Hanranhan, 2006

250 mmscfd (1.92 mtpa)

and distance 750 nautical miles (~1400 km)
US$ 511-766/tpa, and O&M cost is 13 US$/ton (US$ 0.25/mmbtu).

Capex (high case)

Capital Cost (full chain of CNG)

= $ 475,360,000.00

Size

= 0.5 mtpa

Duration

= 20 years

Cost of Capital (i)

= 12 %

Cost Recovery Factor (CRF)

= 0.1339

Size of CNG (mtpa)

CNG (1)

CNG (2)

CNG (3)

0.6

0.4

Capex

772,224,598.26

540,069,319.88

406,617,087.56

Capex /mtpa

772,224,598.26

900,115,533.14

1,016,542,718.90

Capex/tpa

900.12

1,016.54

Annual Capex

72,315,281.93

54,446,028.02

Capex/mmbtu

2.58

772.22
103,400,873.71
2.21

2.91

Capex (low case)

Capital Cost (full chain of CNG)

= $ 1,115,000.00

Size of 1 train

= 1.93 mtpa

Duration

= 20 years

Cost of Capital (i)

= 12 %

Size of CNG (mtpa)

CNG (1)

CNG (2)

CNG (3)

0.6

0.4

Capex

703,695,463.18

492,142,222.68

$ 370,532,874.00

Capex /mtpa

703,695,463.18

820,237,037.81

$ 926,332,185.00

Capex/tpa

703.70

Annual Capex

94,224,822.52

Capital Cost/mmbtu

1.81

820.24
65,897,843.62
2.11

926.33

$ 49,614,351.83
$

2.39

Product cost of CNG (high case)

Cost (US $/mmBtu)

7.00

O&M cost

6.00

Capex

5.00

Wellhead

4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
1 mtpa

0.6 mtpa
CNG Plant Capacity

0.4 mtpa

Product cost of CNG (low case)

Cost (US $/mmBtu)

5.00

O&M cost

4.00

Capex
Wellhead

3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
1 mtpa

0.6 mtpa
CNG Plant Capacity

0.4 mtpa

CNG Product valuation

Product Cost per mmbtu
Natural Gas (wellhead)
Capex
O&M

$ 1.5 2.0
$ 1.81 2.21
$ 0.25 0.83

Cost of Product

$ 3.56 5.04

$ 1.5 2.0
$ 2.11 2.58
$ 0.25 0.83
$ 3.86 5.41

$ 1.5 2.0
$ 2.39 2.91
$ 0.25 0.83
$ 4.14 5.74

CNG

CNG

CNG

1 mtpa

0.6 mtpa

0.4 mtpa

Technical Aspect comparison

Economical Aspect

CNG :
simple and inexpensive Onshore
facilities
80-90% of the investment is in ships
and pressure containers

LNG :

complex onshore processing (50% of

investment is in LNG plant)

CNG For Power Plant

(Peak Hour)

Source : www.ecvv.com

CNG Design
for Power Generator
(peak hour)

Courtesy of PT. Daruma

METODOLOGI
Gas Supply
and Demand

CNG Storage
Technology
Selection and
its Facilities

Economic
Analysis

Operation
System and
Basic Design of
CNG Plant

SUPPLY
Natural

gas :

Total Flow Rate (Volume or Energy)

Pipeline
Gas Well

Gas

condition : Pressure,
Temperature and Composition.

DEMAND
Natural

gas must be able to supply to the

power generator during peak hours
The power plant condition must be
considered:
Peak hours

(example: 5 or 6 hours every

day)
Type and configuration of the power plant
The total efficiency of Power Generator to
calculate the natural gas needed during peak
hours
Design key parameter: Supply or Demand ?

