1

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

AT KM 85 + 835
ON TOPI DARBAND ROAD

INTRODUCTION
This document is prepared for the Prestressed Pre Cast Girders and R.C.C. deck slab bridge
situated on SWABI TOPI DARBAND road at KM 85 + 835. This document is submitted as part of
the Contract Agreement between the Consultants M/S KHBER CONSULTING ENGINEERS (KCE)
and the Client NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY (NHA) for design of the SWABI TOPI
DARBAND road. AASHTO LRFD 1994, (BRIDGE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS) is the governing
code, where there are some ambiguities in the governing code, specifications of AASHTO standard
1996 code are preferred (footnotes are provided throughout the document where standard
specifications are used).
1. GENERAL INFORMATION
1.1 DESIGN SPECIFICATION
1.1.1

AASHTO LRFD code 1994 (BRIDGE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS)

1.1.2

AASHTO Standard specifications 1996.

1.1.3

Pakistan Code of Practice for Highway Bridges (PCPHB) 1967.

1.2 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

(Limit states, Sec. 1.3.2 of AASHTO LRFD 1994)

1.2.1

Service limit state (Flexural design of PC Girders and stability check of the abutments).

1.2.2

Strength limit state (Design of all the structural components except PC girders).

1.2.2

Fatigue limit state (Design of PC girders).

1.3 LIVE LOADS

1.3.1

Single Lane of Military Class 70 Loading

1.3.2

Class A Loading (PCPHB).

1.3.2

HS20-44 Truck (AASHTO standard 1996).

(PCPHB, 1967.).

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1.3.2

Design Lane Load plus Design Truck (HL 93, AASHTO LRFD 1994).

1.3.2

Design Lane Load plus Design Tandem (HL 93, AASHTO LRFD 1994).

1.4 HYDROLOGICAL INFORMATION (Sec. 2.6 of AASHTO LRFD)

1.4.1

Catchment area

= 1.15 Km2.

1.4.2

Discharge (100 years)

= 20.9 m3/sec.

1.4.3

Time of concentration

= 0.323 hrs.

1.4.4

Scour Depth with respect to H.F.L.

= 1.2 meters.

1.4.5

Coefficient of run off

= 0.6

1.4.6

Lacey s silt factor

= 4.75

Note: The finished road elevations determine height of the Bridge; H.F.L. shown on the drawings
is the flood that can pass easily under the Bridge.
1.5 GEOTECHNICAL INFORMATION
1.5.1

Unit weight of the soil under the abutment foundation

soil

= 17300 N /m3.

1.5.2

Angle of internal friction of the granular backfill

= 35

1.5.3

Presumptive allowable bearing capacity (Ref: AASHTO LRFD code) 0.57 to 0.96 MPa.

1.5.4

Recommended value to be used for the general geology

anticipated at the bridge site (very dense gravel sand mixture)

= 0.67 MPa.

Note: Presumptive allowable bearing capacity is by no mean a substitute for proper soil
investigation. Therefore, it is recommended that a proper geotechnical investigation must be carried
out to finalize the bearing capacity at the time of construction stage.

Rational formula for discharges (Hydrology in Practice by Elezabeth M. Shaw pp/297).

Hydrology in Practice by Elizabeth M. Shaw pp/298).

Ref: Lacey s scour depth equation for regime channels.

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2. SUPER STRUCTURE DESIGN
2.1 GENERAL IFORMATIONS ABOUT BRIDGE GEOMETRY (Sec. 2.3.2 AASHTO LRFD)
2.1.1

No. of Spans

=1

2.1.2

Each Span Length

= 30

meters.

2.1.3

Total Span Length

= 30

meters.

2.1.4

Effective Span Length

= 29.3 meters.

2.1.5

Skew Angle

= 0

2.1.6

Type of Superstructure

2.1.7

No. of Girders per Span

= 4

2.1.8

Clear Width of the Bridge

= 7300 mm.

