1

5.X.1 (a) bat, Earth, air (b) string, Earth, air (c) vine, Earth, air (d) snow, Earth, air
5.X.2
~F + ~F + ~F
1
2
3

= ~0

~F
3

= ~F1 ~F2

~F
3

5.X.3 Both

d~
p
dt

= h30, 90, 130i N

and ~Fnet are ~0.

5.X.4
(a)

d~
p
dt

nonzero, directed downward

(b)

d~
p
dt

nonzero, directed downward

(c)

d~
p
dt

nonzero, directed upward

(d)

d~
p
dt

nonzero, directed leftward

5.X.5 The best kissing circle is the one with radius R3 , and the net force is directed toward the center.
5.X.6
(a) Arrows representing the force at each point should all point toward Sun and should have correct relative lengths.
(b) zero at A and D, nonzero at all other points
(c) nonzero at all points
(d) zero at A and D, positive at B and D, negative at E and F
(e) changing at all points

5.X.7 Constant speed implies no change in magnitude, so there is no parallel component of net force. The perpendicular
component is directed toward the center. Earth and the seat exert forces on the passenger.
5.X.8
2

|~a|

|~v|
R
2
(30 m/s)

200 m
4.5 m/s2

2
Compare to 9.8 m/s2 for freely falling objects.
5.X.9
 
 d~p 
  = |~p| |~v|
 dt 
R
 
 d~p 
 dt  R
|~p| =
c
10
(2 10
N)(8 m)

8 m
(3 10 s )
5.3 10

18

kg m/s

5.X.10 Define the system to be the child.

The parallel component of

d~
p
dt

is
d |~p|
p =
dt

because |~p| is constant.

The speed of the child is
2R
T
2(5 m)
90 s
0.349 m/s

|~v| =
=
=
The magnitude of the momentum is
|~p| =
=
The perpendicular component of

d~
p
dt

m |~v|
14.0 kg m/s

has a magnitude of
 
 d
p
|~p|   =
dt

|~p|

|~v|
R

(14 kg m/s)

0.977 N

0.349 m/s
5m

and |~p| ddtp points toward the center of the carousel. According to the Momentum Principle, the net force on the child is equal
to d~
p/dt which is 0.977 N and points toward the center of the carousel. The only object in the surroundings that exerts a
force on the child in the direction of the center of the carousel is the force by the horse on the child.
5.X.11

3
(a) The only force acting on the satellite is the gravitational force by Earth on the satellite. There is no centripetal force
acting on the satellite. The free-body diagram for the satellite should only show the gravitational force by Earth on
the satellite.
(b) The only force acting on the satellite is the gravitational force by Earth on the satellite. There is no centrifugal force
acting on the satellite. The free-body diagram for the satellite should only show the gravitational force by Earth on
the satellite.
(c) The satellite travels in a circle with a constant speed. Therefore, the net force on the satellite points toward the center
of the circle. The parallel component of the net force on the satellite is zero.

5.X.12
(a) The acceleration of the ball is
~v
t
= h1.43, 8.57, 0i m/s

~a =

(b)
~p
t

=
=

~v
t
h0.129, 0.771, 0i N
m

(c)
~p
t
= h0.129, 0.771, 0i N

~F
net

5.X.13
Use direction cosines.
(a)
Fnet,x



~ 
Fnet  cos x

(210 N) cos(23 )

193 N

(b)
Fnet,x

5.P.14





= ~Fnet  cos y
=

(210 N) cos(90 23 )

(210 N) cos(67 )

82 N

4
(a)

d~
p
dt

is zero. The box is static.

(b) 3 is the correct diagram.



N
392 N
(c) (40 kg) 9.8 kg




(d) Geometrically, its ~FT2  cos 38 but physically, it must also be 392 N.




(e) ~FT2 

392 N
cos 38

497.4 N





(f) ~FT2  sin 38 306.2 N
(g) It must be -306.2 N.

5.P.15
(a)

d~
p
dt

is zero so it has no direction.

(b) ~Fnet is zero.

(c) rope, floor
(d) (255 N) cos 40 195.3 N
(e) It must be -195.3 N.
(f) Earth, floor, rope
(g) (255 N) sin 40 163.9 N


N
294 N
(h) (30 kg) 9.8 kg
(i) 294 N 163.9 N 130 N

5.P.16
Let be the angle between the spring and the vertical. Then sin =
spring tension must null out the balls weight.

8
15

and cos =

Mg

= ks s cos
M g 15

s =
ks
161


N
(0.45 kg) 9.8 kg
(15)

(110 N/m) ( 161)

0.047 m 4.7 cm

Lo

5.P.17

15 cm 4.7 cm 10.3 cm

161
15 .

The vertical component of the

5
(a)
L =

 
~ 
F Lo
AY

(60 kg) 9.8

N
kg

(2 m)

(0.35 103 m)2 (2 1011 N/m2 )

0.015 m 1.5 cm
(b) The interatomic bonds are stretched the most at the top of the rod, and progressively less and less from the rods top
to the rods bottom.
(c) Let the origin be at the very bottom of the vertically hanging rod. Consider a small slice of the rod at the very top.
This slice has a thickness L or y. The slice is in static equilibrium, so the force pulling it up must have the same
magnitude as the force pulling it down. The force pulling the slice down is the weight of the rest of the rod, and this
force has a magnitude V g = Agy where is the materials density. Note that the density is needed to express this
force as a function of y. This little slice will stretch an amount L = g
Y yy. Taking the limit for smaller and smaller
2

gL
slices gives dL = g
Y ydy and we integrate both sides from y = 0 to y = L. Evaluating the integral gives Lrod = 2Y ,
M gL
which is independent of radius (and therefore area). We can express the stretch as L = 2AY , which for this rod is
7
approximately 7.7 10 m.