Daily Heat Balance

Demand as a key parameter
Power Plant Capacity
:G
Peak hours
:y
Total Power Plant Efficiency : q

MWatt
hours
%

1 MWatt = 3,4 x 106 Btu/hour

Total Electric Energy in Peak hour= ( G ) (3,4 x 106 Btu/h)(y hours)
Total Heating value of Gas needed for Power Plant:
= ( G ) (3,4 x 106 Btu/h)(y hours)(100)/(q)

Heat Input = Own Use Heat + Heat Output

Own
Use

Heat Input

CNG Plant

Heat Output

Process Block Diagram

Natural Gas

Gas
Scrubber

Metering

CNG
Storage

Compressor

Gas Dryer

Pressure
Reducing
Unit

Metering

Pembangkit

Flow Process Diagram

Operation Time of CNG Plant

(example : 5 hours)
Gas
Compression

Standby

Duration
22.00 15.00

Gas
Decompressi
on

Process
Stop power plant and gas compression to
CNG Storage

15.00 17.00 Standby

17.00 22.00

Gas decompression from CNG Storage to

Power Plant and start power plant

The relation between storage

pressure and operation hours
300

Storage Pressure (bar)

250

200

150

100

50

Time

Gas Scrubber

Source : www.wikipedia.com

Mass Balance in Gas

Scrubber

Gas Dryer

Source : www.fleetsandfuels.com

Mass Balance in Gas

Dryer

COMPRESSOR & DRIVER

High Ratio Compression Reciprocating
5 -7 Ratio Compression, depend on initial
condition
Compressor: 17 18 hours per day depend
on peak hours.
Gas volume consumption for power
generator (at peak hours) and compressor
running hours as a compressor basic
design
Driver: Gas Engine or Electric Motor

Compressor

Source : www.metrixvibration.com

Multiple-stage compressor

COMPRESSORS & DRIVERS

Selection

Specification:

Alternative 1

Design flow
Suction press
Discharge press
Rated Power
KW
RPM (Max.)
Driver Type

: 2500 SCFM
: 17 35 barg
: 250 barg
: 506 HP / 376
: 1500
: Electric motor

Configuration:
Nos of operating
:4
Nos of stand by
:1
Total nos of installed : 5
Total required power : 2024 HP

COMPRESSORS & DRIVERS

Selection

Specification:

Alternative 2

Design flow
Suction press
Discharge press
Rated Power
KW
RPM (Max.)
Driver Type

: 1780.5 SCFM
: 15 30 barg
: 250 barg
: 600 HP / 448
: 1800
: Gas Engine

Configuration:
Nos of operating
:6
Nos of stand by
:2
Total nos of installed : 8
Total required power : 3600HP

CNG Skid
Specification of CNG Skid
Specifications

8 Tubes

10 Tubes

10

Gas Capacity

5,330

6,660

m3

Water Capacity

17,920

22,400

Number of
tubes

Units

Source : www.ecvv.com

Initial Pressure = 25-30 barg

Final Pressure = 250 barg
How many skid ?
How many stack ?
ISO 11120: Standard Design Construction and Testing
for High Pressure Seamless Cylender

Vessel Arrangement
2 Stack Arrangmt

3 Stack Arrangmt

ISO 11120: Standard Design Construction and Testing

for High Pressure Seamless Cylender

Pressure Reducing Unit

Main equipments in this unit are :
- water heater (using natural gas as fuel or heating element)
- heat exchanger (Shell and Tube)
- pressure reducing valve (250 barg to 130-120 barg and then 130-120
barg to requirement of power generator, 30 50 barg)

Scheme of Pressure Reducing

Pressure Regulation Unit (PRU)

Heat Exchanger
Control Valve

Design calculation based on gas volume

per peak hours

Typical Capital Investment Cost

Components
1

2
3
4
5

Total Bare Module Cost/ Equipment Cost (Incl. Facility)

Building and Construction Cost
Engineering and Contractor Fee
Contingency
Working Capital

Bare Module Cost Breakdown

2%
6%
13%

Gas Preparation Unit

13%

Offsite Facility Unit

Compression Unit

66%

Storage Unit
Pressure Reduction Unit

Price & Fee

Gas Price: Price of Gas from gas source
Toll Fee : Fee for gas transporter
Compression Fee : Fee for gas
compression of CNG plant

Business Scheme
Scheme 1 :

$
PT. X

$
PT. Z
(Power Plant)

SBU/Company
gas

gas

Scheme 2 :

$
PT. X

SBU/Company
gas

gas

PT. Z
(Power Plant)

CNG Skid

LNG
LIQUEFACTION, SHIP AND REGASIFICATION

GAS MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

DEPT. OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA

What is LNG?