2.1.9

Total Width of the Bridge

= 9050 mm.

2.1.10

No. of Diaphragms per Span

= 5

2.1.11

Type of guardrail

Pre Cast Prestressed Concrete

Girders and RCC Deck Slab.

R.C.C. solid wall type guardrail.

Note: Detailed dimensions of the PC girders, diaphragms, deck slab, foot paths (safety curbs)
and railings are shown on the drawings.
2.2 GENERAL IFORMATIONS ABOUT DESIGN PARAMETERS (Ref: AASHTO LRFD)
2.2.1

Resistance factors, (Sec. 5.5.4.2.1).

2.2.1.1 Flexure
2.2.1.2 Shear
2.2.1.3 Axial

and tension of reinforced concrete

= 0.90

and torsion in normal density concrete

= 0.90

compression with spirals and ties

2.2.1.4 Bearing

on concrete

= 0.75
= 0.70

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2.2.2 Load

modifiers (Sec. 1.3.3 5) :

Strength

2.2.2.1 Ductility, nD
2.2.2.2 Redundancy, nR
2.2.2.3 Operational importance,
2.2.3 Load

Service
1.0
1.0
N/A

Fatigue
1.0
1.0
N/A

combinations and Load factors: Following limit states are investigated.

2.2.3.1 Service

I limit state

2.2.3.2 Strength
2.2.3.3 Fatigue
2.2.4 Live

nI

1.0
1.0
1.0

I Limit State

Limit State

load distribution factors (per lane) are:

2.2.4.1 For

bending moment in interior girders (Table 4.6.2.2.2b-1)

= 0.633

2.2.4.2 For

bending moment in exterior girders (Table 4.6.2.2.2d-1)

= 0.633

2.2.4.3 Factor

for shear in interior girders (Table 4.6.2.2.3a-1)

= 0.775

2.2.4.4 Factor

for shear in exterior girders (Table 4.6.2.2.3b-1)

= 0.775

Note: Load factors relative to moment and shear given in the table 3.4.1-1 of AASHTO LRFD code
1994 are used.
2.2.5 Dynamic

load allowance (not applied to the design lane load) are:

2.2.5.1 For

Fatigue Limit State (Sec. 3.6.2.1)

IMFati- = 15 %

2.2.5.2 For

all other limit states

IM

= 33 %

2.3 STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR

2.3.1
2.3.2

Type of the Structure

Interaction between the Girder and Deck Slab

Simply supported
Acting as I-Beam for self
weight of the girder, weight
of the deck slab &weight of
the diaphragms and acting as a
composite section for the Live Load &
superimposed dead loads of the
wearing coarse, curbs and guard
railings.

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2.3.3

Interaction between Diaphragm, Girder and

Deck Slab

The diaphragms are primarily acting

as bracing element.

2.3.4

Structural model for bridge design

Beam line method: The use of

Distribution Factors recommended by
AASHTO LRFD takes into account
structural interaction among various
girders and deck slab. The D.Fs. are
either based on 2 D Grillage model
or 3 - D Finite Element analysis of
eccentrically stiffened shell assembly.

2.4
2.4.1

MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Concrete used in the PC girders

Class D concrete of 28 days cylinder

compressive strength of 350 kg/cm2
(35 MPa.).

2.4.2

Strength of concrete at transfer

Minimum 280 kg/cm2 (28 Mpa.).

2.4.3

Concrete used in the deck slab, diaphragms,

Curbs, railings, back walls, wing walls,
transoms and rollovers and footings.

Class A concrete of 28 days

cylinder compressive strength of
210 kg/cm2 (21 MPa.).

2.4.4

High strength steel used in the PC girders

2.4.5

2.4.6

Stress in the high strength steel at transfer

Normal reinforcement steel

Stress relived low relaxation

grade 270 (1860 MPa.) 7 wire strands,
conforming to ASTM A-416
70 % of the ultimate
strength (i.e. 0.7*fpu)
Grade 60 (414 MPa) deformed round
bars confirming to ASTM A-615.