(d) For a given material, the stretch is independent of radius, and therefore independent of area.

5.P.18
Let the left wire be 1, the right wire be 2, and the vertical wire be 3.
 
 
(a) ~F1  6098 N,

 
~ 
F2  3980 N,

 
~ 
F3  7840 N

(b) For each wire, the strain will just be the stress divided by Youngs modulus. Wire 1:
Wire 3:

L
Lo

0.063

L
Lo

0.049, Wire 2:

L
Lo

0.032,

5.P.19
(a)

d~
p
dt

is zero.

(b) Earth, cable, air

(c) force due to cable pointing to the upper right, force due to air pointing left, force due to Earth pointing down




(d) The vertical component of the tension must null out the packages weight. Therefore, ~Fcable  9530 N.
(e) ~Fcable = h3609, 8820, 0i N




(f) The force due to the air must null out the horizontal component of the tension. Therefore, ~Fair  3609 N.
(g) ~Fair = h3609, 0, 0i N
(h) Yes, the cable will likely break.

5.X.20

6
(a) distance = 2R = 69.1 m
(b)
distance
t
69.1 m
=
12 s
= 5.76 m/s

|~v| =

5.X.21
The speed of the atom is

|~v| =
=

2R
T
2.24 m/s

and its direction is tangential (i.e. tangent to its path).

5.X.22 Assume that Earth travels from A to B in the figure. Thus, it is orbiting counterclockwise around Sun.
The velocity of Earth and the net force on Earth are shown in Figure 1.

A
Sun

Figure 1: The velocity of Earth and the net force on Earth at points A and B.
The vector ~
p is toward Sun and ~pf is in the direction of ~pi + ~
p as shown in Figure 2.
5.X.23
(a) The momentum is zero, so it has no direction.
(b) d~
p/dt is downward, toward Earth.
(c) The net force on the ball is downward, toward Earth.
(d) At the turning point, the momentum is zero, so it has no direction.
(e) d~
p/dt is to the left.
(f) The net force on the cart is to the left.

A
Sun

Figure 2: The change in momentum and the final momentum (after 1 hour) from points A and B.

(g) At this instant, its momentum is zero, so it has no direction.

(h) d~
p/dt is upward.
(i) The net force on the block is upward.

5.X.24
(a)
|~v| =
=
=

2R
T
2(7 m)
12 s
3.67 m/s

(b) (iii) The direction of the momentum of the atom is tangent to its path.
(c) (i) The direction of the rate of change of the momentum of the atom is inward, toward the center of its circular path.

5.X.25
(a) 1. a
2. h
3. g
4. f
5. e
(b) 1. g
2. f
3. e
4. d
5. c
(c) 1. g

8
2. f
3. e
4. d
5. c

5.X.26
(a) c
(b) zero
(c) At location D and also at location F, the perpendicular component of the net force on the comet is nonzero.
(d) zero
(e) changing
(f) e
(g) nonzero
(h) nonzero
(i) positive
(j) changing
(k) h
(l) nonzero
(m) nonzero
(n) negative
(o) changing

5.X.27
p
Because the speed of the particle is constant, d~
dt is perpendicular to the path where the path is curved and is zero where
p
the path is straight. For small radius of curvature (of the kissing circle) at a given point, d~
dt is large. For a large radius of
d~
p
d~
p
curvature, dt is small. If the path is straight or is an inflection point, then dt is zero.

Arrows for

d~
p
dt

are shown in Figure 3 for given points on the path.

5.X.28
false. At constant speed, the net force on the object is inward toward the center of the kissing circle.
true
true
false. To make an object turn, the net force on the object must be inward toward the center of the kissing circle which
in this case would be toward the left.

9
zero

zero

Figure 3:

d~
p
dt

at given points on the path of a particle.

5.X.29
No. There is no force pushing you to the right as the car turns to the left. According to Newtons first law, your body
continues moving in a straight line unless a force acts on your body. As the car turns to the left, your body continues moving
in a straight line until hitting the door. Then, the door exerts a force on you to the left, toward the center of the kissing
circle.
5.X.30
(1) If the net force on Moon is zero then it would travel in a straight line at constant speed. The fact that it moves in a
circular path shows that the net force on Moon is not zero.
(2) Every force is due to an interaction of two objects. The gravitational force is the force by Earth on Moon. What object
exerts the centrifugal force? There is none, so the force does not exist.

5.X.31
d~p
dt
Because the speed is constant,

d|~
p|
=
dt p

|~p|

d
p d|~p|
+
p
dt
dt

0. Thus,
d~p
dt

= |~p|

d
p
dt

which has a magnitude of

d~p
dt

= |~p|

|~v|
R

(78 kg m/s)

449N

23 m/s
4m

10
According to the Momentum
 Principle, the magnitude of the net force is equal to the magnitude of the time rate of change

~ 
of the momentum, so Fnet  = 449 N.
5.X.32
(a) Because the protons speed is constant,

d|~
p|
=
dt p

0.

