SCADA System

For
Digital
Electrical Distribution
Network Monitoring,Control & Maintainence

Submitted By:
Mentor: Mr.Kaustav Banerjee

Avinash Kumar

Submitted Under

Btech 4th Semester

Guidance Of

B.M Group of institutions

Mr.Sumit Ranjan Sinha

B.M College of Tech & Mgmt

Mr.Dharam Vir Kumar

Id Card No:J/VT-15/1046

Officer NMCC
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CERTIFICATE
TO WHOM MAY BE CONCERN
This is to certified that Mr. Avinash kumar of Btech 4thSem of B.M College of Tech & Mgmt had done
bonafide work on project entitled SCADA System For Digital Electrical Distribution

Network Monitoring,Control & Maintainence under Our guidance and supervision in Mr.
Sumit Ranjan Sinha and Mr. Dharam Vir Kumar at Jamshedpur Utility & Services Company limited
(JUSCO) As per the Practical training prescribed in His University Syllabus To the best of my
knowledge and belief, the same project has not been submitted to any university or institute.

Acknowledgement
I, Avinash Kumar student of Branch Electronic and Communication 4thSem here by being thankful
to JUSCO for allowing me to undergo training session of one month, secondary member Mr. Sumit
Ranjan Sinha and Mr. DharamVir Kumar, whose guidance allowed me to inherit knowledge,
experience and skill during my training period and to all safety officers and site inspection staff for
their sincere cooperation at every step, lastly to all site workers battling to the tough seen which
never had been an easy for them but their working and handling things taught me much more than
just theoretical knowledge.

INDEX
1) Jamshedpur Utility and Services Company (JUSCO)

2) Network monitoring and Control Center

3) SCADA and its Architecture
4) Field Engineering
a) GPRS based communication
b) Fiber Optics based communication
5) Control Room Engineering
a) Different types of Servers.
b) WS-500 used for view.
6) Benefits of Implementing SCADA in power distribution network.

Jamshedpur Utilities and Services Company (JUCSO)

Jamshedpur Utilities and Services Company (Jusco) is India's only comprehensive urban infrastructure service provider.
Carved out of Tata Steel, from its Town Services Division in 2004, the company's mandate was to convert an obligatory
service into a customer-focused sustainable corporate entity. Juscos core competency is creation and subsequent operation
and maintenance of urban infrastructure and services.
Areas of business
Engineering procurement and construction: Planning, development and maintenance of township infrastructure.
Power services division: Operation and maintenance of power infrastructure and distribution of power.
Integrated township management: Providing civic and municipal services in an integrated manner in a fullfledged municipal area.
In a first of a kind initiative in India, the Jamshedpur Utilities and Services Company (JUSCO) was carved out of Tata Steel
from its Town Services Division in 2004. In JUSCO, the steel major reposed nine decades of experience and expertise. The
mandate for JUSCO was to convert an obligatory service into a customer focused sustainable corporate entity.
Jamshedpur Utilities & Services Company is today Indias only comprehensive urban infrastructure service provider. A Tata
Enterprise, its services focus on the Tata Group Purpose to improve the quality of life of the communities we serve.
The Group purpose is reflected in JUSCOs Mission of providing quality services for life. Its services include water,
power, infrastructure, public health and horticulture services. JUSCO works alongside civic bodies, large and small
industries, local government bodies, communities and individuals to deliver value through sustainable solutions.
The Company believes that a clear sense of the Tata Values and Mission allows it to achieve immense clarity on its role for
the future. JUSCO intends to rise to the challenge of meeting India's need for infrastructure development in a sustainable
manner by anticipating and addressing the country's growth needs such that the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs is not compromised.
Areas of business of JUSCO are:
1)Engineering procurement and construction: JUSCO offers design, construction and turnkey services as well as
comprehensive EPC services; according to individual needs, it undertakes end-to-end projects or provides stand alone
solutions in the areas of:

Building & Industrial Construction geared to provide EPC Services as well as exclusive construction
solutions for Residential/ Commercial/ Industrial/ Recreational requirements.
Road Construction & Maintenance facilitating economic growth
Design & Planning Consultancy understanding and delivering the physical planning, architectural and
structural needs of modern townships
Township Management solutions for Indias urban growth & development

JUSCO has a strong commitment towards the safety of the people and community it interacts and hence takes
extreme precaution with every piece of infrastructure we build. JUSCO has 3 strategic business verticals under EPC:

Industrial Construction
Design and Township Management

2)Integrated Township Management: Unless forewarned first time visitors to the city of Jamshedpur, modern Indias first
planned city, do expect to see the wide-open landscaped spaces, parks and gardens, tree-lined avenues, that envelope a 10
million tonne steel plant. This balance between the environment, urban space and bustling industrial enterprises has
responsibly been managed by JUSCO since the inception of the steel city in the early part of the 20th century.

