Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
2, FEBRUARY 2016
915
I. INTRODUCTION
INGLE-PHASE line frequency transformers with fourquadrant power converters are commonly used for traction applications on electric locomotives and electric multiple
units (EMUs) [1], [2] due to their simplicity, reliability, and low
price. However, they also have some obvious drawbacks including large size and weight because of low fundamental frequency
and second-order harmonics of the dc output voltage [3].
To increase the power density and improve the performance
of traction converter, as well as enhance the availability and flexibility of the electric traction system, medium-frequency transformer (MFT) isolated power converters can be used [4][6].
Manuscript received December 12, 2014; accepted March 14, 2015. Date
of publication March 24, 2015; date of current version September 29, 2015.
This work was supported by State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation
of Power System and Generation Equipment (Tsinghua University, China).
This paper was partly presented at the IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and
Exposition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, September 1418, 2014.
The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua
University, Beijing 100084, China (e-mail: gucy10@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn;
zzd@tsinghua.edu.cn; xulie@tsinghua.edu.cn; wangkui@tsinghua.edu.cn;
liyd@tsinghua.edu.cn).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPEL.2015.2416212
This type of power converter using an MFT for voltage matching and electrical isolation is also known as a power electronic
transformer (PET) or solid state transformer [6], [7]. Fig. 1(a)
shows the traditional traction converter configuration with line
frequency medium-voltage (MV) transformers. This configuration can be replaced by the PET-based configurations, as
shown in Fig. 1(b) and (c), with the increasing demand of lower
size/weight and better output voltage performance, especially
when the efficiency for the PET is increased with silicon carbide devices and nanocrystalline magnetic materials [8][15].
Traction-related industrial companies and research institutes are investigating PETs for traction use. ALSTOM developed their e-transformer in which a 1.5-MVA single-output
MFT was used for isolation [16]. In other early studies, cascaded single-phase matrix converters were used as the gridconnected converters [17], [18]. SIEMENS proposed a highvoltage direct ac/ac converter for line frequency to mediumfrequency conversion. A modular multilevel converter was also
used as the primary converter as proposed in [19]. ABB and
BOMBARDIER suggested configurations with primary-seriessecondary-parallel-connected dc-links as traction converters for
high-speed trains [20], [21], as shown in Fig. 1(b). This configuration is now considered as the most typical PET topology
for traction applications. This PET topology uses a cascaded Hbridge rectifier (CHBR) on the grid side and several dual active
bridge (DAB) circuits for isolation. The structure of secondary
side dc buses in parallel can drive a single load, however, it
is difficult to balance the dc voltages with two or more different loads [22][26]. Moreover, numbers of MV MFTs increase
the weight and volume because of duplicate insulation in each
transformer.
A few studies have considered a multiport PET with a multiwinding medium-frequency transformer (MW-MFT) [27][34].
The topology configuration, transformer modeling, voltage and
power balancing, as well as high efficiency control of switching
devices are key issues for multiport PETs. Some research works
for multiport PETs have been published on circuit topologies
[27] and dc-voltage balancing methods [34], [35] with singlephase shift (SPS) [31] control, but there has been little work on
multiwinding transformer modeling for PET, multiport power
analysis, and zero-voltage switching (ZVS) control.
The aim of this paper is to propose a multiport traction PET
topology to analyze the current and power of multiport isolation
units in detail and to put forward the ZVS control method and
voltage balancing strategy for the multiport PET.
0885-8993 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
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916
Fig. 1. Transformer and converter configurations for electric trains. (a) Traditional configuration with a line frequency transformer. (b) Typical PET configuration.
(c) Multiport PET configuration.
Fig. 2. Multiport PET topologies for electric traction. (a) Multiport PET topology for EMU trains. (b) Multiport PET topology for locomotives.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
917
Fig. 5. Complementary polygon equivalent circuit of a multiwinding transformer with a magnetizing branch.
1
1
d
ij =
(uj + e) +
(u ui )
dt
Lj,j,j
Lj,j,i j
(3)
i=1,i= j
e
u1 i1 R1
..
..
.
uj ij Rj + e
..
..
.
e
un in Rn
L1,1
.
.
.
= Lj,1
.
.
.
Ln ,1
...
L1,j
...
L1,n
..
..
.
..
..
.
...
Lj,j
...
Lj,n
..
..
.
..
..
.
...
Ln ,j
...
Ln ,n
i1
.
.
d .
ij (1)
dt .
.
in
. . . L1,n
...
...
where LTran = . . .
is the inductance maLn ,1 . . . Ln ,n
trix of the multiwinding transformer, Lj,k = Lk ,j .
No. j equation in (1) is subtracted in the rest of the equations
on the left and right sides, respectively, then (2) shown at the
bottom of the page, where uj = uj ij Rj . Lj is the jsubtracted inductance matrix. No. j equation in (1) is maintained.
Lj,1 L1,1
i1
..
i2
Lj,1 Lj 1,1
d ...
=
Lj,1
Lj
dt
i
j
Lj,1 Lj +1,1
...
..
.
in
Lj,1 Ln ,1
u j +e
Lj,j,j
u j +e di j , i
L j , m , dt
, then
d
d
ij =
ij,m +
ij,i .
dt
dt
L1,1
u j u i
L j , i
di j , m
dt
(4)
i=1,i= j
For the first, second, . . . , nth windings, take the same analysis
as from (2) to (4). By inverting L1 , L2 , . . . , Ln , we can get the
equations as follows:
u1 uj
di
u + e
u1 un
1 = 1
+ ... +
+
...
+
L1,m
L1,j
L1,n
dt
...
di
uj u1
uj + e
uj un
j
=
+ ... +
+ ... +
(5)
dt
Lj,1
Lj,m
Lj,n
...
un uj
din
un u1
u + e
+ ... +
+ ... + n
dt = L
Ln ,j
Ln ,m
n ,1
where Lj,i = Li,j can be verified.