(b)
d~p
 dt
 d~p 
 
 dt 

d
p
dt
|~v|
= |~p|
R
= |~p|

=
=

m |~v|
since the protons speed is much less than c.
R
1.04 1014 N

The direction of |~p| ddtp is toward the center of the circle, which is arrow (h).

5.X.33
(a) d
(b) b
(c) Because the protons speed is constant,
d~p
 dt
 d~p 
 
 dt 

d|~
p|
=
dt p

0. Thus,

d
p
dt
|~v|
= |~p|
R
= |~p|

=
=

m |~v|
since the protons speed is much less than c.
R
8.74 1015 N

5.X.34
(a)

d|~
p|
=
dt p

0 because the childs speed is zero.

(b) The childs speed is

|~v| =
=
The magnitude of |~p| ddtp is

2R
T
3.99 m/s

11

 
 d
p
|~p|  
dt

= |~p|

|~v|
R
2

m |~v|
since the childs speed is much less than c.
R
169 N

=
=

The direction of |~p| ddtp is toward the center of the carousel.

(c) According to the Momentum Principle, the net force on the child is equal to
the carousel.

d~
p
dt

which is 169 N, toward the center of

(d) The object that contributes to this horizontal force on the child is the horse.

5.X.35
The childs speed is

|~v| =
=

2R
T
1.76 m/s

The tangential component of the net force on the child is zero since the childs speed is constant. Therefore, the net force on
the child is directed toward the center of the circle and has a magnitude





Fnet, 

|~v|
R
2
m |~v|
since the childs speed is much less than c.
R
66.3 N

= |~p|
=
=

5.X.36
Convert the period of Earths orbit from years to seconds.

(1 year) = 3.156 107 s

Earths speed is

|~v| =
=
=
Because Earths speed is constant,

d|~
p|
=
dt p

0.

2R
T
2(1.5 1011 m)
3.156 107 s
3.0 104 m/s

12
The direction of |~p| ddtp is toward the center of the circle, which is toward Sun in this case. Its magnitude is



 d
|~p| p  =
 dt 

|~p|

|~v|
R
2

m |~v|
since Earths speed is much less than c.
R
(6 1024 kg)(3 104 m/s)2
=
1.5 1011 m
= 3.6 1022 N
=

The gravitational force by Sun on Earth is directed toward the center of the circle (toward Sun) and has a magnitude
GMsun MEarth
Rorbit
3.6 1022 N



~

Fgrav  =
=

p
Note that we did not use the Momentum Principle,
but rather we showed that it is true for Earths orbit. We calculated d~
dt
 
 d~p 
from the motion of Earth and found that  dt  = 3.6 1022 N. Then, we calculated the gravitational force by Sun on Earth

using Newtons Law of Gravitation and showed that it is 3.6 1022 N. These are equal, as is expected from the Momentum
Principle.
5.X.37

A circular pendulum is analyzed as an example in CH 05 of the textbook. The radius of the pendulum is R = L sin = 0.516 m.
Application of the Momentum Principle in the vertical direction shows that

FT cos

mg

Application of the Momentum Principle in the radial direction shows that

2

FT sin

m |~v|
R

Solving for FT in the first equation and substituting into the second equation allows one to solve for the speed of the pendulum.
2

m |~v|
R
2
|~v|
g tan =
pR
|~v| =
Rg tan
p
=
(0.516 m)(9.8 N/kg) tan(28 )

mg tan

2.69 m/s

13
The period is found using:

|~v| =
T

2R
T
1.21 s

5.X.38
(a) Arrow (a)
(b) The net force on Tarzan is upward. The net force is the sum of the force by the vine and the force by Earth on Tarzan.
Therefore, the upward force by the vine on Tarzan is greater than the downward gravitational force by Earth on Tarzan,
so that when added together, the net result is upward.

5.X.39 b.
5.X.40 Since the airplanes speed is constant,
case, it is directed downward.

d~
p
dt

for the passenger is directed toward the center of the circular path. In this

5.X.41 a.
5.X.42
(a)

d|~
p|
dt

(b)

dp
dt

6= 0. It is directed in the x direction if speeding up or in the +x direction if slowing down.

= 0 because the motion of the object is along a straight path.

(c) ~Fk =
6 0. It is directed in the x direction if speeding up or in the +x direction if slowing down.
(d) ~F = 0 because

= 0.

dp
dt

5.X.43
(a)

d|~
p|
dt

(b)

6= 0 because the direction of the airplanes momentum is changing. It must be perpendicular to the path; therefore,
it could be in the +x, x, +y, or y direction.

= 0 because the airplanes speed is constant.

dp
dt

(c) ~Fk = 0 because

d|~
p|
dt

(d) ~F 6= 0 because

dp
dt

5.P.44
The riders speed is

= 0.

6= 0. It must be perpendicular to the path; therefore, it could be in the +x, x, +y, or y direction.

