LABORATORY REPORT

MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING

CE 171

___________________________

Presented to
Engr. Joel G. Opon
Faculty, Civil Engineering Department
MSU Iligan Institute of Technology
Iligan City

___________________________

NICOLE ALEXIS K. VIOS

Laboratory Report No. 1

Standard Specifications for Concrete Aggregates
ASTM C 33

Name: Nicole Alexis K. Vios

Date Performed: August 6, 2014

Group No. 3

I. Introduction
Concrete is a mixture of cement, aggregates and water. The purpose of
aggregates within this mixture is to provide a rigid skeletal structure and to reduce the
space occupied by the cement paste thus reduces the cost. Both coarse and fine
aggregates are required.
This specification is for use in project specifications to define the quality of
aggregate, the nominal maximum size of the aggregate, and other specific grading
requirements. It is used by a contractor, concrete supplier, or other purchaser as part of
the purchaser document describing the material to be furnished. It defines the
requirements for grading and quality of fine and coarse aggregates for use in concrete.
Those responsible for selecting the proportions for the concrete mixture shall
have the responsibility of determining the proportions of fine and coarse aggregates
and the addition of blending aggregate sizes if required or approved.
Sand is the most commonly used building construction material. Its quality
can have considerable effects on strength and durability of structures. A quality test
for fine aggregates is therefore necessary. This laboratory activity tests only the fine
aggregates.
II. Apparatuses
This laboratory activity was not done by students because the sand sample
where given directly to City Engineers Office (CEO) for quality testing.
III. Summary of the Test Method
Half a sack of fine aggregates sample where prepared and was sent to the City
Engineers Office (CEO) for quality test, in accordance with the American Society of
Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standards.
IV. Data Presentation and Analysis
Fine aggregates shall consist of natural sand, manufactured sand, or a
combination thereof. It shall be free from injurious amounts of inorganic impurities.

Fine aggregates for use in concrete that will be subject to wetting, extended exposure
to humid atmosphere, or contact with moist ground shall not contain any materials
that are deleteriously reactive with the alkalis in the cement in amount sufficient to
cause excessive expansion of mortar or concrete. Fine aggregate subjected to five
cycles of the soundness test shall have a required weighted average loss.
A. Grading
As specified in ASTM C33 Section 6 which is grading, the following
table are the specifications regarding the grading of fine aggregates:
Table 1
Sieve (Specification E11)
9.5mm (3/8 in)
4.75mm (No. 4)
2.36mm (No. 8)
1.18mm (No. 16)
0.6mm (No. 30)
0.3mm (No. 50)
0.15mm (No. 100)

Percent Passing
100
95-100
80-100
50-85
25-60
5-30
0-10

On the other hand, the following table is the result obtained during the
quality test of fine aggregates:
Table 2
Sieve Size, mm
9.5(3/8 in)
4.75 (No. 4)
2.36 (No. 8)
1.18 (No. 16)
0.6 (No. 30)
0.3 (No. 50)
0.15 (No. 100)
0.075 (No. 200)

Requirements
100
95-100
--45-80
--5-30
0-10
0-3

Results
100
100
95
69
25
8
2
1

Remarks
Passed
Passed
Passed
Passed
Passed
Passed
Passed
Passed

As you can observe in the two (2) tables, there are slight differences in
the requirements just like the 1.18-mm (No. 16) and 150-m (No. 100) sieve.
But still, the sand sample passed the specified grading of fine aggregates.
In Table 2, you can see in column two (2) rows four (4) and six (6), the
results from the City Engineers office did not specify the requirements but in
accordance to ASTM C33, please refer to Table 1.
B. Fineness Modulus
ASTM C 33 section 6.2 states that:

6.2 The fine aggregate shall have not more than 45% passing any
sieve and retained on the next consecutive sieve, and its fineness modulus
shall not be less than 2.3 nor more than 3.1.
The result obtained in the quality test is shown below. Since it is within
the range of the requirement of this specification, therefore the sand sample
passed in this test.
TEST
Fineness Modulus

REQUIREMENT
2.3< X <3.1

RESULTS
3.01

REMARKS
Passed

C. Moisture Content
With reference to ASTM C 70 (Standard Test Method for Surface
Moisture in Fine Aggregate), it says that this test can be used to adjust
aggregate weights for moisture content and to determine surface moisture
contribution to mixing water in Portland cement concrete. The result of the
sand sample quality test is shown below.
TEST
Moisture Content

RESULTS
3.61

D. Bulk Specific Gravity

In accordance to ASTM C 29 (Standard Test Method for Bulk Density
Unit Weight and Voids in Aggregate), determining the bulk density values
are necessary for use for many methods of selecting proportions for concrete
mixtures. The result of the sand sample quality test is illustrated below.
TEST
Bulk Specific Gravity

RESULTS
2.52

E. Absorption, %
Absorption as defined in ASTM C 128 (Standard Test Method for
Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Fine
Aggregate) Section 3.1.1 is the increase in mass of aggregate due to water
penetrating into the pores of the particles, during a prescribed period of time
but no including water adhering to the outside surface of the particles,
expressed as percentage of the dry mass. The result of the sand sample quality
test is illustrated below.
TEST

RESULTS

Absorption, %

2.905

F. Soundness (Na2SO4), % Loss

As specified in section 8.1 of this specification,
Fine aggregate subject to five cycles of the soundness test shall have a
weighted average loss not greater than 10% when sodium sulphate is used or
15% when magnesium sulphate is used.
In this quality test, sodium sulphate is used and the result of the test is
shown below. Since it is not greater than 10% because it is only 2.905%, the
sand sample passed the soundness test.
TEST
Absorption, %

RESULTS
2.905

REMARKS
Passed

A summary of this quality test results can be found in Appendix A.