2.4.7

Modulus of elasticity of prestressing steel strands

Ep

= 197,000 MPa.

2.4.8

Modulus of elasticity of reinforcing steel

Es

= 200,000 MPa.

2.4.9

Modulus of elasticity of concrete

Ec

= 4800*

f c

MPa.

2.5 GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES OF THE PC GIRDERS

Sec. 5.4.2.2 AASHTO LRFD 1994.

Sec. 5.4.3.2 AASHTO LRFD 1994.

Sec. 5.4.2.4 AASHTO LRFD 1994.

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2.5.1

Height of the Girder

= 1700 mm.

2.5.2

Top flange width

= 500 mm.

2.5.3

Bottom flange width

= 600 mm.

2.5.4

Web thickness

= 170 mm.

2.5.5

Effective flange width

Beff

= 2.225 meters.

2.5.6

Cross sectional area of the I Beam

Ag

= 516250 mm2.

2.5.7

Depth of the Neutral Axis of I-Section

YI-Sec = 740.0745 mm.

2.5.8

Depth of the Neutral Axis of the Composite section

YC-Sec = 1164.435 mm.

2.5.9

Moment of inertia of the I-Section

II-Sec

= 1.893 E+11 mm4.

2.5.10

Moment of inertia of the Composite section

Ic-Sec

= 4.226 E+11 mm4.

Note: X Section at the mid section, End Block and Tendon arrangement at the end are
shown in the figures below.

2.6

APPLIED MOMENTS ON THE PC GIRDERS

(Sec. 5.14.1.2.2 of AASHTO LRFD 1994)

Sec. 8.10.1.1, AASHTO standard 1996 & Sec. 4.6.2.6.1, AASHTO LRFD 1994.

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2.6.1

Service dead load moment due to self weight of the girder

2.6.2

Service dead load moment due to weight of the deck slab

Mslab

2.6.3

Service dead load moment due to weight of the wearing coarse,

safety curbs and railings.

Ms.i.d. = 486 KN m.

Service live load moment (including 33 % dynamic allowance)

ML.L.

2.6.4

Mgirder = 1330 KN m.
= 1146 KN m.

= 2455 KN m

Note: HL 93, AASHTO LRFD 1994 code provisions for max- live load moment governs.
2.7

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE GIRDER DESIGN INFORMATION.

2.7.1

Type of prestressing steel used

7 wire strands of Grade 270

(1860 MPa.)

2.7.2

Diameter of the strand

2.7.3

Area of the prestressing steel (5 tendons/35 strands)

2.7.4

No. of tendons per girder

=5

2.7.5

No. of strands per tendon

=7

12.7 mm (0.5)
Ap

= 3455 mm2.

Note: Net stresses in all the tendons after transfer of prestress force to girders is 0.7*fpu.
Also, net jacking force in each tendon immediately after transfer of prestress force is:
Fo = 900 KN.
2.8

NET JACKING FORCE IN THE TENDONS BEFORE RELEASE AND CORRESPONDING

ELONGATION OF THE TENDONS.
Tendon No.

2.9
2.9.1

Force in the Tendons

KN
Kg
1
978
99733
2
985
100466
3
992
101196
4
1000
101922
5
1007
102644
PRESTRESS LOSSES IN THE TENDONS
Loss due to elastic shortening of concrete

Elongation of steel in
each tendon (mm)
221
222
224
226
228
= 3.408 %.

Weigh in motion records at various bridge sites of pakistan indicates a truck configuration of 3-Axle 45 Ton
(Abbreviated as PK3A45 by Khyber Consulting Engineers) will also cause 2445 KN m. This include 25 % impact.

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2.9.2

Loss due shrinkage of concrete

= 3.223 %.

