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Graphicdesign
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Graphicdesignistheprocessofvisualcommunication,and
problemsolvingthroughtheuseoftype,space,imageandcolor.
Thefieldisconsideredasubsetofvisualcommunicationand
communicationdesign,butsometimestheterm"graphicdesign"is
usedinterchangeablywiththeseduetooverlappingskillsinvolved.
Graphicdesignersusevariousmethodstocreateandcombine
words,symbols,andimagestocreateavisualrepresentationof
ideasandmessages.Agraphicdesignermayuseacombinationof
typography,visualartsandpagelayouttechniquestoproduceafinal
result.Graphicdesignoftenreferstoboththeprocess(designing)by
whichthecommunicationiscreatedandtheproducts(designs)
whicharegenerated.

Graphicsymbolsareoften

functionalistandanonymous, [1]as
Commonusesofgraphicdesignincludeidentity(logosand
thesepictographsfromtheUS
branding),publications(magazines,newspapersandbooks),print
NationalParkServiceillustrate.
advertisements,posters,billboards,websitegraphicsandelements,
signsandproductpackaging.Forexample,aproductpackagemight
includealogoorotherartwork,organizedtextandpuredesign
elementssuchasimages,shapesandcolorwhichunifythepiece.Compositionisoneofthemostimportant
featuresofgraphicdesign,especiallywhenusingpreexistingmaterialsordiverseelements.

Contents
1 History
1.1 Theadventofprinting
1.2 Emergenceofthedesignindustry
1.3 Twentiethcenturydesign
2 Applications
3 Skills
3.1 Visualartsdesign
3.2 Typography
3.3 Pagelayout
3.4 Printmaking

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3.4 Printmaking
4 Basictechiques(EssentialVisualStrategies)
5 Tools
5.1 Computersandthecreativeprocess
6 Moderngraphicdesignsubfields
6.1 Interfacedesign
6.2 Userexperiencedesign
6.3 Experientialgraphicdesign
7 Occupations
7.1 Crowdsourcingingraphicdesign
8 Seealso
8.1 Relatedareas
8.2 Relatedtopics
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 Externallinks

History
WhileGraphicDesignasadisciplinehasarelativelyrecenthistory,firstcoinedbyWilliamAddison
Dwigginsin1922,[2]graphicdesignlikeactivitiesspanthehistoryofhumankind:fromthecavesof
Lascaux,toRome'sTrajan'sColumntotheilluminatedmanuscriptsoftheMiddleAges,tothedazzling
neonsofGinza.Inboththislengthyhistoryandintherelativelyrecentexplosionofvisualcommunication
inthe20thand21stcenturies,thereissometimesablurringdistinctionandoverlappingofadvertisingart,
graphicdesignandfineart.Afterall,theysharemanyofthesameelements,theories,principles,practices
andlanguages,andsometimesthesamebenefactororclient.Inadvertisingarttheultimateobjectiveisthe
saleofgoodsandservices.Ingraphicdesign,"theessenceistogiveordertoinformation,formtoideas,
expressionandfeelingtoartifactsthatdocumenthumanexperience."[3]

Theadventofprinting

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DuringtheTangDynasty(618907)betweenthe7thand9th
centuryAD,woodblockswerecuttoprintontextilesandlaterto
reproduceBuddhisttexts.ABuddhistscriptureprintedin868isthe
earliestknownprintedbook.Beginninginthe11thcentury,longer
scrollsandbookswereproducedusingmovabletypeprinting
makingbookswidelyavailableduringtheSongdynasty(960
1279).[4]Sometimearound1450,JohannGutenberg'sprintingpress
madebookswidelyavailableinEurope.ThebookdesignofAldus
Manutiusdevelopedthebookstructurewhichwouldbecomethe
foundationofwesternpublicationdesign.Thiseraofgraphicdesign
iscalledHumanistorOldStyle.

Emergenceofthedesignindustry
Inlate19thcenturyEurope,especiallyintheUnitedKingdom,the
firstofficialpublicationofaprinteddesignwasreleasedwhich
markedtheseparationofgraphicdesignfromfineart.
In1849,HenryColebecameoneofthemajorforcesindesign
educationinGreatBritain,informingthegovernmentofthe
importanceofdesigninhisJournalofDesignandManufactures.
HeorganizedtheGreatExhibitionasacelebrationofmodern
industrialtechnologyandVictoriandesign.