V. Conclusions and Observations
a. The sand sample sent to the City Engineers Office (CEO) which was used
by the students in the rest of their laboratory activities has an amount of
silt and clay thus it is to apply methods that will decrease these amount
like heating the sand sample to eliminate the presence of these elements.
b. The use of good quality raw material is vital for the quality of the end
product. Assessing the quality of sand is a great idea to ensure the best
construction.
c. Fine sand should consist of natural sand or crushed stone sand. It should be
hard, durable, clean and free from organic matter. Fine sand should not
contain any appreciable amount of clay balls and harmful impurities such
as alkalis, salts, coal decayed vegetation and etc. This will greatly affect
the concrete.
d. Fineness Modulus (FM) is the sum of the total percentages retained on
each specified sieve divided by 100. The higher the FM, the coarser the
aggregate. Fine aggregates affect many concrete properties, including
workability and finishability. Usually, a lower FM results in more paste,
making concrete easier to finish.
e. The moisture content of an aggregate is an important factor when
developing the proper water-to-cement (w/c) ratio. All aggregates contain
some moisture based on the porosity of the particles and the moisture
condition of the storage area.

f. Bulk Specific Gravity is the characteristic generally used for calculation of

the volume occupied by the aggregate as well as in computation of voids
in aggregate. Thus it is an important factor in designing concrete mixes.
g. One of the most important factor in concretes performance is the water-tocement (w/c) ratio. Water is essential to the cement hydration that gives
concrete its mechanical strength, but it must be dosed correctly. Thus,
determining the absorption of fine aggregates will enable us to correctly
dose the water-to-cement (w/c) ratio.
h. The quality of aggregates play a fundamental role in the quality of
concrete.
Laboratory Report No. 2
Standard Test Method for Normal Consistency of Hydraulic Cement
ASTM C 187

Name: Nicole Alexis K. Vios

Date Performed: August 15, 2014

Group No. 3

I. Introduction
For finding out initial and final setting time of cement, a parameter known as
Normal Consistency has to be used. Consistency refers to the relative mobility of a
freshly mixed cement paste or its ability to flow. Consistency of hydraulic cement
depends on the water-to-cement (w/c) ratio.
The normal consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which
will permit a Vicat plunger to penetrate to a depth of 10 1 mm from the top of the
mold. This test method is intended to be used to determine the amount of water
required to prepare hydraulic cement pastes for testing. Tests like these are performed
to ensure that the cement is of desired quality.
II. Apparatuses
a. Digital Weighing Scale a device used to measure the
weight of the substance i.e. cement.
b. Basin or Mixing Pan a container used where the
mixing of cement and water happens.

c. Trowel a hand tool used to mix the mixture and also to

smoothen and flatten the top part of the mixture when it is
already in the mold.
d. Graduated Cylinder a laboratory instrument used to
measure the volume of the liquid i.e. water.
e. Stopwatch used to record the time of penetration of the Vicat plunger in the
mixture making sure that 30 seconds has passed
reading.
f. Vicat Apparatus a device used to determine the

before
normal

consistency of the mixture.

III. Summary of the Test Method
A 650g amount of cement with a measured quantity of water was prepared.
Using the trowel and the mixing pan or basin, the cement and water were mixed
together. As soon as the mixture is good, quickly, the cement paste was formed into
the approximate shape of a ball by means of the hands. It was tossed from one hand to
another several times approximately six (6) times. It was then placed into the conical
ring completely filling the ring with the cement paste, shaking it slightly to expel the
air. It was flattened and smoothened using the trowel and the excess cement paste was
removed. The ring was then placed on the base plate of the vicat apparatus. In
determining the consistency of the fresh mixture, the cement paste was placed at the
center confined in the conical ring. The plunger end of the apparatus is used to
determine the consistency of the mixture. The movable indicator was set to zero mark
scale and the screw was tightened. Eventually, the screw was released. A time of thirty
(30) seconds was waited before the final reading of the penetration of the rod.
The paste shall be of normal consistency when the rod settles to a point 10 1
mm below the original surface in 30 seconds after being released. Make trial cement
pastes with varying percentages of water until the normal consistency is obtained.
Make each trial with fresh cement. In making a new trial, make sure that the plunger
is cleaned every repetition.
IV. Data Presentation and Analysis
Wat
Rema
Trial
Ceme er
Penetra rks
Numb nt
(mL Water-to-Cement tion
er
(g)
)
Ratio (w/c)
(mm)
1
650
195
0.30
24 Fail

2
3

650
650

162.
5
182

0.25
0.28

Standard

7 Fail
10 Pass

Consistency

Quantity of Water for 10 1 mm penetration

100%
650 g
=

182
100
650

= 28%
Trial and error was used in achieving the right amount of water-to-cement
ratio in order to reach the standard normal consistency. As you can see from the data
above, the first trial with 195mL of water which is 30% of the cement, penetrated too
much that it reached the bottom of the plate. Opposite happened with 162.5mL of
water which is 25% of the cement because the Vicat plunger penetrated 4mm which is
less than that of the required. Finally, during the third trial with 182mL of water which
is a water-to-cement ratio of 0.28 penetrated just exactly 10mm which is within the
range of the standard normal consistency.
V. Conclusion and Observations
a. The degree of wetness exhibited by a freshly mixed concrete is an
important factor in determining the workability of a certain mixture.
b. The manner of mixing the elements may have a factor affecting the
amount of penetration of the Vicat plunger.
c. The temperature of the water used can also affect the penetration of the
Vicat plunger.
d. The cement paste mixture of a 650g cement mixed with 28% of water that
is 182mL passed the Standard Test Method specified by ASTM C 187.
VI. Photo Documentations

Figure 1
Mixing of Cement
and Water
Figure 2 Filling and
finishing the mold
Figure 3 Reading of Penetration

