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4.5 For consistency with the problem statement, we rewrite Eq. (4.8) as:
C P = A +
B
C
T1 ( + 1) + T12 ( 2 + + 1)
2
3
where T2 /T1 . Dene C Pam as the value of C P evaluated at the arithmetic mean temperature Tam .
Then:
2
C Pam = A + BTam + C Tam
where
Tam
T2 + T1
T1 + T1
T1 ( + 1)
=
=
2
2
2
and
2
=
Tam
T12 2
( + 2 + 1)
4
B
C
T1 ( + 1) + T12 ( 2 + 2 + 1)
2
4
Dene as the difference between the two heat capacities:
2
2 + 2 + 1
2 + +1
C P C Pam = C T1
3
4
C Pam = A +
Whence,
C T12
( 1)2
12
Making the substitution = T2 /T1 yields the required answer.
=
4.6 For consistency with the problem statement, we rewrite Eq. (4.8) as
C P = A +
B
D
T1 ( + 1) +
2
T12
where T2 /T1 . Dene C Pam as the value of C P evaluated at the arithmetic mean temperature Tam .
Then:
D
C Pam = A + BTam + 2
Tam
As in the preceding problem,
Tam =
Whence,
T1 ( + 1)
2
C Pam = A +
2
Tam
=
and
T12 2
( + 2 + 1)
4
B
4D
T1 ( + 1) + 2 2
2
T1 ( + 2 + 1)
D
= 2
T1
1
+1
2
4.8 Except for the noble gases [Fig. (4.1)], C P increases with increasing T . Therefore, the estimate is
likely to be low.
4.27 (a) When the water formed as the result of combustion is condensed to a liquid product, the resulting
latent-heat release adds to the heat given off as a result of the combustion reaction, thus yielding a
higher heating value than the lower heating value obtained when the water is not condensed.
(b) Combustion of methane(g) with H2 O(g) as product (LHV):
H298
= 393,509
H298
= (2)(241,818)
H298
= 74,520
H298
= 802,625 J (LHV)
H298
= 802,625
H298
= (2)(44,012)
H298
= 890,649 J (HHV)
H298
= (10)(393,509)
H298
= (11)(241,818)
H298
= 249,700
H298
= 6,345,388 J (LHV)
H298
= 6,345,388
H298
= (11)(44,012)
H298
= 6,829,520 J (HHV)
4.49 Saturated because the large H lv overwhelms the sensible heat associated with superheat.
Water because it is cheap, available, non-toxic, and has a large H lv .
The lower energy content is a result of the decrease in H lv with increasing T , and hence P.
However, higher pressures allow higher temperature levels.
641
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