PagefromtheBookofKells:Folio
114v,Decoratedtext.Tuncdicitillis

From1891to1896,WilliamMorris'KelmscottPresspublishedbooksthataresomeofthemostsignificant
ofthegraphicdesignproductsoftheArtsandCraftsmovement,andmadeaverylucrativebusinessof
creatingbooksofgreatstylisticrefinementandsellingthemtothepublic.Morriscreatedamarketfor
worksofgraphicdesignintheirownrighttocreateaprofessionforthisnewtypeofartforaspiring
individualswhowishtoearnalivingthroughtheseskills.TheworkoftheKelmscottPressischaracterized
byitsobsessionwithhistoricalstyles.Thishistoricismwas,however,importantasitamountedtothefirst
significantreactiontothestalestateofnineteenthcenturygraphicdesign.Morris'work,alongwiththerest
ofthePrivatePressmovement,directlyinfluencedArtNouveauandisindirectlyresponsiblefor
developmentsinearlytwentiethcenturygraphicdesigningeneral.[5]

Twentiethcenturydesign
Thename"GraphicDesign"firstappearedinprintinthe1922essay"NewKindofPrintingCallsforNew
Design"byWilliamAddisonDwiggins,anAmericanbookdesignerintheearly20thcentury.[6]
Raffe'sGraphicDesign,publishedin1927,isconsideredtobethefirstbooktouse"GraphicDesign"inits
title.[7]
ThesignageintheLondonUndergroundisaclassicdesignexample[8]ofthemoderneraanduseda
typefacedesignedbyEdwardJohnstonin1916.

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Inthe1920s,Sovietconstructivismapplied'intellectualproduction'
indifferentspheresofproduction.Themovementsaw
individualisticartasuselessinrevolutionaryRussiaandthusmoved
towardscreatingobjectsforutilitarianpurposes.Theydesigned
buildings,theatersets,posters,fabrics,clothing,furniture,logos,
menus,etc.
JanTschicholdcodifiedtheprinciplesofmoderntypographyinhis
1928book,NewTypography.Helaterrepudiatedthephilosophyhe
ABoeing747aircraftwithlivery
espousedinthisbookasbeingfascistic,butitremainedvery
designatingitasAirForceOne.The
influential.Tschichold,BauhaustypographerssuchasHerbert
cyanforms,theUSflag,presidential
BayerandLszlMoholyNagy,andElLissitzkyhavegreatly
sealandtheCaslonletteringwereall
influencedgraphicdesignasweknowittoday.Theypioneered
designedatdifferenttimes,by
productiontechniquesandstylisticdevicesusedthroughoutthe
differentdesigners,fordifferent
twentiethcentury.Thefollowingyearssawgraphicdesigninthe
purposes,andcombinedbydesigner
modernstylegainwidespreadacceptanceandapplication.[9]A
RaymondLoewyinthisonesingle
boomingpostWorldWarIIAmericaneconomyestablisheda
aircraftexteriordesign.
greaterneedforgraphicdesign,mainlyadvertisingandpackaging.
TheemigrationoftheGermanBauhausschoolofdesigntoChicago
in1937broughta"massproduced"minimalismtoAmericasparkingawildfireof"modern"architecture
anddesign.NotablenamesinmidcenturymoderndesignincludeAdrianFrutiger,designerofthetypefaces
UniversandFrutigerPaulRand,who,fromthelate1930suntilhisdeathin1996,tooktheprinciplesofthe
Bauhausandappliedthemtopopularadvertisingandlogodesign,helpingtocreateauniquelyAmerican
approachtoEuropeanminimalismwhilebecomingoneoftheprincipalpioneersofthesubsetofgraphic
designknownascorporateidentityandJosefMllerBrockmann,whodesignedpostersinasevereyet
accessiblemannertypicalofthe1950sand1970sera.
Thegrowthoftheprofessionalgraphicdesignindustryhasgrowninparallelwiththeriseofconsumerism.
Thishasraisedsomeconcernsandcriticisms,notablyfromwithinthegraphicdesigncommunitywiththe
FirstThingsFirstmanifesto.FirstlaunchedbyKenGarlandin1964,itwasrepublishedastheFirstThings
First2000manifestoin1999inthemagazineEmigre51[10]stating"Weproposeareversalofprioritiesin
favorofmoreuseful,lastinganddemocraticformsofcommunicationamindshiftawayfromproduct
marketingandtowardtheexplorationandproductionofanewkindofmeaning.Thescopeofdebateis
shrinkingitmustexpand.Consumerismisrunninguncontesteditmustbechallengedbyother
perspectivesexpressed,inpart,throughthevisuallanguagesandresourcesofdesign."[11]Botheditions
attractedsignaturesfromrespecteddesignpractitionersandthinkers,forexampleRudyVanderLans,Erik
Spiekermann,EllenLuptonandRickPoynor.The2000manifestowasalsonotablypublishedinAdbusters,
knownforitsstrongcritiquesofvisualculture.