Figure 4 Final output

Laboratory

Report No. 3

Standard

Test Method for

Time of
Setting

of

Hydraulic
Cement by Vicat Needle
ASTM C 191

Name: Nicole Alexis K. Vios

Group No. 3

I. Introduction

Date Performed: August 15, 2014

Setting time is one of the most important properties of a cement, as it will

determine how much time is available to place and finish the concrete. Two ASTM
standards exists for evaluation of setting time: ASTM Standard Test Method for Time
of Setting of Hydraulic Cement by Vicat Needle (C 191) and ASTM Standard Test
Method for Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement Paste by Gillmore Needles (C 266).
Both methods basically measure when the hydrating cement paste develops some
finite value of resistance to penetration. Setting time is strongly influenced by the
water-to-cement ratio.
This method determines the time of setting of hydraulic cement by means of
the vicat needle. It provides a means of determining compliance with a specification
limit for Vicat time of setting.
II. Apparatuses
a. Digital Weighing Scale a device used to measure the weight
of the substance i.e. cement.
b. Basin or Mixing Pan a container used to mix the cement and
water.
c. Trowel a hand tool used to mix the
mixture and also to smoothen and flatten the
top part of the mixture when it is already in the mold.
d. Graduated Cylinder a laboratory instrument used to
measure the volume of the liquid i.e. water.
e. Stopwatch used to record the time of penetration of the
Vicat Needle in the mold starting from the initial setting
to final setting.
f. Vicat Apparatus a device used to measure the depth of
penetration of the Vicat needle into the mold until it reaches the
desired initial set which is 25mm or less and final set which is 0mm.
III. Summary of the Test Method
A cement paste that is proportioned and mixed to the standard
normal consistency as described in the Test Method C 187 is molded. This
is a new batch of cement paste by mixing 650g of cement with the
percentage of mixing water required for normal consistency as done in the previous
laboratory experiment.
The Vicat initial time of setting is calculated as the time elapsed between the
initial contact of cement and water and the time when the penetration is at 25mm or
less. Right after molding the mixture, wait for 30 minutes for the initial reading of the

penetration, followed by 20 minutes. If eventually, the needle starts to penetrate a

little, determine the penetration every after 15 minutes. Perform the penetration test
by setting the movable indicator to zero mark scale and tightening the screw. Release
the rod quickly by releasing the set screw and allow the needle to settle for about 30
seconds before taking the reading for recording. Record the results of all penetration
tests. Make sure that every after repetition of the penetration test, the needle is clean
and move to a new point where the needle will penetrate every repetition.
The vicat final time of setting is calculated as the time elapsed between initial
contact of cement and water and the time when the need does not visibly sink into the
cement paste.
IV. Data Presentation and Analysis
At exactly 3:51 in the afternoon, mixing of the 650g cement and 182mL of
water passing the Test Method C 187-86 for normal consistency was made. At
3:53PM molding of the mixture was done. The following table shows the summary of
the time of setting of the mixture both initial and final set as well as the depth of
penetration of the needle:

1st Test
2nd Test
3rd Test
4th Test
5th Test
6th Test
7th Test
8th Test

Start End
3:5
3:49
1
3:5
3:52
3
4:2
3:54
4
4:4
4:25
5
5:0
4:46
0
5:1
5:01
5
5:3
5:16
0
5:4
5:31
5
6:0
5:46
0
6:1
6:01
5

Time
Total Time
Elapsed Elapsed
(min)
(min)
Penetration Required Remarks
2
2
-Mixing
1
4
-Molding
30
35
-20

56

--

15

72

--

15

88

--

15

104

--

15

120
39 mm

15

136
38 mm

15

152
35.5 mm

9th Test

6:16

10th Test 6:26

11th Test

6:31

--

--

6:2
5
6:3
0
6:4
0

10

163

169

10

180

32 mm
29 mm
26 mm
--

12th Test 6:41

13th Test 6:56
14th Test 7:56
15th Test 8:16
16th Test 8:36
17th Test 8:56

-6:5
5
7:5
5
8:1
5
8:3
5
8:5
5
9:1
6

25mm
--

15

Interpolate
Initial Set

196

60

257

19mm
4.5 mm

20

278

2 mm

20

299

1 mm

20

320

0.5 mm

20

341

0 mm

Final Set

During the first five (5) tests, the mixture was still so wet that it penetrated so
fast and deep causing the needle to bend a little. After one (1) hour and forty five (45)
minutes sixth (6th) test, improvements are already visible. As shown in the table,
during the eleventh (11th) test two (2) hours and forty five (45) minutes, the
penetration is 26mm, and on the twelfth (12 th) test three (3) hours, the penetration is
19mm. In order to determine the time that the needle penetrated 25mm, interpolation
is used. Calculations are presented below.
26 mm 180 minutes
25 mm
x
19 mm 196 minutes

25 mm26 mm
x180 minutes
=
19 mm26 mm 196 minutes180 minutes

x=182.2857143 minutes 3 hours3 minutes

The diagram shown below is a graphical representation of the time of setting

of the cement paste.

Standard Test Method for Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement by Vicat Needle

Another solution in determining the vicat time of setting is shown below.

( HE )
( C25 ) + E
( CD )

Where:
E = time in minutes of last penetration greater than 25mm
H = time in minutes of first penetration less than 25mm
C = penetration reading at time E
D = penetration reading at time H

( 196180 )
( 2625 ) +180
( 2619 )

182.2857143 3 hours3 minutes

V. Conclusion and Observations

a. The temperature of the air in the vicinity of the mixing slab, the dry
cement, molds, and base plates are factors to be considered.
b. The manner of mixing the cement and water is also a critical factor in the
results of the experiment.

c. The depth of penetration of the needle in the mixture is inversely

proportional to the time of setting. As the time increases, the depth of
penetration decreases.
d. In this laboratory activity, the time of setting of the mixture to penetrate a
depth of 25mm as prescribed by ASTM 191 04 is approximately 3 hours
and 3 minutes.
VI. Photo Documentations

Figure 1 Mixing
Filling the mold with cement paste

Figure 3 Ready for testing

Figure 2

Figure 4 Final output

Laboratory Report No. 4

Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars
(Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube Specimens)
ASTM C 109

Name: Nicole Alexis K. Vios

Date Performed: August 16, 2014

Group No. 3

I. Introduction
Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but significantly lower
tensile strength, and as such is usually reinforced with materials that are strong in
tension. The compressive strength of concrete is the most common performance
measure used by the engineer in designing buildings and other structures.
Compressive strength results are primarily used to determine that the concrete
mixture as delivered meets the requirements of the specified strength f ' c , in the
job specification. Further, this test method is referenced by numerous other
specifications and test methods.
This test method covers determination of the compressive strength of
hydraulic cement mortars, using 2-in. or [50-mm] cube specimens by the Universal
Testing Machine (UTM).
II. Apparatuses
a. Laboratory Oven are ovens for high-forced volume thermal convection
applications. These ovens generally provide
uniform

temperature

throughout.