14

|~v| =
=

2R
T
5.98 m/s

The riders speed is constant; therefore, the net force on the rider is always directed toward the center of the Ferris wheel
and has a magnitude





Fnet, 

|~v|
R
2
m |~v|
since the riders speed is much less than c.
R
200N

= |~p|
=
=

At each point in the motion, sketch a free-body diagram. There are two forces acting on the rider: the force by the seat and
the gravitational force by Earth. The gravitational force by Earth always acts downward. The force by the seat on the varies
so that when added to the gravitational force, the net force points toward the center of the Ferris wheel and has a constant
magnitude.
The gravitational force by Earth on the rider is h0, mg, 0i = h0, 549, 0i N.
In all answers below, define the +y direction to be upward and the +x direction to the right.
(a)

d~
p
dt

= h0, 200, 0i N

(b) h0, 549, 0i N

(c) The net force on the rider is
~F
net

= ~Fgrav + ~Fseat

Solve for the force by the seat on the rider.

~F
seat

= ~Fnet ~Fgrav

= h0, 200, 0i N h0, 549, 0i N

= h0, 749, 0i N

(d)

d~
p
dt

= h0, 200, 0i N

(e) h0, 549, 0i N

(f)
~F
net

= ~Fgrav + ~Fseat

~F
seat

= ~Fnet ~Fgrav
=

h0, 200, 0i N h0, 549, 0i N

h0, 349, 0i N



 

 

(g) The rider feels heavier at the bottom of the ride because Fseat,y  > ~Fgrav .

15

 


 

(h) The rider feels lighter at the top of the ride because Fseat,y  < ~Fgrav .

5.P.45
(a) a.
(b) Because the speed is constant,

d|~
p|
=
dt p

0.

(c)
 
 d
p
|~p|  
dt

= |~p|

|~v|
R
2

=
=

m |~v|
since the speed is much less than c.
R
492 N

|~p| ddtp is directed toward the center of the circle, which is at this instant in the +x direction.
(d) It is in the +x direction.
(e) ~Fnet = h0, 492, 0i N
(f)
~F
net
~F
2

= ~F1 + ~F2

= ~Fnet + ~F1
=

h492, 0, 0i N h196, 369, 0i N

h296, 369, 0i N

5.P.46
(a) The net force on the car is directed toward the center of the circle and has a magnitude




Fnet,  =
=

|~v|
R
2
m |~v|
since the speed is much less than c.
R

|~p|

In the vertical direction (with +y upward), the y-component of the force by the road on the car is equal to the
gravitational force by Earth on the car.
Froad,y

= mg

The maximum frictional force by the road on the car is parallel to the road and has a magnitude
froad,x

= s Froad,y

froad,x

= s mg

16
Since the only force on the car that acts toward the center of the circle is the frictional force, then





Fnet,  =





froad,x 

m |~v|
=
R
|~v| =
=

s mg
p
s gR
13.6 m/s

This is the maximum possible speed because the maximum possible frictional force (static friction) acts on the car.
(b) (3) and (6) are true.
(c) The maximum speed is the same because it does not depend on mass.
(d) The maximum speed is proportional to the square root of the radius. Thus, |~v| =

2(13.6 m/s) = 19.3 m/s

5.P.47
(a)




Fnet,  =
=
|~v| =
=

|~v|
R
2
m |~v|
since the speed is much less than c.
vR


u

u F
t net,  R

|~p|

m
41.3 m/s

(b) 2
(c)


~

Fspring 
ks

= ks
v

u

u ~F
t spring 
=
s
s
760 N
=
(9 8.7) m
=

5.P.48
(a)

d|~
p|
=
dt p

2530 N/m

17
(b)
 
 d
p
|~p|  
dt

= |~p|

|~v|
R
2

=
=

m |~v|
since the speed is much less than c.
R
8.71 N

(c) 871 N
(d) The force by the cord on the child is upward (+y direction) and the gravitational force by Earth on the child is downward
(y direction). The net force on the child is in the upward (+y direction), toward the center of the circle.
~F
net

= ~Fcord + ~Fgrav

~F
cord

= ~Fnet ~Fgrav

~F
cord

= h0, 871, 0i N h0, 255, 0i N

~F
cord

= h0, 1130, 0i N

(e)



~
Fspring 
ks

= ks
v

u

u ~F
t spring 
=
s
s
1126 N
=
(4.3 4.22) m
=

1.4 104 N/m

5.P.49
(a)

d|~
p|
=
dt p

0
 
 d
p
|~p|  
dt

= |~p|

|~v|
R
2

=
=

m |~v|
since the speed is much less than c.
R
495 N

(b) h0, 495, 0i N

(c) The force by the cord on the child is upward (+y direction) and the gravitational force by Earth on the child is downward
(y direction). The net force on the child is in the upward (+y direction), toward the center of the circle.