Source: IELE
PEUI -2007

Typical properties of LNG

LNG is simply natural gas that has been cooled to its liquid
state at atmospheric pressure: - 162.2C and 14.7 psia
LNG is transported at ambient pressures.
Liquefying natural gas, which reduces the gas into a
practical size for transportation and storage, reduces the
volume that the gas occupies more than 600 times
LNG is considered a flammable liquid
LNG vapor is colorless, odorless, and non-toxic
LNG vapor typically appears as a visible white cloud,
because its cold temperature condenses water vapor
present in the atmosphere.
The lower and upper flammability limits of methane are 5.5%
and 14% by volume at a temperature of 25C
PEUI -2007

Natural Gas Components

PEUI -2007

Composition Comparison

Source: IELE
PEUI -2007

LNG Heating Values

LNG Heating Values depends on the content of
heavy hydrocarbons (C3, C4) and varies between
sources
Heating Values requirement also varies between
markets: Japan: 1,1201,150 BTU/Cft
Europe: 9901,070 BTU/Cft
USA: 1,020-1,075 BTU/Cft

Heating Values has thus to be adjusted to each

market
It can be reduced by extraction of C3/C4 at
liquefaction plant, mixed with lower BTU gas, or
inject nitrogen
It can be increased by adding propane (Japan)
PEUI -2007

LNG Heat Content (Btu/cft)

PEUI -2007

Specific Gravity and Wobbe Index

The Specific Gravity of gas is defined as the
ratio: Density of gas/Density of air.
Density of air is 1.29 kg/m3, Specific Gravity of
air is 1.0.
The Specific Gravity of natural gas is in the
range of 0.55 to 0.60.
The heat efficiency of a burner is measured by
the Wobbe Index of gas, defined as: Gross
Calorific Value/ (Specific Gravity)1/2

PEUI -2007

LNG Plant

PEUI -2007

Types of LNG plant

1. Land-based LNG
LNG fuelling station (0.5-10 mmscfd, 0,004-0.08 MTPA)
Peak Shaving LNG Plant (5-20 mmscfd, 0.04 0.15 MTPA)
Decentralize LNG Plant (50-250 mmscfd, 0.3 1.7 MTPA)
Based Load LNG Plant (300-1000 mmscfd, 2 8 MTPA)

2. Offshore-based LNG
Floating LNG (150-300 mmscfd, 1-2 MTPA)

PEUI -2007

Based load plant

PEUI -2007

Peak shaving plant

PEUI -2007

Peak shaving principle

PEUI -2007

LNG trailers

PEUI -2007

LNG tank for vehicle

PEUI -2007

LNG tank for heavy vehicles

PEUI -2007

Floating LNG

PEUI -2007

Liquefaction Process

PEUI -2007

Basic refrigeration cycles

PEUI -2007

Natural gas/refrigerant cooling curve

PEUI -2007

Baseload liquefaction processes

Air Products propane pre-cooled MR (PPMR) uses nitrogen,
methane, ethane, propane. Gas feed initially cooled by propane
chiller to - 35C. Liquid/vapor streams chilled further before flashed
across J-T valves to provide cooling for final gas liquefaction. Used
in 82% of baseload plants and APCI also moving into small and
medium-scale plant
Phillips original optimized cascade LNG process uses
propane/ethylene circuits, methane flash circuit, brazed-aluminum
heat exchangers and core-in-kettle exchangers
Statoil/Linde LNG Technology Alliances mixed-fluid cascade
process uses three MR cycles to pre-cool, liquefy, sub-cool purified
gas. Linde makes proprietary spiral wound heat exchanger
(SWHE)
Shells dual MR process has two separate MR cooling cycles
using SWHEs and process configuration similar to PPMR process.
Shell also has single MR process
IFP/Axens Liquefin produces LNG at very high capacities and is
two-MR process for new LNG baseload projects of 6 MTPA train
sizes
PEUI -2007