In

this

laboratory activity, the oven is used for drying the

sand.
b. Pan a container used where the sand samples are put for
drying.
c. Laboratory Tongs are large pincers for grasping and lifting
vessels of heat-resistant material used in high
temperature

chemical

reactions.

In

this

activity, it is used to hold or pick up the pan

d. Digital Weighing Scale a device used to

laboratory
from the oven.

measure the weight of the substance i.e. cement and sand.

e. Basin or Mixing Pan a container used to mix the cement,
sand and water.

f. Trowel a hand tool used to mix the mixture and also

to smoothen and flatten the top part of the mixture
when it is already in the cube specimens.
g. Graduated Cylinder a laboratory instrument used to
measure the volume of the liquid i.e. water.
h. Timer used to track and record the time.
i. Cube Molds a 2-in. or [50-mm] cube specimen made of
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) tiles. In this activity, 12
cube specimens are needed.
j. Universal Testing Machine (UTM) a testing
machine used to measure the compressive strength of

the

hydraulic cement mortars.

k. Curing Tank a vessel used to cure the
hydraulic cement mortars. Curing is the
process of keeping the concrete moist
and warm enough so that the hydration
of cement can continue.
l. Vernier Caliper a device used to measure the dimensions of the cube
specimens for determining the area.
III. Summary of the Test Method
Several samples of fine aggregates were put in three (3) pans and were
allowed to dry in the laboratory oven. Right after the final weight of the sand was
recorded, calculations were made in order to come up with the water-to-cement ratio
and necessary adjustments were applied.
On the other hand, twelve (12) cube specimens made of Polyvinyl Chloride
(PVC) tiles were prepared with a dimension of 50mm. Making sure that no mixture
will spill, the cube specimens were sealed with masking tape in all sides.
A trial mix of 1,500g of cement, 4,125g of fine aggregates and 850mL of
water was prepared. Upon completion of mixing, within a total elapsed time of not
more than two (2) minutes and thirty (30) seconds, the specimens were molded. The
cube specimens were filled one half

1/2
) of the depth of the mold in all of the cube

compartments and tamped the mortar in each cube compartment thirty two (32) times
in about ten (10) seconds in four (4) rounds, each round to be at right angles to the
other and consisting of eight adjoining strokes over the surface of the specimen as
illustrated in Figure 1. The tamping pressure shall be just sufficient to ensure uniform

filling of the molds. When tamping of the first layer in all of the cube compartments
was completed, the compartments were filled with the remaining mortar and then
tamped just like the first layer. On completion of the tamping, the tops of all cubes
should extend slightly above the tops of the molds, bringing in the mortar that has
been forced out onto the tops of the molds with a trowel and smooth off the cubes by
drawing the flat side of the trowel one across the top of each cube at right angles to
the length of the mold.
Immediately after completion of molding, place the test specimens in a moist
room covered with wet towel for twenty four (24) hours. After 24 hours, remove the
mold the PVC tiles and immerse the specimens in a curing tank with water.
Test the compressive strength of the specimens for seven (7), fourteen (14),
twenty one (21) and twenty eight (28) days. Before testing the cube specimens, the
cubes were surface-dried first.

IV. Data Presentation and Analysis

Cement=1500 g
Sand=1500 g 2.75=4125 g

W
=0.485
C
Water=1500 g 0.485=727.5 mL
Total wt per bath=1500 g +4125 g+727.5 mL=6352.5 g

The data given above are calculations provided by the professor. These data
are used in the succeeding calculations.
Table 3.1
Sam
ple
1
2
3

Wt of Pan
(g)
29.7
29.6
30

Wt of Pan +
Sand (g)
71.1
69.8
69.8

After
1 Hour
(g)
69.5
68.3
68.6

After
30 mins
(g)
69.5
68.3
68.5

After
15 mins
(g)
69.5
68.3
68.5

Final
(g)
69.5
68.3
68.5

Table 3.2
Wt
of
Pan
(g)
29.7
29.6
30

Sam
ple
1
2
3

Wt of Pan
+ Wet
Sand (g)
71.1
69.8
69.8

Wt of Pan +
Over dried
Sand (g)
69.5
68.3
68.5

Wt of
Water
(g)
1.6
1.5
1.3

Wt of
Sand
(g)
41.4
40.2
39.8
Averag
e

Moistur
e
Conten
t
3.86
3.73
3.27
3.62

Table 3.3
Rema
Start End
rks
2:22
3:22 1 hour
3:23
3:27 5 mins
30
3:28
3:57 mins
3:58
4:02 5 mins
15
4:03
4:17 mins
4:18
4:22 5 mins

Activity
Oven
Cool down
Oven
Cool down
Oven
Cool down

Weight of Water=(Wt of Pan+ Overdried Sand)(Wt of Pan+Overdried Sand)

Weight of Sand=( Wt of Pan+Wet Sand )(Wt of Pan)

Moisture Content=

Wt of Water
100
Wt of Sand

Weight Corrections:
Sand Correction=Wt of Sand ( trial )
4125

100 + Moisture Content

100 +absorption

100 +3.62080308
100 +2.905

4153.89517
Water Correction=Total wt per bath[Cement +Sand Correction]

6352.5[1500+ 4153.89517]
698.6048328 g

Corrected

W
C

Ratio:

W Water Correction
=
C
Cement

698.6048328 g
1500 g

0.4657365533 46.57
Table 3.1 and 3.2 shows the recorded data of the three (3) pans, wet sand
samples and over dried sand samples. Necessary calculations were made to come up
with the tabulated data and the formulas are presented above.
Table 3.3 shows the results when the sand samples were placed in the three (3)
pans. First, it was placed for an hour and was cooled for about five (5) minutes before
weighed in the scale. Next, it was placed in the oven for thirty (30) minutes and was
cooled for five (5) minutes then weighed again in the scale. Lastly, it was placed again
in the oven for fifteen (15) minutes and was cooled for five (5) minutes before the
final reading of the weight of the sand samples.
The calculations shown, shows the amount of water to be used in the mixture.
Due to the results of the previous group which is not desired, necessary adjustments
were made and the amount of water was increased to 850mL.
The density is the mass of the material related to the specific volume and for
cement is normally expressed as kilogram per cubic meter. It is varying depending
on the amount and density of the aggregate, the amount of air entrained, and the water
and cement content.
The density (unit weight) of cement plays a significant role both in its
production and performance. It is a measurement of the concretes solidity. This is
very important considering all the high strength projects concrete is for. The
kg
theoretical value of the unit weight of concrete is around 2400 m 3 . Understanding
concrete density is an important part of knowing the possibilities and limitations of
what concrete can be used for.
The table shown below shows the unit weight of the cement mortar specimen
tested. It has a difference of

418.51

kg
m3

compared to the theoretical value of the

unit weight of concrete.

Sampl
e

Mass
(g)

Volume (cubic
mm)

Unit Weight (g/cubic

mm)

Unit Weight (kg/cubic

meter)

Day 7
1

271.5

136,250

0.001992661

1992.66

2
3

264.5
271.8

144,690
133,900

0.001828046
0.002029873
Average

1828.05
2029.87
1950.19

Day 19
1
2
3

265.8
265.2
261.2

120,466.09
123,341.81
120,780.46

0.00220643
0.002150122
0.002162601
Average

2206.43
2150.12
2162.60
2173.05

Day 21
1
2
3

268
266.7
269

123,738
123,985.85
126,141.08

0.002165867
0.002151052
0.002132533
Average

2165.87
2151.05
2132.53
2149.82

Day 28
1
2
3

267.8
269.6
267.5

121,600.25
123,120.75
124,108.53

0.002202298
0.00218972
0.002155372
Average

2202.30
2189.72
2155.37
2182.46

Overall Average

2818.51

Before the actual test specimens where tested, a sample large block was first
tested by the professor for the students to know how to operate the Universal Testing
Machine (UTM), the results of this sample are shown below. Thereafter, the students
were the one operating the machine for the test of the other concrete specimen.
After waiting for the testing dates, the following are the results obtained from
the Universal Testing Machine (UTM):
Large Block
Weight
Sample
(g)
A
---

Test
Type
No.
1.78E05

Day 7
Sampl
e
1
2

Strengt
h (MPa)
28.00

Weigh
t (g)
271.5
264.5

Length
(mm)
157.5

Fma
x
(kN)
670.3
4

Width
(mm)
152

Force
Ap
(kN)
---

Length (mm)
50
52.5

Height
(mm)
---

Area (Top; sq.

mm)
23,940

Speed
(kN/s)

Deformat
ion (mm)

Displacem
ent (mm)

---

---

---

Width
(mm)
50
52

Height
(mm)
54.5
53

Area (Top)
2500
2730

Sample

1
2
3

Test Type
No.
1.756E-05
1.756E-05
1.756E-05
Average:

Sample

Day 19
Sampl
e
1
2
3

1
2
3

Test Type
No.
1.756E-05
1.756E-05
1.756E-05
Average:

Sample

Day 21
Sampl
e
1
2
3

1
2
3

Test Type
No.
1.756E-05
1.756E-05
1.756E-05

271.8

50

Strength
(MPa)
16.85
19.04
18.21
18.033333
3

Weigh
t (g)
265.8
265.2
261.2

Strength
(MPa)
25.52
23.84
23.81
24.39

Weigh
t (g)
268
266.7
269

Strength
(MPa)
23.95
27.9
29.18

Fmax
(kN)
42.13
51.97
47.35

Force Ap
(kN)
30.65
38.05
38.84

Length (mm)
49.16
50.06
49.14

Fmax
(kN)
61.46
58.62
57.32

Width
(mm)
49
49.14
49.04

2600

Deformat
ion (mm)
5.75
5.95
5.78

Height
(mm)
50.01
50.14
50.12

Speed
(kN/s)
2.04
3.82
-4

Width
(mm)
50.3
50.15
50.175

Force Ap
(kN)
41.78
50.96
53.82

51.5

Speed
(kN/s)
-0.81
11.22
-2.91

Force Ap
(kN)
44.96
43.34
42.04

Length (mm)
49.2
49.2
49.15

Fmax
(kN)
59.28
68.83
71.97

52

Height
(mm)
50
50.25
51.15

Displacem
ent (mm)
5.75
5.95
5.78

Area (Top)
2408.84
2459.9484
2409.8256

Deformat
ion (mm)
4.82
6.14
6.11

Displacem
ent (mm)
4.82
6.14
6.11

Area (Top)
2474.76
2467.38
2466.10125

Speed
Deformat
(kN/s)
ion (mm)
7.61
6.06
-4.87
6.14
5.77
6.36

Displacem
ent (mm)
6.06
6.14
6.36

Average:

27.01

Sample

Day 28
Sampl
e
1
2
3

1
2
3

Test Type
No.
1.756E-05
1.756E-05
1.756E-05
Average:

Weigh
t (g)
267.8
269.6
267.5

Length (mm)
48.35
49.15
50

Strength
(MPa)
29.11
19.56
22.4
23.69

Fmax
(kN)
70.4
48.09
55.15

Width
(mm)
50
50
49.225

Force Ap
(kN)
51.48
35.33
40.01

Height
(mm)
50.3
50.1
50.425

Speed
(kN/s)
3.58
-3.22
-0.31

Area (Top)
2417.5
2457.5
2461.25

Deforma
tion
(mm)
5.64
5.77
4.64

Displacem
ent (mm)
5.64
5.77
4.64

A 14-day old concrete sample was not tested due to suspension of classes. In
order to get the estimated strength of concrete on the fourteenth (14 th) day, the process
of interpolation was used. It is shown below.
7 days 18.03 MPa
14 days
x
19 days 24.39 MPa

14 days7 days
x18.03 MPa
=
19 days7 days 24.39 MPa18.03 MPa

x=21.74 MPa
Thus, through the calculations shown above, the strength of the concrete for
the 14th day is 21.74MPa.
It is expected that the strength of the concrete will increase with time, and it is
evident in the results. A graphical representation is shown below. Unfortunately, due
to reasons that the students do not know, the strength of the concrete decreased during
the 28th day. It is believed that some factors may have affected this outcome.
The following table is the summary of all the results of this Test Method:
Day

Sample
7

Compressive Strength, MPa

1
2
3

16.85
19.04
18.21

Average
19

18.03
25.52
23.84
23.81
24.39
23.95
27.9
29.18
27.01
29.11
19.56
22.4
23.69

1
2
3
Average

21

1
2
3
Average

28

1
2
3
Average

Strength of Concrete
Strength of Concrete

The failure of the concrete specimens basically are like the one shown below.

The top part of the cube is partially or most likely did not crack at all. Due to
the end friction and all the forces that is directed towards the cube, it produces a coneshaped failure.

V. Conclusion and Observations

a. The water-to-cement (w/c) ratio of the concrete mix greatly affects the
outcome of the concrete. First, physically, the appearance of the concrete is
based on the water-to-cement (w/c) ratio as well as the manner of mixing.
Second, it is an important influence on the quality of concrete produced.
b. The manner of mixing and tamping of the concrete mix, may have factors
that affects the concrete.
c. As stated in the ASTM 109, it was suggested that lime water will be used
in curing, but due to the unavailability of this liquid, tap water was used by
the students in curing the concrete specimens. Research showed that lime
water will not make the concrete stronger but used to keep the concrete
from leeching out which is a relatively minor point but as part of the
standard procedure, it is advisable.
d. The appropriate knowledge of how to use the Universal Testing Machine
(UTM) is of great advantage and is very much necessary. It is not only for
coming up with the results but also for the proper care and use of the
machine.
e. The compressive strength of the concrete is directly proportional to the
number of days it was cured. Inopportunely, during the 28 th day of testing

the remaining three (3) cube specimens, the strength of the concrete
reduced from 27.01MPa to 23.69MPa. The students cannot definitely
identify the reason why the strength decreased. Only this scenario
happened: one of the members of the group transferred the cubes to
another tank with new water. The students are unsure if this situation
greatly affected the results of the concrete.
f. The process of mixing concrete can be modified to form a higher or lower
density of concrete end product.

VI. Photo Documentations

Figure 1 Heating the sand sample

Figure 2 Mixing

Figure 3 Curing

Figure 4 Testing
Laboratory Report No. 5
Standard Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete
ASTM C 143

Name: Nicole Alexis K. Vios

Date Performed: September 6, 2014

Group No. 3

I. Introduction
Slump is a measurement of the workability or consistency of concrete. In other
words, it measures how easy the concrete is to push, mold and smooth out.
Accordingly, its slump rating indicates what construction application the concrete is
good for.
The slump test is a means of assessing the workability of fresh concrete. It is
used, indirectly, as a means of checking that the correct amount of water has been
added to the mix. The test allows the builders and construction crews to get a good
sense of how the mixed product will perform in a variety of settings, and also gives
them the opportunity to add more powder or more water in order to get the right
balance. This activity aims to achieve medium workability.
This test method is intended to provide the user with a procedure to determine
slump of plastic hydraulic cement concretes. It covers determination of slump of
hydraulic cement concrete, both in the laboratory and in the field.
II. Apparatuses

a. Mold a mold in the form of a truncated cone used to

fabricate a specimen of freshly mixed concrete for the slump
test.
b. Tamping Rod a round, straight, steel rod having one or both
ends rounded to a hemispherical tip used to tamp the mixture
in the slump mold.
c. Sieve a laboratory instrument used to
strain fine aggregates to separate the
clay from the sand samples as well as the coarse
aggregates.
d. Steel Tape a long, thin piece of metal that is
marked with units of length used to measure the
slump of the freshly mixed concrete.
e. Digital Weighing Scale a device used to
measure the weight of the substance i.e. cement, sand
and gravel.
f. Mixing Pan a container used to mix the cement, sand,
gravel and water.
g. Trowel a hand tool used to mix the
cement, sand, gravel and water in the
mixing pan.
h. Graduated Cylinder a laboratory instrument used
to measure the volume of the liquid i.e. water.
III. Summary of the Test Method
A sample of freshly mixed concrete was prepared

the

amount

of cement, sand, gravel and water was given by the professor, 2992g of cement,
4718g of coarse aggregates, 5794g of fine aggregates and a varied amount of water
per group. For Group 1 45% water, Group 2 48% of water, Group 3 50% of water and
for Group 4 47% of water. The said mixture per group was performed. Then the inside
of the cone was dampened and placed on a smooth and level surface large enough to
accommodate both the slumped concrete and the slumped cone. Stand or foot pieces
throughout the test procedure to hold the cone firmly in place.
The mold was filled in three layers, each approximately one third (1/3) the
volume of the mold. Each layer was rodded twenty five (25) times using the tamping
rod uniformly distributing the strokes over the cross section of each layer. The top

part was smoothened and flattened using the tamping rod by means of screeding and
rolling motion.
The excess concrete was removed and the overflow from base of cone was
cleaned as well. Immediately the cone was lifted vertically with slow and even motion
within 5 2 seconds. The withdrawn cone was inverted and placed next to, but not
touching the slumped concrete. Immediately, the slump was measured by determining
the difference between the top of the mold and the displaced original center of the top
surface of the specimen.
The slump operation is to be completed within an elapsed time of two and one
half (2 ) minutes.
IV. Data Presentation and Analysis
The diagram below shows the slump test results of each group. The goal of the
test method is to achieve medium workability in which a thirty millimetres (30mm) to
sixty millimetres (60mm) of slump is to be attained.