Jamshedpur Utilities and Services Company Limited (JUSCO), spawned from the erstwhile Town Services Division
of Tata Steel in 2004, has ensured that challenges posed by the surge in urban growth, aspiration for a world-class
city with the best quality of life in India have progressively been met. The Company consistently focuses on
managing civic amenities and resources efficiently and responsibly so as to make them available and affordable for
the last mile consumer.
To unlock the urban productivity dividend JUSCO focuses on enhancing the quality of life of the residents of the
steel city through sustained and public-private partnerships for infrastructure development. Jamshedpur today has
among the highest per capita incomes in the country and is rated among the best cities to live in by its residents.

Civil & Electrical Maintenance

Water Management
Municipal Solid Waste Management
City Roads
Horticulture Services

3)Power service division

Power Availability ensuring clean and reliable power at the doorstep of every consumer

Household Consumers enjoy the highest per capita power consumption in the country.
Industrial consumers growth needs are matched by continuously augmenting infrastructure.
Municipal Functions.
Improvement in efficiencies.

Power division services is divided in two areas:

a)Saraikela and Kharsawan
b) Jamshedpur.
In Jamshedpur the monitoring and control of power division is taken care by a unit of JUSCO named NMCC (Network
Monitoring And Control System

Networking Monitoring and Control Centre-JUSCO

NMCC is unit of JUSCO which monitors and control the distribution of power to different areas coming under it area
of supervision though system, called SCADA.
NMCC unit has been newly established and inaugurated in February 2015 for monitoring.
NMCC does the work of:
Monitoring through SCADA (Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition).
JUSCO inaugurated the Network Monitoring and Control Center of Power Services Division on february 10,
2015. Jamshedpur is one of the few cities in India which has implemented such a monitoring system of distribution
network right upto the distribution transformers. JUSCO distributes power on behalf of Tata Steel in its command
area of 64 sq.km in Jamshedpur. The electrical distribution network is spread across the city connecting
approximately 500 High Tension installations. These installations include substations, distribution substations, switch
houses and other installations to supply power to consumers. In order to minimize the duration of power outages,
these installations are required to be continuously monitored by collecting its real time information about its status.
The present system of manual monitoring for any kind of interruption is time consuming & cumbersome. It also lacks
a central place where real time data (viz. load conditions, breaker status, voltage levels) of substations and consumers
can be monitored.
Required information and data needs to be collected for each case manually from field as and when required. This
limits decision making on system control, operation and maintenance.
Seizing the opportunity to improve monitoring and control of the town power distribution leading to reduction in
operational delays, enhancement of manpower productivity and enhanced customer satisfaction, Jusco has
implemented Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems for power distribution management in
Jamshedpur.
SCADA is a real-time industrial process control system used to centrally monitor and control remote or local
industrial equipment.

SCADA & Distribution Network

SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. It is a system operating with coded signals over
communication channels so as to provide control of remote equipment (using typically one communication channel
per remote station). The control system may be combined with a data acquisition system by adding the use of coded
signals over communication channels to acquire information about the status of the remote equipment for display or
for recording functions. It is a type of industrial control system (ICS). Industrial control systems are computer-based
systems that monitor and control industrial processes that exist in the physical world. SCADA systems historically
distinguish themselves from other ICS systems by being large-scale processes that can include multiple sites, and
large distances. These processes include industrial, infrastructure, and facility-based processes, as described below:

Industrial processes include those of manufacturing, production, power generation, fabrication, and refining,

and may run in continuous, batch, repetitive, or discrete modes.

Infrastructure processes may be public or private, and include water treatment and distribution, wastewater

collection and treatment, oil and gas pipelines, electrical power transmission and distribution, wind farms, civil
defense siren systems, and large communication systems.

Facility processes occur both in public facilities and private ones, including buildings, airports, ships,

and space stations. They monitor and control heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems (HVAC), access,
and energy consumption.

JUSCO uses SCADA for power distribution through its unit called NMCC.SCADA is basically combination of
hardware and software used to automate industries with the help of networking unlike Programmable Logic
Control(PLC) the earlier version of SCADA which did not have networking facility.
So, the working of the SCADA can be shown as:

Auxiliary Memory

Program Input
output

Display and
Control Console

CPU

Computer Interface

RTU

FRTU

RTU

IN JUSCO the hardware and software is provided by the company ABB to implement SCADA.
Software used for SCADA operations and view is WS-500
Software used for development are : 1) DE (Data Engineering)
2) PED (Picture Editor)
TCS has implement the SCADA for JUSCO
WS-500 has two parts:
1) Control System Overview: Tells Network related equipment status.
2) Power System overview: Tells substation status and sends control actions if required.

JUSCO has 3 level voltage transmissions-132 KV (Extra High Voltage), 6.6 KV (High Voltage) ,33KV( High Voltage).It has
divided its substations in 2 parts depending upon various factors like no of other substations connected, revenue generated
etc.
Very Important Substation: These substations have top priority and black outs cannot be afforded in these areas for longer
duration. So for these substations communication takes place through optical fibers which is expensive to install and maintain
but more reliable. There are nine (9) sub-station which JUSCO has placed under this category.
Less Important Sub-stations: All other substations come under this category. In these substations communication takes place
through GPRS.