Base load LNG Lisensor

PEUI -2007

LNG Production Scheme

PEUI -2007

Liquefaction Technologies
1. Mixed Refrigerant Process (MCR)
- Refrigerant= a mix of propane, ethane,
methane
- Feed gas pre-cooled at -35/-60o C
- Main cooling in Heat Exchanger (Spirally
Wound or Plate Find)

2. Cascade Process
- Cooling in three stages
- Propane to -35o C
- Ethylene to -105o C
- Methane to -161o C
- Heat Exchangers: Plate Fin
PEUI -2007

Schematic Mix Refrigerant System

PEUI -2007

Mixed Refrigerant Cycle Process

(Liquefin)

PEUI -2007

Mixed Refrigerant Cycle Process

(APCI)

PEUI -2007

LNG Process: Badak

PEUI -2007

Mixed Refrigerant Cycle Process

(Stat Oil/Linde)

PEUI -2007

Optimized Cascade Process

(Phillips)

PEUI -2007

Expander Cycle

PEUI -2007

LNG process selection

Power Consumption
Relative to Cascade
Cycle

Liquefaction Cycle
Cascade Cycle

1.00

Single Stagemixed Refrigerant Cycle

1.25

Mixed Refrigerant With Pre-Cooler

Propane Cycle

1.15

Multi Stage Mixed Refrigerant Cycle

1.05

Single Expander Cycle

2.00

Single Expander With Pre-Coolore

Propane Cycle

1.70

Double Expander Cycle

1.70

Source: LNG 2000 Smi Conference, England, February 2000.

PEUI -2007

Main exchange line typical arrangements

Front View

PEUI -2007

Main exchange line typical arrangements

Top View

PEUI -2007

Plate Fin Heat Exchanger

PEUI -2007

Australia North West Shelf Liquefaction Plant

PEUI -2007

Badak Liquefaction Plant, Indonesia

PEUI -2007

Liquefaction Process Trend

Improvement of Cascade Process using
Plate Fin Exchangers
New Technology using MCR Process by
Axens/IFP, Linde (Liquefin)
Use of larger Gas Turbine
Use of Electrical Drivers instead of Gas
Turbine
Increase of capacity for a single train, up to 8
Tons of LNG

PEUI -2007

Small and Mid-Scale Liquefaction

Processes (1)
Black & Veatchs PRICO process uses single-MR loop/single
refrigeration compression system: nitrogen, methane, ethane,
propane, iso-pentane. MR compressed/partially condensed prior
to entering cold box w/PFHE cores. Used for peakshaving,
vehicle fuel supply, gas distribution systems: 4 to >180 MMscfd.
MR system used for baseload, peakshaving. BV has 16
operating plants: 4 to 360 MMscfd and nine projects under
development.
Linde LEs advanced single-flow for mid-scale 0.2-1.0-MTPA
plants. Liquefaction occurs in SWHE. Basic single-flow for small
<0.2 MTPA plants such as peakshaving or mini-LNG. Precooling, liquefaction & sub-cooling occurs in 1 or 2 PFHE(s).
Kryopaks EXP - single-cycle turbo-expander refrigeration uses
inlet process gas as refrigerant. No mixed refrigerant (MR)
required. PCMR - pre-cooled MR: nitrogen, methane, ethane,
butanes w/ conventional refrigeration circuit for pre-cooling.
SCMR - single-cycle MR: nitrogen, methane, ethane, butanes
and pentane
PEUI -2007