Applications
Fromroadsignstotechnicalschematics,frominterofficememorandumstoreferencemanuals,graphic
designenhancestransferofknowledgeandvisualmessages.Readabilityandlegibilityisenhancedby
improvingthevisualpresentationandlayoutoftext.

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Designcanalsoaidinsellingaproductorideathrougheffective
visualcommunication.Itisappliedtoproductsandelementsof
companyidentitylikelogos,colors,packaging,andtext.Together
thesearedefinedasbranding(seealsoadvertising).Brandinghas
increasinglybecomeimportantintherangeofservicesofferedby
manygraphicdesigners,alongsidecorporateidentity.Whilstthe
termsareoftenusedinterchangeably,brandingismorestrictly
relatedtotheidentifyingmarkortradenameforaproductor
service,whereascorporateidentitycanhaveabroadermeaning
relatingtothestructureandethosofacompany,aswellastothe
company'sexternalimage.Graphicdesignerswilloftenformpartof
ateamworkingoncorporateidentityandbrandingprojects.Other
membersofthatteamcanincludemarketingprofessionals,
communicationsconsultantsandcommercialwriters.
Color

Textbooksaredesignedtopresentsubjectssuchasgeography,
science,andmath.Thesepublicationshavelayoutswhichillustrate
theoriesanddiagrams.Acommonexampleofgraphicsinusetoeducateisdiagramsofhumananatomy.
Graphicdesignisalsoappliedtolayoutandformattingofeducationalmaterialtomaketheinformation
moreaccessibleandmorereadilyunderstandable.
Graphicwayfindingsignagesystemshavebecomeimportantforlargepublicspacessuchasairportsand
conventioncenters.Thesesystemsoftendependongraphicdesigntocommunicateinformationquicklyand
economicallythroughacolororsymbolthatcanbereadandfollowedfromadistance(asopposedtolarge
amountsoftext).Suchenvironmentalgraphicdesignsystemsallowpeopletonavigateunfamiliarspaces.
Theterm"architecturalgraphics"wascoinedbyJaneDavisDoggett,pioneerdesignerofairport
wayfindingsystems,butthetermmorecommonlyusedin2014isenvironmentalgraphics.[12]
Graphicdesignisappliedintheentertainmentindustryindecoration,scenery,andvisualstorytelling.
Otherexamplesofdesignforentertainmentpurposesincludenovels,comicbooks,DVDcovers,opening
creditsandclosingcreditsinfilmmaking,andprogramsandpropsonstage.Thiscouldalsoincludeartwork
usedforTshirtsandotheritemsscreenprintedforsale.
Fromscientificjournalstonewsreporting,thepresentationofopinionandfactsisoftenimprovedwith
graphicsandthoughtfulcompositionsofvisualinformationknownasinformationdesign.Newspapers,
magazines,blogs,televisionandfilmdocumentariesmayusegraphicdesigntoinformandentertain.With
theadventoftheweb,informationdesignerswithexperienceininteractivetoolssuchasAdobeFlashare
increasinglybeingusedtoillustratethebackgroundtonewsstories.