Slump Test Results

130
47
130
50
55
48
0
45
Water-to-Cement Ratio (%)

Slump (mm)

Water-to-Cement Ratio Vs. Slump

V. Conclusion and Observations

a. A slump of 55mm was attained with a water-to-cement ratio (w/c) of 48%,
this implies medium workability of the concrete. In this laboratory activity,
it has been proven again that the water-to-cement (w/c) is of great
importance in achieving a quality concrete and it also showed that it
immensely influences the behaviour, characteristics and properties of the
concrete.
b. The manner of mixing and tamping the concrete is a factor affecting the
slump result of the concrete. If an insufficient and inappropriate
compression on the concrete mixture is applied, the concrete mixture tends
to be less compact. Hence, it tends to collapse easily. An error probably
occurs when an inadequate and incorrect number of strokes is made or
c.

insufficient force is applied.

A collapse slump generally means that the mixture is too wet just like

what happened to the slump of group 3.

d. The amount of collapse or slump indicates the workability of different type
of fresh concrete mixes. The higher the amount of slump, the higher the
workability of concrete mixtures.
VI. Photo Documentations

Figure 1 Preparation of Materials

Figure 2 Mixing

Figure
3

Mixed

elements Figure 4 Ready for slump reading

Laboratory Report No. 6
Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete
Specimens
ASTM C 39

Name: Nicole Alexis K. Vios

Date Performed: September 10, 2014

Group No. 3

I. Introduction
The strength of concrete is one of the most important and useful properties and
one of the most easily measured. The strength of concrete in compression, tension and
shear, or a combination of these, has in most cases a direct influence on the loadcarrying capacity of both plain and reinforced structures. In most structural
applications, concrete is designed primarily to resist compressive stresses.
This test method covers determination of compressive strength of cylindrical
concrete specimens such as molded cylinders and drilled cores. The results of this test
method are used as a basis for quality control of concrete proportioning, mixing and
placing operations; determination of compliance with specifications; control for
evaluating effectiveness of admixtures; and similar uses.

The test results may be used as an indication of the verification of other

required properties or characteristics of the concrete as delivered and designed.
II. Apparatuses
a. Cylindrical Mold a mold in the form of a cylinder with hollow top and
with a base plate used to hold the freshly mixed concrete
before curing after twenty four (24) hours.
b. Tamping Rod a round, straight, steel rod having one or both
ends rounded to a hemispherical tip used to tamp the
mixture in the mold.
c. Tie wire [gage number: 18] a material used to
tighten the mold to ensure that no concrete mixture
will spill while pouring.
d. Cooking Oil wiped in the inside portion of the
cylindrical mold for a greasy texture so that the concrete
cylinder can easily be get from the mold.
e. Pliers a tool used to bend and cut the tie wires used in
tightening the mold.
f. Sieve a laboratory instrument used to
strain fine aggregates to separate the clay from the sand
samples as well as the coarse aggregates.
g. Digital Weighing Scale a device used to measure
the weight of the substance i.e. cement, sand and
gravel.
h. Mixing Pan a container used to mix the cement,
sand, gravel and water.
i. Trowel a hand tool used to mix the cement, sand,
gravel and water in the mixing pan.
j. Graduated Cylinder a laboratory instrument used
to measure the volume of the liquid i.e. water.
III. Summary of the Test Method
As given by the professor, the concrete mixture
the following: 4188.8g of cement, 6605.2g of coarse

consists

of

aggregates

(gravel), 8111.6g of fine aggregates (sand) and 2010.624mL of water which gives a
water-to-cement- ratio of 48%. This amount of water has medium workability as

tested in the previous laboratory experiment Standard Test Method for Slump of
Hydraulic-Cement Concrete (ASTM C 143).
Tie wire, pliers and cooking oil were also prepared. These materials were used
to secure the mold. With the tie wires, using the pliers, the mold was tightened to
make sure that no amount of concrete mixture will spill. An approximate amount of
cooking oil was rubbed in the inside portion of the mold so that it would be easier to
get the concrete when removing it from the mold.
Given the concrete mixture, the elements were mixed. Right after mixing, the
cylindrical mold was filled half way and tamped twenty five (25) times to make sure
it is compact. After filling half way, it was then filled full and mounted a little, tamped
again for twenty five (25) times. The top portion was then flattened and smoothened
using the tamping rod with a rolling and screeching motion. The excess concrete mix
was removed, the base plate was cleaned as well.
The cylindrical mold, with the concrete mixture inside it was placed in a
secure and dry place. After twenty four (24) hours, the cylindrical concrete specimen
was removed from its mold and placed in a tank with tap water for curing process
leaving it there and getting it only when the desired day for testing has come.
The cylindrical concrete specimens were tested for its compressive strength
when it was seven (7), fourteen (14), twenty one (21) and twenty eight (28) days old.