General Scheme of a SS plant

(Closed-loop)

PEUI -2007

Small and Mid-Scale Liquefaction

Processes (2)
Chart Energy & Chemicals provides process design thru
engineering, construction, startup to meet small-plant
requirements. Designed cold boxes for Phillips Cascade
Process and provides aluminum plate and core-in-kettle
heat exchangers.
Mustang Engineerings LNG Smart requires no
refrigerant production. Eliminates MRs. Uses inlet gas as
sole refrigerant medium. Gas enters multistage process via
compression, turbo-expansion.
Hamworthy offers small-scale plant using closed nitrogen
expansion loop providing required cold duty to liquefy gas.
Mini-LNG plant uses pipeline or landfill gas

PEUI -2007

General Scheme of a SS plant

(Open-loop)

PEUI -2007

Mixed Refrigerant Cycle Process (Black

& Veatch Prico)

PEUI -2007

Mid-Scale LNG Process

PEUI -2007

Source: Verghese

Small Scale Plants, Process,

Efficiency and Capacity

PEUI -2007

LNG process selection for small and

mid scale (SMS)
Criteria

Expander

Compactness
Weight
Inherent safety
Suitable for marine environment
Ease of operations
Ease of start-up
Equipment count
Availability
Cycle robustness

Efficiency
PEUI -2007

Liquid Refrig.

LNG process selection for SMS

Criteria

Cascade

MRC

Expander

Use guarantee technology

Yes

Yes

Yes

Overall Location Needed Area

High

High

Low

Refrigerant Tank Risks

Yes

Yes

No

Vessel movement Sensitivity

Average

Average

Low

Operation Simplicity

Average

Low

High

Start-up/Shutdon Simplicity

Average

Low

High

Changing Gas Feed Flexibility

High

Average

High

Total Investment Cost

High

High

Low

Source: LNG 2000 Smi Conference, England, February 2000

PEUI -2007

Mid-Range (MR) LNG

(GasConsult Ltd and Energy and Power Consultant Ltd)
LNG outputs from 300,000 1 million tpy LNG
(approximately 50-150 mmscfd feed gas).
Estimated investment and production costs 30% lower
than with scaled down conventional mixed refrigerant cycle
process effectively matching large scale mixed refrigerant
economic at a small scale.
Potential application include stranded natural gas and
associated gas, upgrading existing LNG facilities and peak
shaving.
Refrigerant can be obtained directly from feed gas without
columns or storage.
Low hydrocarbon inventory enhances safety offshore and
onshore.
Process consists of proven equipment.
Recycle type will be simple to operate with convenient
turndown.
Modular construction enables rapid installation in remote
environments or offshore applications.
PEUI -2007

Coldbox of MRLNG

PEUI -2007

LNG SmartTM (Mustang)

LNG SmartTM tank design

PEUI -2007

LNG SmartTM (Mustang)

PEUI -2007

Offshore Facilities

Source: Moss Maritime

FLNG: Floating LNG

FSRU: Floating Storage Regasification Unit
PEUI -2007

LNG Shipping

PEUI -2007

Characteristics of LNG Tanker Fleet

Two types of tanker design: Membrane
design and Kverner-Moss spherical
design
Existing Fleet (2004): 141 Ships; on order:
52 ships
Current capacity of LNG ships on order:
135,000 to 145,000 m3
Membrane ships are increasing their
share: 63% of all ships on order compared
to 43% in existing fleet.
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Choice of containment system

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Moss vs. Membrane Ship

Illustration of Dimensions and Tonnage

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LNG Ship Maximum Capacity

Progression

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Kverner-Moss Ship built in 1990

135,000 m3 276 m

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Membrane ship built in 2004 (Madrid)