The monitoring and control of power distribution requires two types of engineering
1) Field Engineering
2) Control Room Engineering.

Field Engineering:
It includes the data taken as input from the substations and switch houses for monitoring purpose and data given as output to
substations and switch houses for controlling.
Distribution has component types:
Transformer
Breaker
Transformer: Transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy between two circuits thorough electromagnetic
induction. Its work is to regulate the voltage of alternating current in electric power applications.
Transformer cooling methods are following:
Oil temperature
Force temperature
Winding temperature
Breaker: A breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage
caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow. Unlike a fuse,
which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume
normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household
appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city
Breakers have digital input are following:
ON
OFF
TRIP
Energy Meter

Fig: Breaker

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Auxiliary Contact: A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically operate a
switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control
a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several
circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they
repeated the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in
telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric motor or other loads is called a
contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform
switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect
electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital
instruments still called "protective relays".
Auxiliary contacts are secondary switching devices that work in conjunction with primary switching equipment such as
circuit breakers, relays, and contactors. These contacts are physically linked to the main switching mechanism and activate at
the same time it does. They are commonly used as interlocks or retainers on the primary device's control circuit and often
used to give indication of its state of operation. Many contactors and circuit breakers feature sets of auxiliary contacts as
integral parts or they may be modular snap on units which can be added or removed as required. They are available with
either normally open or normally closed contact points or a combination of both.

Fig: Auxiliary Contacts

Main circuit switching devices, such as circuit breakers and contactors, often require additional switching functions over and
above those of their primary contacts. These include remote indication of their status, trip function indication, electrical
interlocks, and start circuit retainers. These functions have no physical bearing on the main circuit and stand alone. In
addition, the voltage used for these auxiliary circuits will typically be far lower than that of the main circuit. To achieve this
simultaneous yet separate switching, auxiliary contact points activate along with the primary device. These are generally a lot
smaller and rated at lower current values than those of the main device.
One of the main uses of auxiliary contacts is the electrical retainer circuit. This is a control circuit function that allows the use
of momentary, push type buttons to start motors and other equipment. Another common function of these contacts is remote
status and trip indication. A separate, low voltage circuit is run through the auxiliary to a remote indication lamp that
illuminates when the device is activated or trips. Auxiliary contact points may also be used to switch on ancillary equipment,
such as starter panel cooling fans, when the contactor activates.
There are two basic auxiliary contact types: those that are closed in the non-activated state or those that are open. These are
known as normally closed (N/C) and normally open (N/O) contacts. The N/C contacts are, for example, used as electrical
interlocks where two contactors are used for forward/reverse operation. The control circuit for one contactor will run through

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the N/C auxiliary on the other. This means that one cannot be inadvertently started while the other is operating. The N/O
contacts are generally used to switch on status indication lamps and act as retainer circuits.

Data taken as input from the field which mainly includes breaker and transformer in case of substation and breakers in case of
switch houses include:
1) Data taken as input from Breaker: On-Off status, tripping status in case of any fault which is acquired from the relay
placed on the breaker and energy meter reading which includes voltage, current, power etc values.
2) Data taken as input from transformers: Oil temperature and winding temperature.
The input data comes from the field in digital form. The electrical parameters are converted into digital at various substations
and send through GPRS in case of less important substations and through optical fibers in case of more important substations
to the server located at NMCC.
For checking the on-off status of the breaker auxiliary contacts are attached to the moving end of the breaker. The auxiliary
contacts can be of two types-with potential and potential free contact .JUSCO uses potential free auxiliary contact.
In case of Potential free auxiliary contact, a +24Volts supply is applied to the contact to complete the circuit. Any changes in
the breaker status affects this 24 volts supply circuit and hence indicating the change in breaker status. This change in status
of the breaker is recorded in PLC card (Programmable Logic control) which uses FBD (Functional Block diagram) for its
programming.

So, Field Data comes to NMCC sever by two ways:

GPRS based communication: The data taken from the less important substations as input at NMCC for monitoring through
GPRS
Optical Fiber based communication: The data from very important substations are taken as input from NMCC through OFC.
GPRS Based Communication: The data from the field comes to NMCC server as input through GPRS. For GPRS based
communication FRTU is used. The data from the field comes to NMCC server as input through GPRS. For GPRS based
communication FRTU is connected to
Arctic Modbus Gateway effectively integrates serial Modbus devices to IP based management systems via Ethernet, GPRS
and EDGE. This is achieved by protocol conversion from Modbus serial protocols to Modbus TCP protocol and vice versa.
Combining this to many other Modbus specific features Arctic Modbus Gateway is powerful and flexible building block for
industrial Modbus communication. Also mobile operator independent systems (when GPRS/EDGE is used) can be built with
Viola M2M Gateway which provides virtual static IP addresses and VPN connections for Arctic devices.
The Modbus protocol family is a vendor-independent industrial communication standard supported by industrial automation
control units (PLCs, RTUs, data loggers, sensors etc.) and controlling software such as SCADA programs. Usually field
devices use serial mode (RTU or ASCII) protocol where as control network communication uses Modbus TCP protocol. The
Modbus user community has defined gateway functionality for required protocol integration. This functionality (protocol
conversion) is implemented in Arctic Modbus Gateway. Arctic Modbus Gateway offers powerful and easy-to-use features for
building wireless communication networks for distributed industrial systems. Also local area networks can be effectively
built by the Ethernet version of Arctic Modbus Gateway. Many industrial devices like PLCs and data loggers support RS-485
Modbus RTU protocol. Arctic Modbus Gateway can integrate unlimited number of serial slaves to IP network. All Modbus
protocol versions are supported!
Arctic Modbus Gateway can also be used as a serial slave at the SCADA end in the systems where SCADA is not supporting
Modbus TCP. In this case Arctic Modbus Gateway is connected to SCADA machines serial port (Modbus RTU) and it is
routing serial Modbus messages from SCADA to a single Modbus TCP recipient (Acting as a Modbus TCP master for it)
thus avoiding message broad-casting and extra network traffic over wireless GPRS/EDGE networks.

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GPRS M2M Gateway

Feeder remote terminal unit (FRTU): Field Engineers are on the front line, involved in every phase of our businessfrom
acquiring the first data needed for drilling decisions to designing plans for long-range development of complex multiwall,
multi reservoir fields. They provide this data from some of the worlds toughest environments. This product containing
switch controller and terminal device controls switches with host server. The size is smaller than existing product, and the
economic efficiency is higher. And it improves the efficiency of the distribution automation system by providing various
services such as power quality monitoring function.

The FRTU is placed on the breaker for sending input data taken from the breaker to server placed at NMCC for monitoring
purpose. FRTU is basically used for GSM based communication and controlling cannot be done. RTU (Remote Terminal
Unit) is the advanced version of FRTU and is basically used for Optical Fiber based communication. FRTU consists of PLC
card, GSM card, router, terminal block, +24 volt power supply to complete auxiliary contact circuit.

PLC Card
GPRS
Gateway

24V
Supply

Terminal
Block

Fig: FRTU

Parts of FRTU:

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GPRS Gateway: A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. A router
00is connected to two or more data lines from different network (as opposed to a network switch, which connects
data lines from one single network). When a data packet comes in on one of the lines, the router reads the address
information in its routing table or routing policy, it directs the packet to the next network on its journey. This creates
an overlay internetwork. Routers perform the traffic directing function on the Internet. A data packet is typically
forwarded from one router to another through the networks that constitute the internetwork until it reaches its
destination node.

Fig: Router

Terminal Block: Terminal Blocks are available in pluggable and fixed configurations in various pitch-sizes and
wire sizes, for signal and power solutions. The proven rising-cage-clamp technology ensures long-life, reliable
connections, especially for demanding applications in industrial, instrumentation and communication environments.

Fig: Terminal Block

24V Power Supply: It is used to provide potential to the potential free auxiliary contacts .This potential is provided
to complete the circuit. Any kind of change in this circuit indicates the change in the status of the breaker.

Fig: 24v supply

.

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PLC Card: A programmable logic controller is a specialized computer used to control machines and processes. It
therefore shares common terms with typical PCs like central processing unit, memory, software and
communications. Unlike a personal computer though the PLC is designed to survive in a rugged industrial
atmosphere and to be very flexible in how it interfaces with inputs and outputs to the real world.

The components that make a PLC work can be divided into three core areas.

The power supply and rack

The central processing unit (CPU)
The input/output (I/O) section

PLCs come in many shapes and sizes. They can be so small as to fit in your shirt pocket while more involved controls
systems require large PLC racks. Smaller PLCs (a.k.a. bricks) are typically designed with fixed I/O points. For our
consideration, well look at the more modular rack based systems. Its called modular because the rack can accept many
different types of I/O modules that simply slide into the rack and plug in.The Functional Body Diagram (FBD) is used for the
programming of PLC card. In FBD Commonly we use Gates. Like "OR" , "AND" & "NOT" etc.The Input to these Gates are
"0" & "1" or Low & High. And output is corresponding to the Gates used as in Electronics.

Fig: PLC Card Reader

The Basic Field Wiring
Contacts of breaker are one fixed and one moving. The moving contact of the breaker is connected to auxiliary contact
which is of Normally Open (NO) and Normally Closed (NC) type. These NO and NC contacts are connected to the
PLC card through terminal block to indicate On-Off status of the breaker. A +24V supply is also connected to complete
the circuit.
Any movement in moving contacts of breakers brings about a change in NO and NC contacts of auxiliary contact and
hence indicates the status of breaker on PLC card which converts this electrical data into digital data and the output of
PLC card is send to router which finally send the data to the server at NMCC through cloud computing or GPRS.
Tripping is sensed by the relay placed on the breaker which is connected to PLC card through terminal block and a
+24V supply is used to complete the circuit, hence giving the information of tripping of breaker in case any fault occurs
and this data is send to server in similar way through GPRS.