18

~F
net

= ~Fcord + ~Fgrav

~F
cord

= ~Fnet ~Fgrav

~F
cord

~F
cord

h0, 495, 0i N h0, 235, 0i N

= h0, 730, 0i N

(d)



~
Fspring 
ks

= ks
v

u

u ~F
t spring 
=
s
s
730 N
=
(3.1 3.06) m
=

1.8 104 N/m

5.P.50
(a) First, find the speed



~ 
Fnet  =
=
|~v| =
=

|~v|
R
2
m |~v|
since the speed is much less than c.
vR

u 
u ~F  R
t net
|~p|

m
27.8 m/s

Then, calculate the period.

|~v| =
=
(b) 27.8 m/s
(c) (4)

5.P.51
The net force on the roller coaster at any instant is

2R
T
1.70 m/s

19

~F
net

= ~Ftrack + ~Fgrav

Since the roller coaster travels in a circle with constant speed,



~ 
Fnet  =
=

|~v|
R
2
m |~v|
since the speed is much less than c.
R

|~p|

At the top of the roller coaster, the net force on the roller coaster is toward the center of the circle which is in the downward
(y) direction. The gravitational force on the roller coaster is also in the downward (y) direction. At the minimum speed
needed to make it around the loop, ~Ftrack = ~0 at the top of the loop. Thus,
~F
 net
~ 
Fnet 

= ~Fgrav




= ~Fgrav 

m |~v|
= mg
R
p
|~v| =
Rg
A reasonable R is on the order of 10 m which gives a minimum speed of about 10 m/s.
5.P.52
A circular pendulum is analyzed as an example in CH 05 of the textbook. The radius of the pendulum is R = L sin .
Application of the Momentum Principle in the vertical direction shows that
FT cos

mg

Application of the Momentum Principle in the radial direction shows that

2

FT sin

m |~v|
R

Solving for FT in the first equation and substituting into the second equation allows one to solve for the speed of the pendulum.
2

mg tan

g tan

|~v| =

m |~v|
R
2
|~v|
pR
Rg tan

20
The speed is |~v| =

2R
T .

Substitute the speed and solve for g in terms of the period T .

2R
T

4 2 R
T 2 tan

Rg tan

To determine g from experimental data, you must measure the period, the radius of the circle, and the angle .
5.P.53
The speed of the engineer is

|~v| =
=

2R
T
2.93 m/s

Define the system to be the engineer. The only force acting on the engineer is the force by the space station on the engineer.
Thus,
~F
net

= ~Fspace station

Since the engineer travels in a circle with constant speed,



~ 
Fnet  =
=

|~v|
R
2
m |~v|
since the speed is much less than c.
R

|~p|

Thus,


~

Fspace station 





= ~Fnet 
2

=
=

m |~v|
R
43.0 N

By Newtons third law, the force by the engineer on the space station is also 43.0 N. Thus, the engineer must exert a force
of 43 N on the space station in order to hold on.
5.P.54
First, convert period from days to seconds. T = 1.04 day = 8.99 104 s. Define the system to be the NEAR spacecraft. The
net force on NEAR is equal to the gravitational force by Eros on NEAR. Note that the speed of NEAR is much less than c.
Thus,

21



~ 
Fnet 





= ~Fgrav 

|~v|
R
2
m |~v|
R
|~p|

|~v|

The speed of the spacecraft is v =

spacecrafts orbit.

2R
T .

=
=

GM m
R2
GM m
R2
MG
R

Substitute this to get an expression that relates the period and radius of the

2
2R
T
4 2 R2
T2
T2

=
=
=

MG
R
MG
R
4 2 3
R
GM

The above expression is known as Keplers third law for circular orbits. Solve for the mass of Eros.

=
=

4 2 R3
T2
6.65 1012 kg

5.P.55
The force by the seat on the rider is upward (+y direction) and the gravitational force by Earth on the rider is downward
(y direction). The net force on the rider is in the upward (+y direction), toward the center of the circle.





Thus, ~Fseat  =

m4 2 R
T2

~F
net

= ~Fseat + ~Fgrav

~F
seat

= ~Fnet ~Fgrav


mv 2
0,
, 0 h0, mg, 0i
=
R


mv 2
=
0,
+ mg, 0
R


m4 2 R
=
0,
+
mg,
0
T2

+ mg.

F
upward, in the +y direction, toward the center of the circle. Thus, F
=< 0, 1, 0 >.
seat
seat
5.P.56

22
(a) The force by the seat on the rider can be upward (+y direction) or downward (y direction) depending on how fast
the roller coaster goes over the hill. The gravitational force by Earth on the rider is downward (y direction). At the
top of the hill, the net force on the rider is in the downward (y direction), toward the center of the circle. To feel
weightless, the force by the seat on the rider must be zero at the top of the hill.

0,

0
> ~

~F
~F 
=
+
net
seat Fgrav
+

m |~v|
,0
R

= h0, mg, 0i
2

m |~v|
= mg
R
p
gR
|~v| =

(b) At the bottom of a hill (or a dip), the net force on the rider is upward. The force by the seat on the rider is also
upward and in this case has a magnitude of 3mg. The net force on the rider is

*
0,

~F
= ~Fseat + ~Fgrav
net
+

m |~v|
,0
R

h0, 3mg, 0i + h0, mg, 0i

m |~v|
= 2mg
R
p
|~v| =
2gR

5.P.57
(a) T =

6.88 s
10revolutions

= 0.688s

|~v| =
=

2R
T
13.7 m/s

(b) Yes, the momentum vector changes because its direction changes. It is not moving in a straight line.
(c) The force by the spring on the ball changes its direction because this force is perpendicular to the balls path.