2.9.3

Loss due to creep of concrete

= 8.198 %

2.9.4

Loss due to relaxation of steel

= 1.369 %.

2.9.5

Loss due to anchorage set/take up

= 3.058 %.

2.9.6

Frictional losses

Frictional losses are

different for each tendon
due to difference in length
and angular change of the
tendons.
k = 4.92X10-6 per mm (0.0015 per ft)
= 0.25

Wobble coefficient
Curvature coefficient
Frictional losses in the tendons are given below:
Frictional loss in Tendon No. 1
Frictional loss in Tendon No. 2
Frictional loss in Tendon No. 3
Frictional loss in Tendon No. 4
Frictional loss in Tendon No. 5

8.612
9.411
10.206
10.996
11.783

Note: Losses, jacking force and elongation given here are valid only for 7-wire strands.
2.10
2.10.1

STRESSES IN THE PC GIRDERS AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF LOADING.

Stresses in the Girder Immediately after Transfer (at mid section).
Type of Stresses

Extreme fiber stresses in tension

Extreme fiber stresses in compression
2.10.2

Applied Stresses
KN/m2
-620.919
-14966.766

Code Limiting Stress Values

KN/m2
0.25 * (f /ci) 0.5 (MPa) = +1313
0.55 * f /ci
(MPa) = -15169

Stresses in the Girder at Working Load Condition/Service Load Condition

(at mid section).

Sec. 9.16.1, AASHTO standard 1996. Note: Value of the Wobble coefficient given in Sec. 5.9.5.2.2b of AASHTO
LRFD 1994 code is 7.45 times less than the value given by AASHTO standard 1996 code. We have adopted the
Conservative (ASHTO standard) value. We are in the process to confirm it from the AASHTO code authority

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Type of Stresses
Extreme fiber stresses in tension
Extreme fiber stresses in compression

Applied Stresses
KN/m2
+ 1481.455
- 11333.090

Code Limiting Stress Values

KN/m2
/
0.5
0.5 * (f cg) (MPa) =+ 2936
0.45 * f /cg (MPa) = -15513.75

Note: All the stresses are checked at the mid-section (span) of the girder .
2.11

SHEAR DESIGN OF THE PC GIRDERS (Sec. 5.8)

2.11.1

Ultimate applied shear force

2.11.2

Ultimate moment corresponding to the ultimate shear

2.11.3

Effective depth for shear (Sec. 5.8.2.7)

dv

= 1468 mm.

2.11.4

Effective width of the web (Sec. 5.8.2.7)

bv

= 145 mm.

2.11.5

Angle of the tendon force with the C.L. of the girder (average)

= 10

2.11.6

Area of concrete at the end block

Ag

= 87700 mm2.

2.11.7

Depth of neutral axis at the end block

Ycg

= 1101.898 mm.

2.11.8

Moment of inertia of the girder at the end

Ig

=2.09X1011mm4.

2.11.9

Angle of inclination of diagonal compressive stresses

Vu
Mu

indicating ability of diagonally cracked concrete to

transmit tension

= 1182 KN.

= 915 KN m.

= 25.25

2.11.10 Factor

= 5.095

2.11.11 Shear

capacity of the concrete

Vc

= 528.53 KN.

2.11.12 Shear

capacity of the girder due to Prestress force in the girder

Vp

= 665 KN.

2.11.13 Transverse
2.11.14 Shear

reinforcement

10 stirrups @ 300 mm c/c.

carried by the transverse reinforcement

Vs

= 610 KN.

2.11.15 Nominal

shear capacity of the girder

Vn = Vc +Vs+Vp

= 1804 KN.

2.11.16 Effective

shear resisting capacity of the girder

Vr = * V n

= 1624 KN.

Sec. 5.9.4.1 To Sec. 5.9.4.2.1 AASHTO LRFD 1994.

