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Astrophysics

Free fall collapse

1.

Enginyeria Fsica, UPC


Joan Sendra

Analytical solution

Consider an homogeneous sphere of initial radius R and density 0 . Lets suppose that theres no
pressure to counterbalance gravity, so the initially static sphere will start to collapse at time t > t0 .
The equations governing the collapse are (1), mass conservation, and (2), momentum conservation.

4 r3
1

=
3 m

2
r
m
= G 2
t2
r

(1)
(2)

Since initial conditions are homogeneous, the sphere will remain like that during the collapse.
Taking this into account, we only have to focus on solving (3) with initial conditions r(t0 ) = R and
u(t0 ) = dr/dt|(t0 ) = 0.
d2 r
M
= G 2
2
dt
r
Writing this equation as a function of the velocity u = dr/dt.

(3)

d2 r
du
du dr
du
M
=
=
u
= G 2
(4)
2
dt
dt
dr dt
dr
r
Initials conditions are u(t0 ) = 0 and r(t0 ) = R. Integrating and taking into account that the
velocity is always negative, as the sphere is collapsing, we can get an expression of u as a function of
r and initial conditions.
Z

1
d
2

0
R
s




1
1
1
1
u2
= GM

u = 2GM

2
r R
r R
vdv = GM

(5)
(6)

Now we have to solve the last integral u = dr/dt. To solve it, well use the change of variables
= R sin2 , d = 2R sin cos d.
Z

t t0 =
R

2R sin cos
r

1
2GM R sin
2
So we end up with the expression

1
R

d
q

2GM

1
r

(7)

1
R

r
2R sin cos
2R3
q
=
=

sin2 d

GM
2GM cos2
R sin2

(8)

r
t t0 =

2.

arcsin

r/R

sin2 d

(9)

/2

arcsinr/R
2R3

(10)
( sin cos )
GM
/2

arcsin x = arc cos x = arcsin 1 x2 and M = 43 0 R3 the final solution


1
t t0 =
2

Using the relation


can be obtained

2R3
GM

8
G0
3

1/2


r 1/2  r 1/2 
r 1/2
+
(t t0 ) = arcsin 1
1
R
R
R

(11)

Numerical analysis

This problem can be solved as well with a hydrodynamic code. The key is to use a lagrangian
formulation to solve the discretized differential equations. In this casw, the discretization is as follows
4 r3 ri3
= i+1
i+/2
3 mi+1 mi




Gmi+1 n
Gmi+1 n+1
= (1 )
+
2
2
ri+1
ri+1
1

n
un+1
i+1 ui+1
t

(12)
(13)

n+1
n
ri+1
ri+1
= (1 )uni+1 + un+1
i+1
t

(14)

Where n symbolizes the n-time step and i the shell number. The parameter controls the type of
integration. If = 0 it is an explicit method and if = 1 it is implicit. For intermediate values of
the code is called semi-implicit.
If we solve the system for initial conditions R = 104 cm, 0 = 107 gcm3 with 100 shells and = 0,5
we obtain the following results
1014

1 104

13

9 103

10

8 103

1012

0 ms
400 ms
531 ms
635 ms
661 ms
664 ms

10

10

Radius (cm)

Density (g/cm )

7 103

1011

109

6 103
5 103
4 103
3 103

108

2 103

1 103

10

106

0 100

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Time (s)

Shell number

In the left graphic the density as a function of the number shell for different times is plotted. This
way it is demonstrated that the sphere remains homogeneous during the collapse. In the right graphic
the radius as a function of time is plotted. Even though the sphere goes faster to radius r = 0 as time
goes on (gravity is stronger the more it shrinks), an infinite time is needed to reach this radius so
2

we can not give the exact time to reach full collapse. Instead we can estimate that the sphere needs
t = 664,21ms to reach 1 % of its initial radius.
If we perform now the simulation with different choices of ={0, 0.25, 0.75, 1} we obtain the
following times needed for the sphere to shrink to 1 % of its initial radius.

0.0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.0

time(ms)
664.31
664.26
664.21
664.17
664.12

As can be seen, the time is nearly the same, meaning that the result of the computation doesnt
depend on for the time step used (in this case t = 0,01ms) and the density remains homogeneous.
Actually, if we compute this time analytically, using r = R/100 and t0 = 0, we get that t = 664,03ms.
This demonstrates the correct performance of the hydrodynamic code.

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