Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PRT4701
Year Module
Department of Electrical and Mining
Engineering
IMPORTANT INFORMATION:
This tutorial letter contains important information
about your module.
CONTENTS
Page
1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
2.1
Purpose ........................................................................................................................................3
2.2
Outcomes .....................................................................................................................................3
3.1
Lecturer(s).....................................................................................................................................3
3.2
Department ...................................................................................................................................3
3.3
University ......................................................................................................................................4
4.1
4.2
4.3
ASSESSMENT .............................................................................................................................4
8.1
8.2
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.3
8.4
Assignments .................................................................................................................................7
10
EXAMINATION ...........................................................................................................................18
11
12
13
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................18
14
ADDENDUM ...............................................................................................................................18
PRT4701/101
INTRODUCTION
Dear Student
Welcome to the subject Protection Technology IV (Theory) (PRT4701) at UNISA. This
tutorial letter serves as a guideline to this subject. It provides you with general administrative
information as well as specific information about the subject. Read it carefully and keep it
safe for future reference. We trust that you will enjoy this course.
2.1
Purpose
The purpose of this subject is for the student to study the calculation of fault currents (three
and/or single phase) to form an integral part of application of the field of Protection
Technology.
2.2
Outcomes
The ability to calculate fault currents theoretically (three and single phase as well as
symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults) by using the Zbus - and other methods.
3.1
Lecturer(s)
3.2
Department
electrical&mining@unisa.ac.za
3.3
University
If you need to contact the University about matters not related to the content of this module,
please consult the publication My studies @ Unisa that you received with your study
material. This brochure contains information on how to contact the University (e.g. to whom
you can write for different queries, important telephone and fax numbers, addresses and
details of the times certain facilities are open).Always have your student number at hand
when you contact the University.
MODULE-RELATED RESOURCES
4.1
Prescribed books
Recommended books
Use your my Studies @ Unisa brochure for general time management and planning skills.
The practical part of this module will be covered in the module PRTPRA4.
ASSESSMENT
8.1
Assessment plan
You will find your assignments for this subject in this Tutorial Letter. Assignment 1,
2 and 3 are compulsory and all assignments will be used in the calculation of your
year mark. Please send the completed assignments to UNISA before the closing
dates stated in this section.
PRT4701/101
The year mark is based on all the assignment marks obtained and their contribution towards
the final year mark are as shown in the table below:
ASSIGNMENT
NUMBER
1 (Compulsory)
10%
2 (Compulsory)
45%
3 (Compulsory)
45%
= 100 %
TOTAL
8.2
CONTRIBUTION
TOWARDS YEAR
MARK
852091
605467
805484
Submission of assignments
Please note that model answers for the assignments will be dispatched to all
students within 1 week of the closing date of the assignment. This implies that
you cannot submit your assignment later than the stipulated submission date.
For detailed information and requirements as far as assignments are concerned, see
the brochure my Studies @ Unisa that you received with your study material.
To submit an assignment via myUnisa:
Go to myUnisa.
PRT4701/101
8.4
Assignments
1. Examine the three phasor diagrams of a short transmission line: (All diagrams are drawn
for the same magnitudes of VR and IR)
Diagram 1. is for a:
1. load power factor of 70% lagging
2. load power factor of 70% leading
3. load power factor of 100%
4. None of the above
4. The shunt admittance, usually __________, is included in the calculations for a line of
medium length.
1. pure resistive
2. pure capacitive
3. pure inductive
4. All of above
5. If, in a medium length line, the total shunt admittance of the line is divided into two equal
parts placed at the sending and receiving ends of the line, the circuit is called ______.
1. an independent circuit
2. a symmetrical circuit
3. a nominal circuit
4. a capacitive circuit
7. For a long transmission line, is called the propagation constant. The real part of this
constant is called ___________.
(1)
attenuation constant
(2)
impedance constant
(3)
termination constant
(4)
instantaneous constant
8. The real part of the propagation constant mentioned in question 7 above, is measured
in ________:
(1)
ohms per meter
(2)
Siemens
(3)
F/m
(4)
nepers per unit length.
9. The quadrature part of the propagation constant mention in question 7 above, is called
______________.
(1)
propagation voltage
(2)
impedance constant
(3)
rotation constant
8
PRT4701/101
(4)
phase constant
10. The impedance elements of Zbus on the principal diagonal are called ______________ of
the buses.
1. characteristic impedances
2. phasor impedances
3. driving point impedances
4. mutually coupled impedances
11. The impedance elements of Zbus on the off-diagonal elements are called _________ of
the buses
1. resistive impedances
2. characteristic impedances
3. transfer impedances
4. coupled impedances
15. Subtransient currents are ___ than transient and steady state currents.
1. larger
2. smaller
3. equivalent
4. negligible
16. Experience has shown that between 70% and 80% of transmission lines faults are
______ faults.
(1)
single line to line
(2)
single line to ground
(3)
two phase
(4)
three phase
17. Reclosing of circuit breakers usually restore the voltage on the transmission line. If
reclosing is unsuccessful, the fault on the line is usually a _______ fault.
(1)
line to line
(2)
permanent
(3)
three phase
(4)
None of the above
18. In an auto transformer, the three windings are called primary, secondary and ______
windings.
1. tertiary;
2. impedance;
3. phasors ;
4. None of above
19. Roughly 5% of all faults are three phase faults. These are so-called ________ three
phase faults.