A shear force of 1228 KN is caused by 3-Axle 45-Ton truck (Abbreviated as PK3A45 by Khyber Consulting Engineers)
plying regularly/routinely on our roads.

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2.11.17 Ratio

of the shear resisting capacity to ultimate applied shear

= 1.374

2.12

DESIGN OF POST TENSIONED ANCHORAGE ZONE (Sec. 5.10.9)

2.12.1

Design of General Zone (Sec. 5.10.9.3)

P/S

2.12.1.1

Load factor for the jacking force (Sec. 3.4.3)

2.12.1.2

Distance from the end at which stress is to be measured

= 1.2
= 175 mm.

2.12.1.3

Distance of the center of the bursting force parallel to the vertical

face of the girder
dburst1 = 850 mm.

2.12.1.4

Distance of the center of the bursting force parallel to the lateral

face of the girder
dburst2 = 250 mm.

2.12.1.5

Net stresses in the top fibers at distance of 175 mm

ft

= -5.598 N/mm2.

2.12.1.6

Net stresses in the bottom fibers at distance of 175 mm

fb

= -6.688 N/mm2.

2.12.1.7

Ultimate jacking force per tendon/bearing plate

Pu

= 1081 KN.

2.12.1.8

Thickness of the member

= 500 mm.

2.12.1.9

Center to center spacing of anchorages

= 275 mm.

2.12.1.10

Number of tendons in a row

=5

2.12.1.11

Limiting stress from the approximate analysis

fca

= -16.3 N/mm2.

2.12.1.12

Ratio of the limiting stress to applied stresses in top fibers

2.12.1.13

Ratio of the limiting stress to applied stresses in bottom fibers

2.12.1.14

Bursting force corresponding to dburst1

Tburst1 = 1681 KN.

2.12.1.15

Bursting force corresponding to dburst2

Tburst2 = 1347 KN.

2.12.1.16

Bursting reinforcement for Tburst1

Bursting reinforcement for Tburst2

2.12.1.17
2.12.2
2.12.2.1

= 2.912
= 2.44

10 16 bars @ 185 mm (both faces)

8 16 bars @ 65 mm (both faces)

Design of Local Zone (Sec. 5.10.9.7)

Maximum area of the supporting surface

= 137500 mm2.

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2.12.2.2

Gross area of the bearing plate

Ag

= 50625 mm2.

2.12.2.3

Effective net area of the bearing plate

Ab

= 46207 mm2.

2.12.2.4

Factored bearing resistance of the anchorage

Pr

= 1286 KN.

2.12.2.5

Ratio of the bearing resistance Pr to ultimate jacking force Pu

2.13

= 1.19

DEFLECTION IN THE PC GIRDERS

2.13.1

Deflection due to live load and its dynamic effect

= + 16.77 mm.

2.13.2

Deflection due to initial pretress force

= - 49.06 mm.

2.13.3

Deflection due to weight of the girder

= + 22.288 mm.

2.13.4

Deflection due to weight of the deck slab

= + 19.211 mm.

2.13.5

Deflection due to weight of the curbs, railings and wearing coarse = + 3.651 mm.

2.13.6

Net deflection at working load condition

= + 11.95 mm.

2.13.7

Allowable deflection due to total loads for simply supported structures

= + 61.04 mm.

2.13.8

Allowable deflection due to live load and its dynamic effect

= 36.63 mm.

Note: Net deflection is within the allowable limits.

2.14

DESIGN OF DECK SLAB (Ref: AASHTO LRFD)

2.14.1

Minimum depth of the deck slab (Sec. 9.7.1.1, AASHTO LRFD 1994)

= 175 mm.

2.14.2

Thickness of the deck slab

= 200 mm.

2.14.3

Width of strip for positive moment (+M)

= 1883.75 mm.

2.14.4

Width of strip for negative moment (-M)

= 1776.25 mm.