138,000 m3 124 m

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Kverner-Moss Ship Structure

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Membrane Ship Structure

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Structure of Membrane hull

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LNG tankers

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LNG tankers

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LNG Tanker Fleet (2004)

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Comparative Characteristics of
LNG Tank Systems

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LNG Receiving Terminal

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LNG Receiving Terminal Facilities

Jetty for berth and unloading

Storage tanks

Monitoring dolphins, manifold unloading arms,

security systems
Design: single, double or full containment, or
membrane

Regasifying facility: vaporizers

Connection to pipeline system

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LNG Receiving Terminal

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LNG Marine Terminal Scheme

Source: IELE
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Cold Utilization (1)

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Cold Utilization (2)

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Vaporizers
Open Rack Vaporisers (ORV) are common worldwide and use
seawater to heat and vaporise the LNG in an open, falling film type
arrangement. In general, for using ORVs the preferred seawater
temperature is always above 8 C. The seawater is chlorinated to
protect the surface of the tube panel against bio-fouling and to
prevent marine growth inside the piping.
Submerged Combustion Vaporisers (SCV) use send-out gas as
fuel for the combustion that provides vaporising heat. The SCV
vaporizes LNG contained inside stainless steel tubes in a
submerged water bath with a combustion burner. In the baseload
terminal SCV, the fuel gas is burned in a large single burner rather
than multiple smaller burners because it is more economical and it
achieves low NOx and CO levels. The hot flue gases are sparged
into a bath of water where the LNG vaporization coils are located.
Due to the high cost of the seawater system ORV installations tend
to have a higher installed capital cost while the SCV installations
have a higher operating cost because of the fuel charge.
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Vaporizers
Shell and Tube Vaporizers (STV): The STV and Intermediate Fluid STV
type are generally smaller in size and cost competitive compared to an ORV
or SCV system. Heat is usually supplied to the LNG vaporizer by a closed
circuit with a suitable heat transfer medium. They are mainly used when a
suitable heat source is available. Design of these types of vaporizer systems
requires a stable LNG flow at design and turndown conditions with provisions
to prevent the potential for freeze-up within the vaporizer. The design of
Double Tube Bundle STV incorporates both a lower and an upperset of tube
bundles, and uses an intermediate heat transfer fluid (e.g. propane, isobutane,
freon, ammonia) between the LNG (upper tubes) and the seawater or glycol
water (lower tubes) inside a single shell. A small shell and tube superheater is
required to heat the vapor to 5 C.
Combined Heat and Power unit with Submerged Combustion Vaporize
(CHP-SCV): In order to decrease the gas auto-consumption of SCVs, as well as
to increase the efficiency and economics of the entire regasification process, the
receiving terminal can be modified to use a cogeneration concept that offers
energy saving and environmental advantages. This has been implemented at the
Zeebrugge LNG Terminal Cogeneration Project. The heart of the CHP facility is a
gas turbine type LM6000 that generates 40 MW of electrical power. The hot
exhaust gases from the turbine pass through a heat recovery tower and transfer
their heat to raise the temperature of a closed hot water circuit. This hot water will
then be circulated and injected in the water bath of the vaporizers and transfer its
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heat to regasify the LNG.

ORV

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Open rack type

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SCR

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Shell and Tube Vaporiser

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Loading arms

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LNG Storage Facility

Several components, that:

- allow unloading ships without delay
- provide storage for compensating delay in ships arrival
- provide storage for facing seasonal variations
- provide strategic storage, if possible

Current storage capacities:

- Japan Sodegaura: 2,700,000 m3 including strategic
storage
- Korea Incheon: 2,200,000 m3 including seasonal demand
- France Fos: 150,000 m3 including including size of ships
70,000 m3

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Above ground-LNG Storage

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In Ground, Underground
LNG storage

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LNG Tank Containment

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LNG Tank Containment

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LNG Storage Tank Schematic

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LNG Storage Tank

140,000 m3 double containment

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FSRU Gravity Based Structure

Source: Brian Raine, LNG Journal

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