1. permanent
2. transient
3. symmetrical
4. unsymmetrical
20. The bus impedance matrix is most often used for _____ calculations.
1. positive-sequence current
2. negative-sequence current
3. fault current
4. sequence and system current
10
(20)
PRT4701/101
ASSIGNMENT 2
QUESTION 1:
1.1
Use the one step at a time method to construct Zbus for the two bus network.
1.2
Add a new branch with Zb = j0.4pu between busses 1 and 2 for this network.
Construct the new bus matrix assuming Zb is not mutually coupled to the
existing line.
(15)
(10)
[25]
QUESTION 2:
A single Study the following single line diagram (Figure 1) of a reactance network and
answer questions 2.1 to 2.5. The magnitude and angle of each of the generated
voltages may be assumed to remain constant.
Figure 1
11
2.1
(10)
2.2
(4)
2.3
(3)
2.4
The change in voltage at each bus when the capacitor is connected at bus 3;
(3)
2.5
(3)
[23]
QUESTION 3:
A single line diagram of a power system is shown in the figure below where negative
and zero sequence reactances are also given. The neutrals of the transformers are
solidly earthed whilst the neutral of the motor is grounded via zero's pu reactance.
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Using a base of 100MVA and 13.8kV, determine and draw the pu zero,
positive and negative sequence network for the system.
(9)
(9)
Calculate the sub-transient fault current in per unit and actual value for a
bolted single phase line to ground short circuit from phase a and ground at
bus 2.
(6)
Calculate the per unit line to ground voltage at the faulted bus 2 mentioned in
problem 3.3 above.
(6)
[30]
12
PRT4701/101
QUESTION 4:
A 1MVA generator with Xd = 0.2 per unit is connected to a bus through a circuit
breaker. Connected through circuit breakers to the same bus are three synchronous
motor rated 200kW, 6.6kV, 1.0 power factor, 92% efficiency with Xd = 0.2 per unit.
The motors are operating at full load, unit power factor and rated voltage with the
load equally divided among the machines. Neglect the resistance of the lines.
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
Draw the impedance diagram with the impedance marked in per unit on a
base of 1MVA, 6.6kV.
Find the symmetrical short-circuit current in Amps, which must be interrupted
by breakers A and B for a three phase fault at point P. Simplify the
calculations by neglecting the pre-fault current.
Repeat 4.2 for a three phase fault at point Q.
Repeat 4.2 for a three phase fault at point R.
(6)
(12)
(2)
(2)
[22]
TOTAL:100
13
ASSIGNMENT 3
QUESTION 1:
A 30MVA, 13.8kV, 3 phase alternator has a sub transient reactance of 15% and negative
and zero sequence reactance of 15% and 5% respectively. the alternator supplies two
motors over a transmission line having transformers at both end as shown in the figure
below. The motors have rated inputs of 20MVA and 10MVA both 12.5kv with 20% sub
transient reactance and negative and zero sequence reactance of 20% and 5%
respectively. Current limiting resistors of 2 each are in the neutral of the alternator and
larger motor. The three phase transformers are rated 35MVA, 13.2/115kV Y with leakage
reactance of 10%. Series reactance of the line is 200.
1.1
(15)
1.2
Determine the fault current when a L-L to ground fault occurs at point P.
Assume Vf = 120kV.
(10)
[25]
QUESTION 2:
Reactances of the two sections of the transmission line are shown in the diagram. The
generators and transformers are rated as follows:
G1
14
PRT4701/101
G2
G3
T1
T2
T3
2.1 Draw the negative and zero sequence impedance networks. Mark all the
values of all reactances in per unit on a base of 50MVA, 13.8kV in the circuit of
generator 1. Letter the networks to correspond to the single diagram. The
neutrals of generator 1 and 3 are connected to ground through current limiting
reactors having a reactance of 5% each on the base of the machine to which it
is connected. Each generator has negative and zero sequence reactances of
20% and 5% respectively, on its own rating as base. The zero sequence
reactance of the transmission line is 210 ohm from B to C and 250 ohm from C
to E. Shown all relevant calculations.
(10)
(5)
(5)
[20]
QUESTION 3:
3.1
The currents flowing in the lines towards a balanced load connected in are:
Ia = 100 0
Ib = 141.4 225
Ic = 100 90
(a)
(b)
(c)
Find the symmetrical components of the given line currents and draw
phasor diagrams of the positive - and negative sequence line and
phase currents.
Determine Iab in amperes.
Assume that the current specified above are flowing towards a load
from lines connected to the Y-side of a -Y transformer rated
10MVA, 13.2 /66YkV. Determine the currents flowing in the lines on
the side by converting the symmetrical components of the currents
(4)
(5)
15
to per unit on the base of the transformer rating and by shifting the
components according the following rules:
(6)
Check the results by computing the currents in each phase of the winding
in amperes directly from the currents on the Y-side by multiplying by the turns
ratio of the windings. Complete the check by computing the line currents from
the phase currents on the side.
3.2
(10)
[25]
QUESTION 4:
4.1
One conductor of a three phase line is open as shown in the figure below:
The current flowing to the delta connected load through the line R is 10A.
With the current in line R as reference and assuming that B is open,
determine the symmetrical components of the line currents.
16
(15)
PRT4701/101
4.2
4.2.1.
(9)
4.2.2.
(6)
[30]
TOTAL:
100
17
None
10
EXAMINATION
Use your my Studies @ Unisa brochure for general examination guidelines and examination
preparation guidelines.
11
The my Studies @ Unisa brochure contains an A-Z guide of the most relevant study
information.
12
SOURCES CONSULTED
None
13
CONCLUSION
Please ensure that you have all the tutorial letters and prescribed book available before
starting with your studies.
14
None
18
ADDENDUM