The Energy meter is also placed on the breaker whose readings is taken as input for monitoring and control. JUSCO uses
energy meter made by two companies-SECURE and LnT.
Two type of communication takes place through energy meter
1) Serial Data Communication: Data flow in the form of FIFO (First In First Out)
2) Packet Data Communication: Data flows in the form of packets.

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JUSCO uses energy meter from two companies:

a) SECURE
b) L&T
Type of Energy Meter:
1) Secure:
Secure premier 300: Premier is the family of CT/VT operated meters, which covers a wide range of power levels and
offers flexible time-of-use tariff metering and communications capabilities. Premier 300 is the latest offering from this
family having enhanced event detection facility and interoperable DLMS communication protocol. It is available in
various accuracy classes and wiring configurations.
Secure premier 250: Premier is the family CT/VT operated meters, which covers a wide range of power levels, and
offers flexible time of use tariff metering and communications capabilities. Premier 250 is the latest offering from this
family having enhanced event detection facility and interoperable DLMS communication protocol. It is available in
various accuracy classes and wiring configurations.

2) L & T ER300P: Electronic Trivector meter, ER300P PRIDE is a multipurpose unit which integrates several
functions and replaces various equipment for metering energy parameter. It is light, compact and highly reliable. L&T
has indigenously designed and developed the same at its state-of-the-art manufacturing facility in Mysore. It is well
suited for Indian transmission and distribution network and can be used for unidirectional or bi-directional metering,
TOD metering, and for energy management. It is available for both HT and LT applications.

In case of SECURE energy meters:

RJ-11 port is used to take data from the energy meter. This port is a communication port. A serial data convertor is attached
to the port RJ11 to convert data into serial data port that is RS485. The output of the serial data convertor is send to router
which finally sends data to NMCC server through GPRS or cloud computing.

Fig: Energy Meter

Fig: Serial Data Convertor

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Fig: Flow of Energy Meter Data

In case of L&T energy meters data is directly taken from port RS485 which is a serial data communication port.
More than one energy meter can also be connected in cascade form through the serial data convertor and the output of last
serial data convertor is send to the router. This can be done as:
In case of SECURE energy meter there are two ports in serial data convertor. The upper port is connected to RJ11 port of the
energy meter and the lower port is connected to serial data convertor whose other port is connected to other energy meter
communication port (RJ-11) which is to be connected in cascade. All the cascaded energy meters are given slave ID to
differentiate data is coming from which energy meter. All these data finally goes to RTU or FRTU.
L&T meters can be directly connected in cascade and slave id is given to recognize which data is coming from which energy
meter.

Fig: Energy Meters Connected in Cascade with each other

The data taken from the energy meter via serial data convertor and the data for the status of breaker taken via PLC card
goes to GPRS. This data from the GPRS goes to the cloud server. The cloud computing data comes to NMCC server
through M to M communication. M to M is basically a gateway through which data flows.
Optical Fiber communication/ Fiber optics (FO) based communication: In more important substations the data is taken
as input at NMCC server through optical fiber also known as fiber optics. For this RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) is placed in
the field for giving out data input for monitoring and taking data output from NMCC for control.
Optical Fiber based communication: The data from very important substations are taken as input from NMCC through
OFC.
Fiber optics (optical fibers) are long, thin strands of very pure glass about the size of a human hair. They are arranged in
bundles called optical cables and used to transmit signals over long distances.

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Fiber Optic Data Transmission Systems

Fiber optic data transmission systems send information over fiber by turning electronic signals into light.

Light refers to more than the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is near to what is visible to the human eye.

The electromagnetic spectrum is composed of visible and near-infrared light like that transmitted by fiber, and all
other wavelengths used to transmit signals such as AM and FM radio and television.

The electromagnetic spectrum.

Only a very small part of it is perceived by the human eye as light.

Fiber Optics Transmission

Low Attenuation

Very High Bandwidth (THz)

Small Size and Low Weight

No Electromagnetic Interference

Low Security Risk

Elements of Optical Transmission

o Electrical-to-optical Transducers
o Optical Media
o Optical-to-electrical Transducers
o Digital Signal Processing, repeaters and clock recovery.

Types of Optical Fiber

Multi Mode:
(a) Step-index Core and Cladding material has uniform but different refractive index.
(b) Graded Index Core material has variable index as a function of the radial distance from the center.
Single Mode: The core diameter is almost equal to the wave length of the emitted light so that it propagates along a single
path.

Transducers

Electrical-to-Optical Transducers
o

LED - Light Emitting Diode is inexpensive, reliable but can support only lower bandwidth.

LD Laser Diode provides high bandwidth and narrow spectrum.

Optical-to-Electrical Transducers

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PIN Diode - Silicone or InGaAs based p-i-n Diode operates well at low bandwidth.

