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EPE507
Power System Operation
For example:
nuclear and hydro have high capital costs and low
operating costs.
Natural gas generators have low capital costs, and
higher operating costs.
it
is
much
easier
to
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Gen Type
Coal
Nuclear
Hydro
Gas
Petroleum
Other Renewable
US %
48
19
6
21
1
3
Illinois %
California %
48
1
48
15
0.1
22
3
50
0.1
1
0.4
12 (14 in 1990)
Texas %
36
15
2
40
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Generator types
Traditionally utilities have had three broad
groups of generators:
Baseload units: large coal/nuclear; almost always on
at max.
Midload, intermediate, or cycling units: smaller
coal or gas that cycle on/off daily or weekly.
Peaker units: combustion turbines used only for
several hours.
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For reference
- 1 Btu (British thermal unit) = 1054 J
- 1 MBtu = 1x106 Btu
- 1 MBtu = 0.29 MWh
Power System Operation
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I/O Curve
The IO curve plots fuel input (in MBtu/hr) versus
net MW output.
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Fuel-cost Curve
The fuel-cost curve is the I/O curve multiplied by fuel
cost.
A typical cost for coal is $ 1.70/MBtu.
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Heat-rate Curve
Plots the average number of MBtu/hr of fuel input
needed per MW of output.
Heat-rate curve is the I/O curve divided by MW.
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FT Fi Pi
i 1
PLoad Pi 0
i 1
Note that any transmission losses are neglected and any operating
limits are not explicitly stated when formulating this problem
FT Fi Pi . PLoad Pi
i 1
i 1
22
L Fi Pi
0
Pi
Pi
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Fuel costs
coal: $ 3.30 / MBtu
oil: $ 3.00 / MBtu
Power System Operation
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Pi Pi , min
Minimum heat generation for stable fuel burning and temperature
Pi Pi , max
Maximum shaft torque without permanent deformation
Maximum stator currents without overheating the conductor
Power System Operation
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dFi
Pi : Pi, min Pi Pi, max
dPi
dFi
Pi Pi, min
dPi
dFi
Pi Pi, max
dPi
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Unit # 3: 50 P3 200 MW
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PLoad PLoos Pi 0
i 1
29
FT Fi Pi . PLoad PLoos Pi
i 1
i 1
dPloos
dPloos
d dFi
dFi
0
dPi dPi
dPi
dPi
dPi
30
Pick Pi,
N
P P
i 1
load
Calculate
Ploss
Pi
Calculate total
losses Ploss
Pi = Pinew
Solve for
and Pinew
No
is
Pinew - Pi
?
Yes
Done
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