Skills
Agraphicdesignprojectmayinvolvethestylizationandpresentationofexistingtextandeitherpreexisting
imageryorimagesdevelopedbythegraphicdesigner.Artisticpiecescanbeincorporatedinbothtraditional
anddigitalform,whichinvolvestheuseofvisualarts,typography,andpagelayouttechniquesfor
publicationsandmarketing.Forexample,anewspaperstorybeginswiththejournalistsandphotojournalists
andthenbecomesthegraphicdesigner'sjobtoorganizethepageintoareasonablelayoutanddetermineif
anyothergraphicelementsshouldberequired.Inamagazinearticleoradvertisement,oftenthegraphic
designerorartdirectorwillcommissionphotographersorillustratorstocreateoriginalpiecesjusttobe
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incorporatedintothedesignlayout.Orthedesignermayutilizestockimageryorphotography.
Contemporarydesignpracticehasbeenextendedtothemoderncomputer,forexampleintheuseof
WYSIWYGuserinterfaces,oftenreferredtoasinteractivedesign,ormultimediadesign.Anotheraspectof
graphicdesignistohavegoodresearchskills,analyzingaworkofartandsimultaneouslyseeingitinnew
ways.GraphicDesignneedskillssuchaspowertoconvincetheaudienceandsellingthedesign.
Communicationisakeypartingraphicdesign.Theprocessofgraphicdesignincludethe"processschool"
whichisanapproachtothesubjectthatisconcernedwiththeactualprocessofcommunicationit
especiallyhighlightsthechannelsandmediathroughwhichmessagesaretransmittedandbywhichsenders
andreceiversencodeanddecode.SemioticSchoolontheotherhand,ismessageasaconstructionofsigns
whichthroughinteractionwithreceivers,producesmeaningcommunicationasanagent.Theprocess
schoolislikethewayinwhichamessageisbroughtouttosociety.

Visualartsdesign
Beforeanygraphicelementsmaybeappliedtoadesign,thegraphicelementsmustbeoriginatedbymeans
ofvisualartskills.Thesegraphicsareoften(butnotalways)developedbyagraphicdesigner.Visualarts
includeworkswhichareprimarilyvisualinnatureusinganythingfromtraditionalmedia,tophotographyor
digitalart.Graphicdesignprinciplesmaybeappliedtoeachgraphicartelementindividuallyaswellasto
thefinalcomposition.

Typography
Typographyistheart,craftandtechniquesoftypedesign,modifyingtypeglyphs,andarrangingtype.Type
glyphs(characters)arecreatedandmodifiedusingavarietyofillustrationtechniques.Thearrangementof
typeistheselectionoftypefaces,pointsize,tracking(thespacebetweenallcharactersused),kerning(the
spacebetweentwospecificcharacters),andleading(linespacing).
Typographyisperformedbytypesetters,compositors,typographers,graphicartists,artdirectors,and
clericalworkers.UntiltheDigitalAge,typographywasaspecializedoccupation.Digitizationopenedup
typographytonewgenerationsofvisualdesignersandlayusers.
[13]

Pagelayout
Thepagelayoutaspectofgraphicdesigndealswiththearrangement
ofelements(content)onapage,suchasimageplacement,andtext
layoutandstyle.Beginningfromearlyilluminatedpagesinhand
copiedbooksoftheMiddleAgesandproceedingdowntointricate
modernmagazineandcataloguelayouts,structuredpagedesignhas
longbeenaconsiderationinprintedmaterialandmorerecentlyin
electronicdisplayssuchaswebpages.Elementsusuallyconsistof
type(text),images(pictures),and(withprintmedia)occasionally
placeholdergraphicsforelementsthatarenotprintedwithinksuch
asdie/lasercutting,foilstampingorblindembossing.
Goldensectioninbookdesign

Printmaking
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Printmakingistheprocessofmakingartworksbyprintingonpaperandothermaterialsorsurfaces.Except
inthecaseofmonotyping,theprocessiscapableofproducingmultiplesofthesamepiece,whichiscalled
aprint.Eachpieceisnotacopybutanoriginalsinceitisnotareproductionofanotherworkofartandis
technicallyknownasanimpression.Paintingordrawing,ontheotherhand,createsauniqueoriginalpiece
ofartwork.Printsarecreatedfromasingleoriginalsurface,knowntechnicallyasamatrix.Commontypes
ofmatricesinclude:platesofmetal,usuallycopperorzincforengravingoretchingstone,usedfor
lithographyblocksofwoodforwoodcuts,linoleumforlinocutsandfabricplatesforscreenprinting.But
therearemanyotherkinds,discussedbelow.Worksprintedfromasingleplatecreateanedition,inmodern
timesusuallyeachsignedandnumberedtoformalimitededition.Printsmayalsobepublishedinbook
form,asartist'sbooks.Asingleprintcouldbetheproductofoneormultipletechniques.