(d) ~Fspring  = ks = 300 N
(e)


~ 
Fnet  =
=
Solving for mass gives m = 32.8 kg.

m |~v|
R
300 N

23

5.P.58
(a) Assume that the parallel component of the net force on the car is zero; therefore, its speed might be constant or the
car be transitioning from speeding up to slowing down as it goes over the hill. The net force on the car at the top of
the hill is thus directed toward the center of the hill, in the y direction. The forces that act on the car are: (1) the
gravitational force by Earth on the car and (2) the force by the road on the car.
(b) The net force on the car is in the y direction, toward the center of the circular path. Thus, the downward force by
Earth is greater than the upward force by the road. A diagram is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Forces on a car traveling over a hill.

(c)
~F
net
~F
road

Froad,y

= ~Froad + ~Fgrav
= ~Fnet ~Fgrav
*
+
2
m |~v|
=
0,
, 0 h0, mg, 0i
R
= mg

m |~v|
R

Note that it is less than mg as expected.

(d) If the cars speed is great enough such that
the road on the car will be zero.

m|~
v|2
R

= mg, then the car will momentarily leave the road and the force by

5.P.59




The net force on the ball is equal to the force by the spring on the ball which is ~Fspring  = ks . The distance the spring




v|2
stretches is s = R L. Because the speed of the ball is constant and is much less than the speed of light, ~Fnet  = m|~
R .
Therefore,


~ 
Fnet 





= ~Fspring 

m |~v|
R

= ks (R L)
r
ks R(R L)
|~v| =
m

24
For circular motion, |~v| =

2R
T .

Substitute for |~v| and solve for T.

r

2R
T

ks R(R L)
m
s
4 2 mR
ks (R L)

5.P.60
Define the system to be Earth. The net force on Earth is the gravitational force by Sun on Earth. Use this to solve for the
speed of Earth.


~ 
Fnet 
|~v|
R
2
m |~v|
R
|~p|

|~v|

Earth is in a nearly circular orbit, thus its speed is v =

radius for Earths orbit.

2R
T .

2
2R
T
4 2 R2
T2
T2





= ~Fgrav 
=
=
=

GM m
R2
GM m
R2
GM
R

Substitute this to get an expression that relates the period and

=
=
=

GM
R
GM
R
4 2 3
R
GM

The above expression is known as Keplers third law for circular orbits.
From the solution above, Earths orbital speed as determined from Newtons law of gravitation and The Momentum Principle
is
r
|~v|

=

=
=

GM
R

6.6742 10

11

N m2
kg2

(2 1030 kg)

1.5 1011 m
3.0 10 m/s
4

Note that the radius of Earths orbit is defined as 1 A.U. (Astronomical Unit) which is 1.5 1011 m.

5.P.61

25
(a) The
 
 d~p 
  =
 dt 

|~p|

|~v|
R
2

=
=

m |~v|
since the persons speed is much less than c.
R
1.58 N

(b) The direction of the rate of change of momentum of the person is toward the center of the circle. In this case, it appears
that the angle with respect to the +x axis (to the right) is about 120 . Thus, the direction of d~
p/dt is given by
direction cosines: h cos(120 ), cos(30 ), 0i = h0.5, 0.866, 0i.




(c) ~Fnet  = 1.58 N. A sketch of the net force on the person is shown in Figure 5.

F
net

Figure 5: The net force on a person riding a Ferris Wheel.

5.P.62
The net force on the charged particle is equal to the magnetic force on the particle.
 Since
 the particles speed is constant,


the net force on the particle is toward the center of the circle and its magnitude is Fnet,  = |~p| |~vr | . where r is the radius of
its path.
~F
net


~ 
Fnet 
|~p|

= ~Fmagnetic




= ~Fmagnetic 

|~v|
= q |~v| B
r
|~p| = qBr

5.P.63
(a) For a star orbiting a central body of mass M at the center of the galaxy, the net force on the star is equal to the
gravitational force by the central body on the star. The net force is also equal to the time rate of change of the
momentum of the star. If it orbits with constant speed in a circular orbit of radius r, then

26

~F
= ~Fgrav


 net


~ 
Fnet  = ~Fgrav 
|~p|

|~v|
r

GM m
2
rr
GM
|~v| =
r
=

Thus, the speed of the star should be proportional to r1/2 . Stars further from the center of the galaxy should have a
smaller orbital speed.
(b) Rubin found that stars speeds were independent of distance r for stars further out in the galaxy. As a result, they are
going faster than expected. This means that there is more mass in the galaxy that is not found at the center of the
galaxy. It must be spread throughout the disc of the galaxy, even where there is little luminous matter.

5.P.64
(a) Convert the units for the period of the satellite to seconds. T = 24 h = 86400 s.
Use Keplers third law for a circular orbit that was derived in Problem 5.P.60 from Newtons law of gravitation and
The Momentum Principle for an object moving at constant speed along a circular path.

T2

4 2 3
R
GM
4.24 107 m

Its useful to calculate the altitude h of the satellite, which is the height of the satellite above Earths surface. The
altitude is h = R RE = 4.24 107 m 6.4 106 m = 3.6 107 m.
(b) The distance from one person to the satellite is h. A radio wave travels from person 1 to the satellite back to person 2
for a total distance of 2h. Then person 2 responds and a radio wave travels from person 2 to the satellite and back to
person 1 for a distance of 2h. The total distance traveled by the radio waves is d = 4h.

d =
=
t

=
=

4h
1.44 108 m
d
c
0.48 s

This is the minimum delta time simply due to the travel time for light (in this case, the light has a radio wavelength
and is not visible).
(c) Use Keplers third law with the radius of the orbit approximately equal to Earths radius (R REarth = 6.4 106 m).