IV. Data Presentation and Analysis

Table 1
Da
y
7
14
21
28

Test
Diameter,
Number
mm
00001756
46
156.50
00001756
51
153.05
00001756
62
150.40
00001756
99
152.225

Area,
mm2
19,236.
17
18,396.
43
17,165.
83
18,199.
60

Force,
kN

Compressive
Strength, MPa

241.94

12.58

360.57

19.60

231.46

13.03

255.59

14.04

Compressive Strength vs. Days of Curing

19.6

13.03

12.58

14.04

Series 1

As seen in the table presented in the previous page, it is expected that the
graph will be rising since compressive strength is directly proportional with the
number of days of curing. Unfortunately, what happened is the opposite where after
the 21st day, the compressive strength went down from 19.60MPa to 13.03MPa and on
the 28th day rising up again to 14.04MPa.
What happened during the 21st day is that the concrete mold is not fully filled
with concrete, another is that the finishing at the top of the concrete specimen is not
flat and smooth.
Strength test results from cast cylinders may be used for quality control,
acceptance of concrete, or for estimating the concrete strength in a structure for the
purpose of scheduling construction operations such as removal of forms of for
evaluating the adequacy of curing and protection afforded to the structure.
V. Conclusion and Observations
a. Compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens obtained varies
because it depends on the size and shape of the specimen, batching, mixing
procedures, the methods of sampling, molding and fabrication and the age,
temperature and moisture conditions during curing.
b. Supposedly, the compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens is
directly proportional to the number of days that it is cured. Unfortunately
due to some factors that affected it the opposite happened.
c. It can be deduced that the compressive strength obtained on the 28 th day
did not pass the minimum requirement which is 17MPa.

d.

It is very important for an engineer to know how to determine the

compressive strength of concrete since it is the most common performance
measure in designing buildings and other structures. Knowing how the
Universal Testing Machine (UTM) works and the interpretation of the
compressive strength of concrete will be a great advantage to the engineer.

VI. Photo Documentations

Figure 1 Sieving of
Aggregates

Figure 2 Mixing of elements

Figure 3 Filling the mold and tamping

Figure 4 Finishing and

smoothening the mold
Laboratory Report No. 7
Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
ASTM A 370

Name: Nicole Alexis K. Vios

Date Performed: October 18, 2014

Group No. 3

I. Introduction
Concrete is used widely in civil engineering structures; due to its low cost,
flexibility, durability, high resistance to fire and high compressive strength. It is a nonlinear, non-elastic and brittle material. Concrete is strong in compression but very
weak in tension. Due to this weakness a reinforcement material is needed to
complement this weakness of concrete in tension. Thus, the discovery of steel is of
great help in overcoming this weakness and now we have what we call reinforced
concrete.
Tensile testing is one of the most fundamental tests for engineering, and
provides valuable information about a material and its associated properties. These
properties can be used for design and analysis of engineering structures, and for
developing new materials that better suit a specified use. This experiment is made to
investigate the behaviour of steel under a tensile test.
II. Apparatuses
a. Universal Testing Machine (UTM) the device used to measure the tensile
strength of the steel sample.
b. Vernier Caliper is a precision instrument used to
measure the diameter of the
steel.
c. Ruler a measuring device used to determine the
length of the steel
d. Saw a tool consisting of a hard blade with a toothed
edge used to cut through relatively hard material
i.e., steel.
III. Summary of the Test Method
A sample of a ten millimetres (10mm) diameter steel
with a length of twenty inches (20in) was prepared. It was then placed in the
Universal Testing Machine (UTM) making sure that it will not slip, and the tensile
strength of the specimen was determined.
IV. Data Presentation and Analysis
Diameter of the steel sample:
Without Groove 9mm

With Groove 10mm

Average Diameter,

Daverage =

9+10
2

= 9.5mm

D
( average) ( 9.5 mm)2

=
=70.88 mm2
4
4
Area=
2

The table shown below is a summary of the test results for the tensile test of
the steel specimen.
Table 1
Area

FeH

ReH ( F y

Fm

Rm (Fu )

FeL

ReL

70.88 mm2

26.38 kN

372.18 MPa

42.87 kN

604.83 MPa

The yield strength ( F y

of the steel sample which is 372.18 MPa indicates

that this amount of stress is the maximum stress that can be developed in a material
without causing plastic deformation. It is the stress at which the material exhibits a
specified permanent deformation and is a practical approximation of the elastic limit.
While the ultimate strength

(Fu )

of the steel sample which is 604.83 MPa

indicates that the steel sample can bear up to this stress without failure this is the
highest point in the curve.

Figure 1

Figure 2

The
typical

stress-

strain

diagram

of a steel specimen is shown in Figure 1. While Figure 2 is a diagram of the ForceTime Curve of the steel specimen tested. As can be seen in second figure, the steel
specimen reached its failure at approximately 58 seconds.
Refer to Appendix C for the overall test results of this specimen.
V. Conclusions and Observations
a. Through this experiment, it was proved that indeed, steel is very high in
tension. Thus, when used together with concrete will create a material that
is both high in compression and in tension.
b. A proper placing of the steel specimen in the Universal Testing Machine
(UTM) must be observed because there is a great possibility of it slipping,
therefore, it will not have a reading of tensile strength.
c. The tensile test is a common test. The tensile strength is the highest
strength encountered in a tensile test. This mostly corresponds with the
stress at fracture. But for very ductile materials, the stress at fracture is
lower than the tensile strength. For very brittle materials, the yield strength
equals the tensile strength.

d. In engineering, yield strength ( F y

is very important especially in

selecting a material for design, construction of structures and building

applications, particularly when there are significant loads or stresses being
applied.

e. The determination of the ultimate strength ( Fu ) , is a significant factor to

determine at what stress the material will fail.
f. The ultimate strength ( Fu ) is often used for quality control purposes
because it is easily reproducible compared to many other tests, but it is not
often used in the design of components because it is not necessarily a
representative of the highest amount of stress that the material can handle.
VI. Photo Documentations

Figure
steel

sample
Figure 2 Measuring the diameter of steel

Figure 3 Testing the steel sample

Figure 4 Right after testing

1 The

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

APPENDIX B

APPENDIX C