Basictechiques(EssentialVisualStrategies)
Nearlyalldesignproblemssharesomefundamentalaspects:Typefaceswillneedtobeselectedor
photographsarrangedinaninterestingwayacrossalayout.Regardlessofspecificconcernsthatmayneed
tobeaddressedinaparticularproject,therearegeneralstrategiesmostdesignerswilluseasfoundationsfor
morecomplexvisualconcepts,ortoensurecommonnotionsofqualityaremetinthefinalpresentation.[14]

Tools
Themindisanimportantgraphicdesigntool.Asidefrom
technology,graphicdesignrequiresjudgmentandcreativity.
Critical,observational,quantitativeandanalyticthinkingare
requiredfordesignlayoutsandrendering.Iftheexecutorismerely
followingasolution(e.g.sketch,scriptorinstructions)providedby
anotherdesigner(suchasanartdirector),thentheexecutorisnot
usuallyconsideredthedesigner.
Themethodofpresentation(e.g.arrangement,style,medium)may
Thepencilisoneofthemostbasic
beequallyimportanttothedesign.Theappropriatedevelopment
graphicdesigntools.
andpresentationtoolscansubstantiallychangehowanaudience
perceivesaproject.Theimageorlayoutisproducedusingexternal
traditionalmediaandguides,ordigitalimageeditingtoolsoncomputers.Toolsincomputergraphicsoften
takeontraditionalnamessuchas"scissors"or"pen".Somegraphicdesigntoolssuchasagridareusedin
bothtraditionalanddigitalform.
Inthemid1980s,thearrivalofdesktoppublishingandgraphicartsoftwareapplicationsintroduceda
generationofdesignerstocomputerimagemanipulationandcreationthathadpreviouslybeenmanually
executed.Computergraphicdesignenableddesignerstoinstantlyseetheeffectsoflayoutortypographic
changes,andtosimulatetheeffectsoftraditionalmediawithoutrequiringalotofspace.However,
traditionaltoolssuchaspencilsormarkersareusefulevenwhencomputersareusedforfinalizationa
designerorartdirectormayhandsketchnumerousconceptsaspartofthecreativeprocess.Someofthese
sketchesmayevenbeshowntoaclientforearlystageapproval,beforethedesignerdevelopstheidea
furtherusingacomputerandgraphicdesignsoftwaretools.

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Computersareconsideredanindispensabletoolinthegraphicdesignindustry.Computersandsoftware
applicationsaregenerallyseenbycreativeprofessionalsasmoreeffectiveproductiontoolsthantraditional
methods.However,somedesignerscontinuetousemanualandtraditionaltoolsforproduction,suchas
MiltonGlaser.
Newideascancomebywayofexperimentingwithtoolsandmethods.Somedesignersexploreideasusing
pencilandpaper.[15]Othersusemanydifferentmarkmakingtoolsandresourcesfromcomputersto
sculptureasameansofinspiringcreativity.Oneofthekeyfeaturesofgraphicdesignisthatitmakesatool
outofappropriateimageselectioninordertopossiblyconveymeaning.[16]

Computersandthecreativeprocess
Thereissomedebatewhethercomputersenhancethecreativeprocessofgraphicdesign.[17]Rapid
productionfromthecomputerallowsmanydesignerstoexploremultipleideasquicklywithmoredetail
thanwhatcouldbeachievedbytraditionalhandrenderingorpasteuponpaper,movingthedesigner
throughthecreativeprocessmorequickly.[18]However,beingfacedwithlimitlesschoicesdoesnothelp
isolatethebestdesignsolutionandcanleadtoendlessiterationswithnocleardesignoutcome.
Agraphicdesignermayusesketchestoexploremultipleorcomplexideasquickly[19]withoutthe
distractionsandcomplicationsofsoftware.Handrenderedcompsareoftenusedtogetapprovalforanidea
executionbeforeadesignerinveststimetoproducefinishedvisualsonacomputerorinpasteup.Thesame
thumbnailsketchesorroughdraftsonpapermaybeusedtorapidlyrefineandproducetheideaonthe
computerinahybridprocess.Thishybridprocessisespeciallyusefulinlogodesign[20]whereasoftware
learningcurvemaydetractfromacreativethoughtprocess.Thetraditionaldesign/computerproduction
hybridprocessmaybeusedforfreeingone'screativityinpagelayoutorimagedevelopmentaswell.Inthe
earlydaysofcomputerpublishing,many"traditional"graphicdesignersreliedoncomputersavvy
productionartiststoproducetheirideasfromsketches,withoutneedingtolearnthecomputerskills
themselves.However,thispracticehasbeenincreasinglylesscommonsincetheadventofdesktop
publishingover30yearsago.Theuseofcomputersandgraphicssoftwareisnowtaughtinmostgraphic
designcourses.
Nearlyallofthepopularand"industrystandard"softwareprogramsusedforgraphicdesignsincetheearly
1990sareproductsofAdobeSystemsIncorporated.TheyareAdobePhotoshop(arasterbasedprogramfor
photoediting),AdobeIllustrator(avectorbasedprogramfordrawareoftenusedinthefinalstageofthe
electronicdesignprocess.RasterimagesmayhavebeeneditedinAdobePhotoshop,logosandillustrations
inAdobeIllustrator,andthefinalproductassembledinoneofthemajorpagelayoutprograms.Most
graphicdesignersenteringthefieldsinceabout1990areexpectedtobeproficientinatleastoneortwoof
theseprograms.