Avalanche Diode Silicone or InGaAs Diode with internal gain can work with high data rate.

BW Capacity of Fiber Optics

To give perspective to the incredible capacity that fibers are moving toward, a10-Gbps signal has the ability to
transmit any of the following per second:

1000 books

130,000 voice channels

16 high-definition TV (HDTV) channels or 100 HDTV channels using compression techniques. (a HDTV channel
requires a much higher bandwidth than todays standard television).

Transmission Limitations

Transmission over fiber is limited by the attenuation and dispersion.

Multimode fibers may experience

o

Multimode dispersion: The delayed rays cause pulse spreading

Chromatic dispersion: Individual wavelengths may travel at different speeds.

Dispersion creates an inherent operational limit defined as a bandwidth-distance product (BDP).

Remote Terminal Unit (RTU): A remote terminal unit (RTU) is a microprocessor-controlled electronic device that
interfaces objects in the physical world to a distributed control system or SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition)
system by transmitting telemetry data to a master system, and by using messages from the master supervisory system to
control connected objects.[1] Another term that may be used for RTU is remote telecontrol unit.
An RTU monitors the field digital and analog parameters and transmits data to the Central Monitoring Station. It contains
setup software to connect data input streams to data output streams, define communication protocols, and troubleshoot
installation problems.
An RTU may consist of one complex circuit card consisting of various sections needed to do a custom fitted function or may
consist of many circuit cards including CPU or processing with communications interface(s), and one or more of the

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following: (AI) analog input, (DI) digital input, (DO/CO) digital or control (relay) output, or (AO) analog output card(s).

Fig: RTU

An RTU consists of:

Power supply: A form of power supply will be included for operation from the AC mains for various CPU, status
wetting voltages and other interface cards. This may consist of AC to DC converters where operated from a station
battery system.
RTUs may include a battery and charger circuitry to continue operation in event of AC power failure for critical applications
where a station battery is not available. This is done with the help of DC to DC convertor which coverts 110V DC from the
battery bank to 24V DC which is used to provide potential to the various cards.

Fig: DC to DC convertor
Digital inputs: Most RTUs incorporate an input section or input status cards to acquire two state real portion. This is usually
accomplished by using an isolated voltage or current source to sense the position of a remote contact (open or closed) at the
RTU site. This contact position may represent many different devices, including electrical breakers, liquid valve positions,
alarm conditions, and mechanical and positions of devices.

Fig: Digital Input

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 Analog inputs: An RTU can monitor analog inputs of different types including 0-1 mA, 420 mA current loop, 010 V.,
2.5 V, 5.0 V etc. Many RTU inputs buffer larger quantities via transducers to convert and isolate real world quantities
from sensitive RTU input levels. An RTU can also receive analog data via a communication system from a master or
IED (Intelligent Electronic Device) sending data values to it.

Fig: Analog Input card

The RTU or host system translates and scales this raw data into the appropriate units such as gallons of water left,
temperature degrees, or Megawatts, before presenting the data to the user via the HMI.

Digital (control) outputs: RTUs may drive high current capacity relays to a digital output (or "DO") board to switch
power on and off to devices in the field. The DO board switches voltage to the coil in the relay, which closes the high
current contacts, which completes the power circuit to the device.

Fig: Digital Output Card

RTU outputs may also consist of driving a sensitive logic input on an electronic PLC, or other electronic device using a
sensitive 5 V input.

Analog outputs: While not as commonly used, analog outputs may be included to control devices that require varying
quantities, such as graphic recording instruments (strip charts). Summed or massaged data quantities may be generated
in a master SCADA system and output for display locally or remotely, wherever needed.

Communication Card Unit (CMU): All the information from DI and DO cards goes to CMU and from Ethernet port
of CMU the data is send to switch where it gets converted into optical data from digital data and transmitted through FO
to NMCC server. The data of the energy meter and AI is also send to CMU.

Adapter Card: This card is used to link various DI, DO and AI cards present in different rows and send the data of
these cards to CMU.

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24V relay: For controlling the breaker requires a high voltage of 110V.But the DO and DI cards works on a very low
voltage of 5V.On DO card a relay is used to convert 5V to 24V and this 24V is further converted into 110V with the
help of relay switches to switch on or off the breakers.

Fig: Relay Switch

In RTU data outputs (DO) can also be given for controlling unlike FRTU. The optical fiber is connected to the RTU through
a switch which converts digital data into optical data so that it can be transmitted through optical fiber and reach to NMCC.
The nine important substations are connected to each other in the form of ring so that even if the FO cable of one ring gets
cut the information can be received or control signals can be sent through the other ring. Two rings are formed and each ring
has one cable for input and one for output. So, four optical fiber cables come from field to NMCC server, one pair of I/O
cable from each ring. These four optical cables comes to NMCC server where it is again converted into digital data through
L1 and L2 switches.