T2

4 2 3
R
GM
5073 s = 85 minute = 1.4 hour

27
(d) Its speed is
2R
T
7.9 103 m/s

|~v| =
=

(e) The orbital radius in this case is approximately the radius of Moon, 1.74 106 m. The mass of Moon is 7.35 1022
kg. Use Keplers third law to find the orbital period.

T2

4 2 3
R
GM
6500 s

The time interval that the astronauts lose radio contact is half the period, 1/2T = 3250 s.

5.P.65
A picture of the situation is shown in Figure 6. The vectors from the center of the circle to the stars are their position vectors.

1
v

v
a

3
v

Figure 6: Three stars in a particular three-body orbit.

The stars are equidistant from another and form an equilateral triangle of side length a. The stars move in uniform circular
motion with speed v (that is much less than the speed of light) and radius r from the center of the circle. Therefore, the net
force on each star has a magnitude



~ 
Fnet 

m |~v|
r

28
and is directed toward the center of the circle. Select star 2 to be the system". Apply the Momentum Principle to star 2.
We will need to calculate the gravitational force of each of the other stars on star 2; therefore, we need to know the positions
of the stars at this instant. Define the +x direction to the right and the +y direction upward. Use direction cosines to get
the unit vector for each stars position (i.e. r =< cos x , cos y , 0 >). Note that because it is an equilateral triangle, the
angles between the positions of the stars are 120 .
~r1

r < cos(90 ), cos(0 ), 0 >= r < 0, 1, 0 >

r < cos(210 ), cos(120 ), 0 >= r < 0.866, 0.5, 0 >

~r3

r < cos(330 ), cos(240 ), 0 >= r < 0.866, 0.5, 0 >

~r2

The vectors from star 2 to each of the other stars are:

~r32

~r12

= ~r3 ~r2

= r < 1.723, 0, 0 >

=
3r < 1, 0, 0 >

= ~r1 ~r2

= r < 0, 1, 0 > r < 0.866, 0.5, 0 >

= r < 0.866, 1.5, 0 >

=
3r < 0.5, 0.866, 0 >

Calculate the gravitational force by star 1 on star 2 and the gravitational force by star 2 on star 3. The net force on star 2
is the sum of these forces.
~F
32

=
=

~F
12

=
=

Gmm
  r
~r  32
32
Gmm
< 1, 0, 0 >
3r2

Gmm
  r
~r  12
12
Gmm
< 0.5, 0.866, 0 >
3r2

The net force on star 2 is

~F
net

= ~F32 + ~F12
Gmm
Gmm
< 1, 0, 0 > +
< 0.5, 0.866, 0 >
=
2
3r
3r2
Gmm
=
< 1.5, 0.866, 0 >
3r2

29
Its magnitude is:



~ 
Fnet 

=
=
=
=

q
Gmm
2
2
2
(1.5 ) + (0.866 ) + (0 )
3r2 q
Gmm
2
2
2
(1.5 ) + (0.866 ) + (0 )
3r2
Gmm
3
3r2
Gmm

3r2

According to the Momentum Principle, the net force is equal to d~

p/dt which has a magnitude of v 2 /r. Thus,

m |~v|
r

m |~v|

r

|~v|

=
2

Gmm

3r2
mm
G

3r2
Gm

3r

The speed of a star in uniform circular motion is v = 2r/T . Substitute this for the speed and solve for the period of the
star.

4 2 r2
T2

T2

Gm

3r
4 2 3
3
r
GM

Note that this looks like Keplers law for a star orbiting a central object of mass m except for the constant 3. The additional
gravitational force due to the second star in the three-body problem increases the period compared to a star orbiting a central
body in the two-body problem.
The period of the star will be

4 2 r3
3
GM

1/2

5.P.66
(a) The period of the star can be found from the figure. From 1995 to 2004 the star travels approximately 90 degrees, or
1/4 of a revolution around the circle. Therefore, the period of the star is T = 4(9 y) = 36 y. Convert this to seconds,
T = 1.136 109 s.
The speed of the star is

30

|~v| =
=
=

2r
T
2(2.9 1014 )
1.136 109 s
1.60 106 m/s

In terms of the speed of light, the stars speed is (1.60 106 m/s)/(3 108 m/s) = 0.005c
(b) The stars speed is less than one-hundredth the speed of light. As a result, it is considered non-relativistic, and p mv.
(c) Use Keplers third law.

T2

4 2 3
r
GM
1.11 1037 kg

Divide this by the mass of Sun to get the mass in units of solar masses. (1.11 1037 kg)/(2 1030 kg) = 5.6 million
solar masses.

5.P.67
At the North Pole (NP), the net force on the person standing on the scale is zero. The upward force by the scale on the
person is equal in magnitude to the gravitational force on the person. The calibrated scale reads 10 kg. The force by the
scale on the person at the NP is


~

Fscale, N.P. 