Moderngraphicdesignsubfields
Interfacedesign
SincetheadventoftheWorldWideWebandcomputersoftwaredevelopment,manygraphicdesigners
havebecomeinvolvedininterfacedesign,inanenvironmentcommonlyreferredtoasaGraphicalUser
Interface(GUI).Thishasincludedwebdesignandsoftwaredesign,whenenduserinteractivityisadesign
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considerationofthelayoutorinterface.Combiningvisualcommunicationskillswiththeinteractive
communicationskillsofuserinteractionandonlinebranding,graphicdesignersoftenworkwithsoftware
developersandwebdeveloperstocreateboththelookandfeelofawebsiteorsoftwareapplicationand
enhancetheinteractiveexperienceoftheuserorwebsitevisitor.Animportantaspectofinterfacedesignis
icondesign.

Userexperiencedesign
Userexperiencedesignconsidershowauserinteractswithandrespondstoaninterface,serviceorproduct
andadjustsitaccordingly.

Experientialgraphicdesign
Experientialgraphicdesignistheapplicationofcommunicationskillstothebuildenvironment.Thisarea
ofgraphicdesignrequirespractitionerstopossessknowledgeofcreatinglargescalephysicalinstallations
whichhavetobemanufacturedandwithstandthesamesortofenvironmentalconditionsasbuildings.As
such,itisacrossdisciplinarycollaborativeprocessinvolvingdesigners,fabricators,cityplanners,
architects,manufacturersandlargeprojectbuildingteams.
Experientialgraphicdesignerstrytosolveproblemsthatpeopleencounterwhileinteractingwithbuildings
andspace.Examplesofpracticeareasforenvironmentalgraphicdesignersarewayfinding,placemaking,
brandedenvironments,exhibitionsandmuseumdisplays,publicinstallationsanddigitalenvironments.

Occupations
Graphicdesigncareerpathscoverallendsofthecreativespectrumandoftenoverlap.Employmentwithin
GraphicDesigninvolvesworkersperformingspecializedtasks,suchasdesignservices,publishing,
advertising,andpublicrelations,whilereceivingamedianpayof$44,150.00peryear.Themainjob
responsibilityofaGraphicDesigneristhearrangementofvisualelementsinsometypeofmedia.Themain
jobtitleswithintheindustrycanvaryandareoftencountryspecific.Theycanincludegraphicdesigner,art
director,creativedirector,animatorandtheentrylevelproductionartist.Dependingontheindustryserved,
theresponsibilitiesmayhavedifferenttitlessuchas"DTPAssociate"or"GraphicArtist",butdespite
changesintitle,graphicdesignprinciplesremainconsistent.Theresponsibilitiesmaycomefrom,orlead
to,specializedskillssuchasillustration,photography,animationorinteractivedesign.Today'sgraduating
graphicdesignstudentsarenormallyexposedtoalloftheseareasofgraphicdesignandurgedtobecome
familiarwithallofthemaswellinordertobecompetitive.Graphicdesignerswillfacestrongcompetition
whenapplyingforpositions,inwhichorganizationsarelookingforcandidateswithconvincingtalentsand
acollegeleveleducationfieldrequirementsconsistofhavingstrongportfolioandabachelor'sdegree.Due
totheincreaseintechnology,employmentrateswithincomputersystemsdesignareexpectinga35%
increase,whiletraditionaldesigns,suchaspublications,arefacingslowerratesof16%orless.
Graphicdesignerscanworkinavarietyofenvironments.Whilstmanywillworkwithincompaniesdevoted
specificallytotheindustry,suchasdesignconsultanciesorbrandingagencies,othersmayworkwithin
publishing,marketingorothercommunicationscompanies.Increasingly,especiallysincetheintroduction
ofpersonalcomputerstotheindustry,manygraphicdesignershavefoundthemselvesworkingwithinnon
designorientedorganizations,asinhousedesigners.Graphicdesignersmayalsoworkasfreelance
designers,workingontheirownterms,prices,ideas,etc.
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Agraphicdesignerreportstotheartdirector,creativedirectororseniormediacreative.Asadesigner
becomesmoresenior,theymayspendlesstimedesigningmediaandmoretimeleadinganddirectingother
designersonbroadercreativeactivities,suchasbranddevelopmentandcorporateidentitydevelopment.
Theyareoftenexpectedtointeractmoredirectlywithclients,forexampletakingandinterpretingbriefs.