Fig: Ring connection of important substation through FO

Control Room Engineering: The data comes as an input to NMCC server through Optical Fibers from very important
substations and through GPRS from other substation. The servers are installed in NMCC server room.
Server: A server is a running instance of an application (software) capable of accepting requests from the client and giving
responses accordingly. Servers can run on any computer including dedicated computers, which individually are also often
referred to as "the server".
Servers operate within client-server architecture. Servers are computer programs running to serve the requests of other
programs, the clients. Thus, the server performs some tasks on behalf of clients. It facilitates the clients to share data,
information or any hardware and software resources. The clients typically connect to the server through the network but may

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run on the same computer. In the context of Internet Protocol (IP) networking, a server is a program that operates as a socket
listener.
Servers often provide essential services across a network, either to private users inside a large organization or to public users
via the Internet. Typical computing servers are database server, file server, mail server, print server, web server, gaming
server,
and
application
server.

FIELD
RTU

FIELD FRTU
(GPRS ROUTER)

FO CABLE
CISCO L-1, L-2
SWITCH

GPRS
TTSL/ LEASE LINE

M to M Gateway
TCS/CISCO
ROUTER

Fig: END TO END DATA SERVER

Type of server:

FEP
SERVER

A front end processor (FEP) or a communications processor: It is a small-sized computer which interfaces to the
host computer a number of networks, such as SNA, or a number of peripheral devices, such as terminals, disk units,
printers and tape units. Data is transferred between the host computer and the front end processor using a high-speed
parallel interface. The front end processor communicates with peripheral devices using slower serial interfaces,
usually also through communication networks. The purpose is to off-load from the host computer the work of
managing the peripheral devices, transmitting and receiving messages, packet assembly and disassembly, error
detection, and error correction. Two examples are the IBM 3705 Communications Controller and the Burroughs
Data Communications Processor.

Application Server (AS): An application server is a software framework that provides both facilities to create web
applications and a server environment to run them.
Most Application Server Frameworks contain a comprehensive service layer model. An application server acts as a
set of components accessible to the software developer through an API defined by the platform itself. For Web
applications, these components are usually performed in the same running environment as its web server(s), and
their main job is to support the construction of dynamic pages. However, many application servers target much more
than just Web page generation: they implement services like clustering, fail-over, and load-balancing, so developers
can focus on implementing the business logic.[2]
In the case of Java application servers, the server behaves like an extended virtual machine for running applications,
transparently handling connections to the database on one side, and, often, connections to the Web client on the
other

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UDW SERVER (UTILITY DATA WAREHOUSE): The fundamental feature of Utility Data Warehouse, UDW,
is the ability to store the continuous inflow of measurements and events from the power process, along with
information from any other Utility Information System, and make it all available for Data Mining in the folder name
spio. The UDW does this, while providing high user performance, high availability and redundancy.
The UDW is designed to meet the requirements of control room operation, such as short response times and high
availability, as well as the requirements of a Data Warehouse user on the office network, such as openness and
possibility to do extensive data analysis. The UDW function is accomplished through the Oracle RDBMS. SCADA
data is sampled from the Network Manager real-time database Avanti and stored in the Oracle database together
with results from calculations(such as Snapshot, Time Series) using tools such as Matlab applied to the sampled
information. Since UDW is based on the Oracle database, it is of course possible to create any table containing any
relevant relationship to the sampled data. UDW server has Linux as OS, but function is accomplished through the
Oracle RDBMS. There we have two UDW servers one is 01 and other is 02. At a time one AS server is in online
and other is in hot standby both the server is auto synchronized with the help of auto script written, real time data
updating is in both the server every time, administrator can switch over to standby server for data maintenance
required or any other reason from WS500 (workstation) or from remote desktop with help of tool SSH (secure shell
tool) remotely or from server itself. Data minning or historical data base management is done with the help of UDW,
data get fetched from UDW .

Active Directory (AD): Active Directory (AD) is a directory service that Microsoft developed for Windows domain
networks and is included in most Windows Server operating systems as a set of processes and services. An AD
domain controller authenticates and authorizes all users and computers in a Windows domain type network
assigning and enforcing security policies for all computers and installing or updating software. For example, when a
user logs into a computer that is part of a Windows domain, Active Directory checks the submitted password and
determines whether the user is a system administrator or normal user

Data Engineering (DE): The data might be generated in many ways, or subset of the available data may be used.
Data engineering uses data analysis techniques from statistics, machine learning, pattern recognition or neural
networks, together with other technologies such as visualization, optimization, database systems, prototyping tools
and knowledge elicitation. The goal is to use the available data or generate more data, and to thereby understand the
process being investigated. The process of analyzing the data, creating new analysis tools specifically for the task,
and working with the domain experts is a key aspect of this engineering task. We will be using Bayesian data
analysis methods (which occur throughout the different communities).