= ~Fgrav 
= mgN P
GMEarth
= m
RN P


11
24
N m2
6.6742 10
(6 10 kg)
2
kg
= (10 kg)
(6.357 106 m)2
= (10 kg)(9.9 N/kg)
=

99.0 N

At the equator, the person is in uniform circular motion with a period T = 24 h = 86400 s. The net force on the person is
toward the center of Earth and has a magnitude mv 2 /R. Call this the positive radial" direction. Then, the net force on the
person is the sum of the gravitational force (which poiints toward Earth) and the force by the scale on the person (which
points away from Earth).
~F
net
2

|~v|
R



~

Fscale 

= ~Fgrav + ~Fscale

GM 

= m 2 ~Fscale 
R
2
|~v|
GM
= m 2 m
R
R

31
Substitute v = 2R/T .

GM
4 2 R

m
R2 
T2

11
24
N m2
6.6742 10
(6 10 kg)
kg2
4 2 (6.378 106 m)
= (10 kg)

(10
kg)
(6.378 106 m)2
(86400 s)2
= 98.4 N 0.337 N



~

Fscale  =

98.1 N

The slightly larger radius at the equator results in a slightly smaller gravitational force of 98.4 N. The rotational motion
further reduces the scale force by 0.337 N to give a net force of 98.1 N.
What will the scale read? It was calibrated at the NP to give the mass in kg. Thus, we must divide by g at the NP.

scale reading

=
=

98.1 N
9.9 N/kg
9.91 kg

5.P.68
It is easiest to use the dot product of ~Fnet ~p. The dot product is defined as:
~F ~p
net





= ~Fnet  |~p| cos

where is the angle between the net force and momentum vectors. VPython has
dot(A,B) which calculates the
 a function

~ 
dot product of two vectors A and B. The parallel component of the net force is Fnet  cos . Thus, it can be calculated using
~F
net, k





= ~Fnet  cos p
=

~F ~p
net
p
|~p|

The net force can be written as ~Fnet = ~F + ~Fk . Use this to solve for the perpendicular component of the net force.
~F
k

= ~Fnet ~F

Use these equations to calculate the parallel and perpendicular components of the net force. Draw arrows for the net force
and its components. Multiply the arrow by a scale factor to scale its length so that it can be seen. Use the distance from
Earth to the spacecraft to scale the length of the arrow.
An example program is shown below for a spacecraft orbiting Earth in an elliptical orbit.

32
1
2

from __future__ import d i v i s i o n

from v i s u a l import

3
4

RE = 6 . 4 e6 #r a d i u s o f Earth

5
6
7

s p a c e c r a f t = s p h e r e ( pos =(10RE, 0 , 0 ) , c o l o r=c o l o r . cyan , r a d i u s =0.25RE)

Earth = s p h e r e ( c o l o r=c o l o r . blue , r a d i u s=RE)

8
9
10
11

m=1.5 e4 #mass o f s p a c e c r a f t
ME = 6 e24
G = 6 . 6 7 e 11

12
13
14

v =1.2 s q r t (GME/mag( s p a c e c r a f t . pos ) ) v e c t o r ( 0 , 1 , 0 ) #i n i t i a l v e l o c i t y o f s p a c e c r a f t

p=mv #i n i t i a l momentum o f s p a c e c r a f t

15
16
17

t=0
dt =0.13600 #time s t e p

18
19

rmag=mag( s p a c e c r a f t . pos ) ; #d i s t a n c e o f s p a c e c r a f t from Earth

20
21
22
23
24

t r a i l =c u r v e ( c o l o r=s p a c e c r a f t . c o l o r )
Fperparrow = arrow ( pos=s p a c e c r a f t . pos , a x i s=v e c t o r ( 0 , 0 , 0 ) , c o l o r=c o l o r . g r e e n )
Fpararrow = arrow ( pos=s p a c e c r a f t . pos , a x i s=v e c t o r ( 0 , 0 , 0 ) , c o l o r=c o l o r . r e d )
Fnetarrow = arrow ( pos=s p a c e c r a f t . pos , a x i s=v e c t o r ( 0 , 0 , 0 ) , c o l o r=c o l o r . y e l l o w )

25
26

s c a l e = 10RE/1000

27
28
29
30
31
32

while rmag>RE: #s t o p i f rmag < RE

rate (100)
r=s p a c e c r a f t . pos
rmag=mag( r )
r u n i t=r /rmag

33
34
35

Fgrav=GmME/rmag 2 r u n i t
Fnet=Fgrav

36
37
38
39

p = p + Fnet dt
v = p/m
s p a c e c r a f t . pos = s p a c e c r a f t . pos + v dt

40
41
42
43
44

#c a l c u l a t e t h e p a r a l l e l component o f t h e n e t f o r c e
pmag = mag( p )
phat = p/pmag
F p a r a l l e l = dot ( Fnet , p ) /pmag phat

45
46
47

#c a l c u l a t e t h e p e r p e n d i c u l a r component o f t h e n e t f o r c e
Fperp = Fnet F p a r a l l e l

48
49
50
51
52
53
54

#u p d a t e arrows f o r t h e f o r c e s
Fperparrow . pos = s p a c e c r a f t . pos
Fperparrow . a x i s = Fperp s c a l e
Fpararrow . pos = s p a c e c r a f t . pos
Fpararrow . a x i s = F p a r a l l e l s c a l e
Fnetarrow . pos = s p a c e c r a f t . pos

33
55

Fnetarrow . a x i s = Fnet s c a l e

56
57
58

t r a i l . append ( pos=s p a c e c r a f t . pos )

59
60

t = t + dt