2.14.5

Primary Reinforcement steel used

2.14.6

Secondary Reinforcement steel used

(Distribution and shrinkage steel)

Grade 60 steel (ASTM A 615)

Grade 40 steel (ASTM A 615)

Sec.8.9.3.1, AASHTO standard 1996 & Sec. 2.5.2.6.2, AASHTO LRFD 1994.

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2.14.7

Service dead load positive moment

= 2.1 KN m.

2.14.8

Service dead load negative moment

= 9.24 KN m.

2.14.9

Service Live load positive

2.14.10 Service

= 18.24 KN m.

live load negative moment

= 24.36 KN m.

2.14.11 Ultimate

live load positive moment

= 32 KN m.

2.14.12 Ultimate

live load negative moment`

= 42.63 KN m.

2.14.13 Total

service load positive moment

= 20.34 KN m.

2.14.14 Total

service load negative moment

= 33.6 KN m.

2.14.15 Ultimate

positive moment

= 34.63 KN m.

2.14.16 Ultimate

negative moment

= 54.18 KN m.

2.14.17 Main

positive reinforcement

16 @ 300 mm c/c.

2.14.18 Main

negative reinforcement

16 @ 175 mm c/c.

Note: Main reinforcement (positive and negative) is to be placed at 175 mm center to center.
2.14.19 Distribution
2.14.20 Shrinkage

10 @ 125 mm c/c.

steel/reinforcement

10 @ 200 mm c/c.

steel/reinforcement

2.14.21 Ultimate

positive moment capacity of the deck slab

Md(+ve) = 64.13 KN m.

2.14.22 Ultimate

negative moment capacity of the deck slab

Md(-ve) = 64.13 KN m.

2.14.23 Ratio

of positive moment capacity to ultimate applied positive moment

= 1.85

2.14.24 Ratio

of negative moment capacity to ultimate applied negative moment

= 1.176

Note: Strip method is used for design of the deck slab (Sec. 4.6.2.1 AASHTO LRFD 1994).
Moments are given for a unit width of a meter.
2.15
2.15.1

DIAPHRAGMS
Length of the diaphragm (Clear distance between girders)

= 1.675 m (Avg.)

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2.15.2

Height of the diaphragm

= 1.700 m

2.15.3

Width of the diaphragm

= 200 mm.

Structural action : Primarily used as bracing element for stability and nominal
Longitudinal and transverse reinforcement is provided in both faces (i.e top and
bottom).
2.15.4

3. SUB STRUCTURE DESIGN

3.1 GENERAL INFORMATION
3.1.1

Type of abutment

Coarse Rubble Masonry.

3.1.2

Width of the abutment at the top

= 0.95 meters.

3.1.3

Width of the CRM wall at the bottom

= 4.55 meters.

3.1.4

Length of the CRM wall

= 9.05 meters.

3.1.5

Height of the CRM wall

= 11.02 meters.

3.1.6

Total Height of abutment (to the deck Level)

= 14.55 meters.

3.1.7

Type of footing

3.1.8

Width of foundation

= 7.95 meters.

3.1.9

Length of footing

= 11.45 meters.

3.1.10

Depth of footing

= 1000 mm.

3.1.11

Type of pads

R.C.C. Open/Spread footing.

Elastomeric Bearing Pads

Note: Detailed dimensions of the abutment, abutment footing, wing walls, back wall, transom,
and rollover are shown on the drawings
3.2
3.2.1

3.2.2

STABILITY ANALYSIS OF THE ABUTMENTS.

Weight of the structure (including weight of the footing and backfill)
on the footing

= 16913 KN.

Total stabilizing force (weight of footing is not included)

= 15220 KN.

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3.2.3

Total stabilizing moment about toe of the CRM wall

3.2.4

Total sliding force

3.2.5

Total overturning moment about toe of the CRM wall

3.2.6

Coefficient of friction between the CRM wall and footing

3.2.7

Factor of safety against sliding

(F.O.S.)sliding = 1.63

3.2.8

Factor of safety against overturning

(F.O.S.) o.t.