Backup Server(BS):A server responsible for backing up and restoring files, folders, databases and hard drives on a
network in order to prevent the loss of data in the event of a hard drive failure, user error, disaster or accident. In
addition to numerous backup server products and services available from third-party vendors, Microsoft Windows
Server operating systems also include a built-in Windows Server Backup feature that can be used to perform basic
backup and recovery operations on backup servers. An alternative to standard backup server software tools are
online backup and recovery services that save your network's data to a remote location in the cloud.SSH file transfer

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protocol tool is used to taking a backup. After quick connect to required server we have to take a back in the folder.
Keep a note that AS back should be in separate folder and UWD server backup should be in separate folder.

WS-500: WS-500is the software used by NMCC for implementing SCADA.The hardware and the software required for the
setup of SCADA system is provided by the company ABB. Ws-500 has two parts
1.

Control System Overview: is a device, or set of devices, that manages commands, directs or regulates the
behavior of other devices or systems. Industrial control systems are used in industrial production for controlling
equipment or machines. There are two common classes of control systems, open loop control systems and closed
loop control systems. In open loop control systems output is generated based on inputs. In closed loop control
systems current output is taken into consideration and corrections are made based on feedback. A closed loop
system is also called a feedback control system. The human body is a classic example of feedback systems. Fuzzy
logic is also used in systems.

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2.

Power System Overview: OPAL-RT provides a complete range of real-time digital simulators and control
prototyping systems for power grids, power electronics, motor drives and other mechatronic systems. Under the
ePOWERgrid umbrella, these real-time systems help you perform feasibility studies, develop new concepts, design
and test your controllers for a wide variety of applications including small power converters, hybrid electric drives,
large power grids and renewable energy systems.

Substation: A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. Substations
transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions. Between the
generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels.
Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned by a large industrial or commercial
customer. Generally substations are unattended, relying on SCADA for remote supervision and control.
A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission voltages and lower
distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages. The word substation comes from
the days before the distribution system became a grid. As central generation stations became larger, smaller generating
plants were converted to distribution stations, receiving their energy supply from a larger plant instead of using their
own generators. The first substations were connected to only one power station, where the generators were housed, and
were subsidiaries of that power station.

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- Breaker is on
- Breaker is off
- Transformer
- Isolator
- Trip

HT Switch House: In an electric power system, switchgear is the combination of electrical disconnect switches, fuses
or circuit breakers used to control, protect and isolate electrical equipment. Switchgear is used both to de-energize
equipment to allow work to be done and to clear faults downstream. This type of equipment is directly linked to the
reliability of the electricity supply.
The very earliest central power stations used simple open knife switch, mounted on insulating panels of marble or
asbestos. Power levels and voltages rapidly escalated, making opening manually operated switches too dangerous for
anything other than isolation of a de-energized circuit. Oil-filled equipment allowed arc energy to be contained and
safely controlled. By the early 20th century, a switchgear line-up would be a metal-enclosed structure with electrically
operated switching elements, using oil circuit breakers. Today, oil-filled equipment has largely been replaced by airblast, vacuum, or SF6 equipment, allowing large currents and power levels to be safely controlled by automatic
equipment.
High-voltage switchgear was invented at the end of the 19th century for operating motors and other electric machines.
The technology has been improved over time and can now be used with voltages up to 1,100 kV.
Typically, switchgears in substations are located on both the high- and low-voltage sides of large power transformers.
The switchgear on the low-voltage side of the transformers may be located in a building, with medium-voltage circuit
breakers for distribution circuits, along with metering, control, and protection equipment. For industrial applications, a
transformer and switchgear line-up may be combined in one housing, called a unitized substation

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Feeder Wise SLD:

A feeder line is a peripheral route or branch in a network, which connects smaller or more remote nodes with a route or
branch carrying heavier traffic. The term is applicable to any system based on a hierarchical network in
telecommunications, a feeder line branches from a main line or trunk line.
In electrical engineering, a feeder line is a type of transmission line. In radio engineering, a feeder connects radio equipment
to an antenna, usually open wire (air-insulated wire line) or twin-lead from a shortwave transmitter. In power engineering, a
feeder line is part of an electric distribution network, usually a radial circuit of intermediate voltage.

The concept of feeder lines is also important in public transportation. The term is particularly used in US air travel and rail
transport. Efficient, high-capacity routes connect important nodes while feeder lines connect these nodes to departure and
destination points

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Benefits of implementing SCADA in Power Distribution Network:

Reduction of downtime via full time monitoring of all substation devices and critical parameters.

Labor savings derived from ability to troubleshoot, identify and correct problems.

Identifying exact fault location (Breaker) at a glance. No need to visit multiple locations to identify fault.

Ability to record the history of substation operations and fine tune the efficiency of breakers and relays.

Real time power and energy monitoring and recording provided the user with comprehensive load profiles
and growth planning.

Monitor deviation of voltages and other critical values such as hours of operation, number of closures etc
to extend useful life of Sub-Stations.

Provide real time stamping and recording of all power quality events at the substation.

Monitor and control feeder loading and continual balancing of loads.

Remote switching of feeder breakers and electronic tagging.

Increased degree of safety for line crews responsible for identifying fault locations and restoring service
power.

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