Crowdsourcingingraphicdesign
JeffHoweofWiredMagazinefirstusedtheterm"Crowdsourcing"inhis2006article,"TheRiseof
Crowdsourcing."[21][22]Creativeworkspanscreativedomainssuchasgraphicdesign,crowdsourcing
architecture,appareldesign,writing,illustration.Tasksmaybeassignedtoindividualsoragroupandmay
becategorizedasconvergentordivergent.Anexampleofadivergenttaskisgeneratingalargenumberof
designsforaposter.Anexampleofaconvergenttaskisselectingoneposterdesign.

Seealso
Relatedareas
Conceptart
Copywriting
Digital
illustration
Industrialdesign

Information
technology
Instructionaldesign
Landscape
architecture
Marketing
communications

Motiongraphic
design
Newmedia
Technical
illustration
Technicalwriting

UserExperience
Design
UserInterface
Design

Relatedtopics
Aesthetics
Colortheory
Designprinciplesand
elements
EuropeanDesignAward

"FirstThingsFirst2000"
Infographic
Listofgraphicdesign
institutions
Listofnotablegraphic
designers
Logotype

Materialculture
Styleguide
Value
Visualization(computer
graphics)

References
1.
2.
3.
4.

Currie,Nick."DesignRockism".
Drucker,JohannaandMcVarish,Emily,'GraphicDesignHistory:AcriticalGuide'.PearsonEducation,2009
Meggs,PhilipB.,'Ahistoryofgraphicdesign'.NewYork:VanNostrandReinhold,1983
PrintingTheSilkRoadFoundation.RetrievedMay31,2008.Silkroad.com(http://www.silk
road.com/artl/printing.shtml)
5. FionaMcCarthy,WilliamMorris,London:FaberandFaber,1996ISBN0571174957
6. Drucker,JohannaandMcVarish,Emily,'GraphicDesignHistory:AcriticalGuide'.PearsonEducation,2009.
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7. Baker,Steve(1990)."TheSignoftheSelfintheMetropolis".JournalofDesignHistory(OxfordUniversity
Press)3(4):228.JSTOR1315763.
8. "DesigningModernBritainDesignMuseumExhibition".RetrievedDecember10,2009.
9. Crouch,Christopher.2000.ModernisminArtDesignandArchitecture,NewYork:St.MartinsPress.ISBN0
312218303(cloth)ISBN031221832X(pbk)
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11. "maxbruinsma".Maxbruinsma.nl.Retrieved20120101.
12. Turner,TracyKnapp,PatMatson(2013)."JaneDavisDoggett,EnvironmentalGraphicsPioneer".Experiential
GraphicsMagazine5.
13. Butterick,Matthew."Butterick'sPracticalTypography."Butterick'sPracticalTypography.JonesMcClure,2010
14.Web.17Feb.2015.
14. Timothy,Samara(2011).GraphicDesigner'sEssentialReference(Firsted.).UnitedStatesofAmerica:Rockport
Publishers,Inc.ISBN9781592537433.Retrieved24September2015.
15. MiltonGlaserDraws&Lectures(http://vimeo.com/6986303).retrieved31012011
16. MikeRohde,Loosewireblog.com(http://www.loosewireblog.com/pen_paper/index.html),Rohdesign.com
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