3.2.1

= 54193 KN m.
= 4212 KN.
= 23272 KN m.
= 0.45

= 2.33

PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION AT BASE OF THE FOOTING.

3.2.1.1 Stresses

at toe of the footing

qmax

= - 0.28 MPa..

3.2.1.2 Stresses

at heel of the footing

qmin

= - 0.1 MPa.

3.2.1.3 Presumptive

allowable bearing capacity (Ref: AASHTO LRFD) 0.57 to 0.96 MPa.

3.2.1.4 Recommended
3.2.1.5 Ratio

Note:

value of use

= 0.67 MPa.

of presumptive allowable B.C. to max stress at toe of footing = 2.4

A pressure distribution diagram is shown on the next page.

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15

Pressure Distribution Diagram for the Abutment Footing

7.95

Distance from the toe

0.00

0.00

-0.05

Pressure ( Mpa )

-0.10

-0.10
-0.15

-0.20

-0.25

-0.28

-0.30

Pressure Distribution Diagram for the Abutment Footing

3.3
3.3.1

STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF SUB STRUCTURE ELEMENTS

DESIGN OF BEARING PAD (Sec. 14.7.5)

3.3.1.1 Minimum
3.3.1.2 Total

seat width

service load on the bearing pad

3.3.1.3 Service
3.3.1.4 Width

live load on the bearing pad

of bearing pad

3.3.1.5 Length

of bearing pad

3.3.1.6 Thickness

of interior layers of elastomer

= 251 mm.

PTotal

= 822.53 KN.

PL.L.

= 411.53 KN.

= 400 mm.

= 550 mm.

hri

= 10 mm.

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3.3.1.7 Total

thickness of the elastomer (layers)

hrt

= 30 mm.

3.3.1.8 Shape

factor of each layer

Si

= 11.579

3.3.1.9 Shear

modulus of the elastomer

= 1.14 MPa.

3.3.1.10

Applied compressive stress due to total load

= 3.74 MPa.

= 1.871 MPa.

3.3.1.11Applied

compressive stress due to live load

3.3.1.12

Limiting compressive stress for the total load

= 21.912 MPa.

3.3.1.13

Limiting compressive stress for the live load

= 8.712 MPa.

3.3.1.14

Factor of safety against failure due to total load compressive stress = 5.86

3.3.1.15

Factor of safety against failure due to live load compressive stress = 4.66

3.3.1.16

Compressive strain

2.2 %

3.3.1.17

Compressive deflection

0.44 mm.

3.3.1.18

Limiting compressive deflection

Limiting = 3.2 mm.

3.3.1.19

Factor of safety against failure due compressive deflection

3.3.1.20

Total shear deformation

3.3.1.20

ht
Limiting Value for shear deformation (
)
2

3.3.2

= 7.3
s

= 14.76 mm.
= 15 mm.

DESIGN OF GIRDER SEATR/TRANSOM

3.3.2.1 Width

of the transom

= 950 mm.

3.3.2.2 Depth

of the transom

= 600 mm.

3.3.2.3 Effective

depth of the transom

= 560 mm.

3.3.2.4 Minimum

area of steel

= 1756 mm2.

3.3.2.5 Moment

of inertia of the transom

= 1.7E+10 mm4.

3.3.2.6 Modulus

of elasticity of the transom concrete

= 21831 MPa.

EI

=373X103 KN-m2

3.3.2.8

Flexural rigidity of the transom

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17
3.3.2.9 Reinforcement

steel

12 16 bars uniformly distributed.

Note: The transom is provided as a rigid element to distribute the load of super structure at top
of the abutment wall (CRM wall). Its flexural rigidity is more than sufficient to distribute the load
uniformly over the abutment and to take care for any localized differential settlement in CRM wall.
3.3.3

DESIGN OF THE WING WALLS

3.3.3.1 Thickness

of the wing wall

= 300 mm.

3.3.3.2 Effective

depth of wing wall

= 260 mm.

3.3.3.4 Ultimate

moment on the interface of wing wall and backwall

3.3.3.5 Minimum
3.3.3.6 Moment
3.3.3.7 Ratio

3.3.3.10

= 1390 mm2.

area of steel

capacity of the wing wall with As-mini

= 138.6 KN m.

of ultimate moment capacity to ultimate applied moment

3.3.3.8 Shrinkage
3.3.3.9 Main

= 86.4 KN m.

= 1080 mm2.

and temperature steel

12 @ 190 mm c/c (B.F.)

flexural reinforcement

10 @ 140 mm c/c (B.F.)

Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement

3.3.3.11Ultimate

= 1.604

shear at the interface of wing wall and backwall

= 66.51 KN.

3.3.3.12

Ultimate shear capacity of the wing wall

= 429.96 KN.

3.3.3.13

Ratio of the shear capacity and ultimate applied shear

= 6.45

3.3.4

DESIGN OF BACKWALL

3.3.4.1 Ultimate

moment at base of the Backwall

3.3.4.2 Thickness

of the Backwall

Mu

= 24.3 KN m/m
= 27.5 cm.

3.3.4.3 Effective

depth of the backwall

= 23.5 cm.

3.3.4.4 Minimum

area of steel

= 4.92 cm2/m

3.3.4.5 Moment

capacity of the section with As-mini

= 42 KN m/m.

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18
3.3.4.6 Ratio of ultimate moment
3.3.4.7 Main reinforcement steel
3.3.4.8 Shrinkage
3.3.4.9 Ultimate

12 @ 250 mm c/c. (B.F.)

steel

shear at base of the Backwall

= 28.02 KN.

Ultimate shear capacity of the backwall

3.3.4.10
3.3.4.11Ratio

3.3.5

capacity and ultimate applied moment

= 1.73
12 @ 250 mm c/c. (B.F.)

= 150.86 KN.

of the ultimate shear capacity to ultimate applied shear

= 5.38

DESIGN OF THE ABUTMENT FOOTING.

3.3.5.1 Width

of the footing

3.3.5.2 Length

= 7.95 meters.

of the footing

= 11.45 meters.

3.3.5.3 Depth

of the footintg

= 1000 mm.

3.3.5.4 .Clear

cover for the flexural steel

= 75

3.3.5.5 Effective
3.3.5.6 Applied

depth of the footing

3.3.5.8 Ratio

3.3.5.11Ratio

= 25229 KN.

shear capacity of the footing

= 32270 KN.

of the punching shear capacity to applied punching shear

3.3.5.9 Applied
3.3.5.10

= 912.5 mm.

punching shear on the footing

3.3.5.7 Punching

mm.

= 1.48

beam shear

= 5902 KN.

Beam shear capacity of the footing

= 7099 KN.

of the beam shear capacity to the applied beam shear

= 1.2

3.3.5.12

Ultimate moment, in shorter direction, at face of the support Mu1

3.3.5.13

Reinforcement steel provided in shorter direction

25 @ 150 mm c/c.

3.3.5.14

Ultimate moment capacity in shorter direction

Md1

3.3.5.15

Ratio of the ultimate moment capacity to ultimate

applied moment In shorter direction

3.3.5.16

Ultimate moment, in longer direction, at face of the support

= 941 KN-m/m.

= 1065 KNm/m.
= 1.13

Mu2

= 418 KN-m/m.

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3.3.5.17

Reinforcement steel provided longer direction

20 @ 170 mm c/c.

3.3.5.18

Ultimate moment capacity in longer direction

Md2

3.3.5.19

Ratio of the ultimate moment capacity to ultimate

applied moment in longer direction

= 613 KNm/m.
= 1.466

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