From (5), the complementary polygon equivalent circuit of
multiwinding transformer is shown in Fig. 5. The advantages
...
Lj,j L1,j
...
..
..
.
..
...
Lj,j Lj 1,j
...
...
Lj,j
...
...
Lj,j Lj +1,j
...
..
..
.
..
...
Lj,j Ln ,j
...
uj u1
i
..
...
.
i
2
Lj,n
= uj + e
dt ij
Lj,n Lj +1,n
uj uj +1
...
..
..,
.
in
uj un
Lj,n Ln ,n
Lj,n L1,n
(2)
918
Fig. 7.
d
1
1
dt
L
L
1,2
1,n
...
.
d
1
1
(un un 1 )
in = (un u1 ) + ... +
dt
Ln ,1
Ln ,n 1
(6)
Equation (6) shows that the derivative of current ij,i of a
virtual circuit branch (made up of two voltage sources uj , ui
and an inductor Lj,i ) is only influenced by the voltage difference
between uj and ui . By using the polygon equivalent circuit, we
could calculate the current and power of each virtual branch, and
then calculate the current and power of each port by summing
up these virtual branches. It is better to use a polygon equivalent
circuit instead of a simplified equivalent circuit [34] because the
mutual leakage inductance of a high-power MW-MFT cannot
be ignored.
B. Current and Power of Each Virtual Branch
Fig. 7 shows two ac voltages for one virtual branch, which is
actually a virtual DAB circuit. The frequency of voltage sources
j,i
With DIN,j [0, 1], DIN,i [0, 1], and Dj,i [1, 1), 14 different positions of uj relative to ui are shown in Table I and
Fig. 8 as in conditions of (a) to (n). For example, (g) is in
condition of DIN,j > DIN,i and |Dj,i | < (DIN,j DIN,i )/2.
Descriptions of instantaneous currents at the time of t1 , t2 , t4 ,
and t5 in Fig. 7 are shown in Table I.
The average power flow Pj,i between uj and ui is
considered as
Pj,i =
uj (isub1
j,i
+ isub2
j,i )d(2f t)
=
uj isub2
(7)
and DIN,i = DIN,i /2. The interval division schematics of average power calculation are shown in Fig. 9.
Fig. 10(a) shows a series of 3-D surface of power,
where DIN,j [0, 1], Di,j [1, 1), and Pbase = Udc,j
Udc,i /(8f Lj,i ). It is apparent that when Di,j [0.5, 0.5], the
power function is monotonic related to Di,j , which is the value
of the outer phase shift ratio that we could use to control the
system, as shown in Fig. 10(b). Fig. 10(c), as an example, is the
average power surface where DIN,j [0, 1], Di,j [0.5, 0.5],
and DIN,i = 0.8, which is a piecewise function apparently different from the average power curve with SPS control.
C. Current and Power of Each Port
The MAB circuit, as shown in Fig. 3, is the combination of
virtual DAB circuits. The current of each winding of MW-MFT
ij is a function of inner phase-shift ratios and outer phase-shift
ratios.
919
TABLE I
INSTANTANEOUS VALUE OF THE DAB CURRENT WITH GPS CONTROL IN FIG. 8 (DIVIDED BY U d c , j /4f L j, i )
i j , i (t 1 )
i j , i (t 2 )
i j , i (t 4 )
i j , i (t 5 )
a)
(1 D I N , j ) a j , i (1 D I N , i )
(1 D I N , j ) + a j , i (1 D I N , i )
b)
(1 D I N , j ) + a j , i (2D j , i + 1 +
DIN , j )
(1 D I N , j ) + a j , i (2D j , i + 1 +
DIN , j )
(1 D I N , j ) + a j , i (2D j , i + 1 +
DIN , j )
(1 D I N , j ) + a j , i (1 D I N , i )
(1 D I N , j ) + a j , i (1 D I N , i )
(2D j , i 3 + D 2 ) + a j , i (1
DIN , i )
(1 D I N , j ) + a j , i (1 D I N , i )
(2D j , i 1 D I N , i ) a j , i (1
DIN , i )
(1 D I N , j ) a j , i (1 D I N , i )
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
n)
(1 D I N , j ) + a j , i (2D j , i + 1
DIN , j )
(1 D I N , j ) + a j , i (1 D I N , i )
(1 D I N , j ) + a j , i (2D j , i + 1
DIN , j )
(1 D I N , j ) a j , i (1 D I N , i )
(1 D I N , j ) + a j , i (2D j , i + 1
DIN , j )
(1 D I N , j ) a j , i (1 D I N , i )
(1 D I N , j ) + a j , i (2D j , i 3 +
DIN , j )
(1 D I N , j ) a j , i (1 D I N , i )
(1 D I N , j ) + a j , i (2D j , i +
3 DIN , j )
(1 D I N , j ) + a j , i (1 D I N , i )
(1 D I N , j ) + a j , i (1 D I N , i )
(2D j , i 1 + D 2 ) + a j , i (1
DIN , i )
(1 D I N , j ) + a j , i (1 D I N , i )
(2D j , i 1 + D 2 ) + a j , i (1
DIN , i )
(1 D I N , j ) + a j , i (1 D I N , i )
(2D j , i 1 + D 2 ) + a j , i (1
DIN , i )
(1 D I N , j ) + a j , i (1 D I N , i )
(1 D I N , j ) + a j , i (1 D I N , i )
(2D j , i + 1 + D 2 ) + a j , i (1
DIN , i )
(2D j , i + 1 + D 2 ) + a j , i (1
DIN , i )
(1 D I N , j ) + a j , i (1 D I N , i )
(2D j , i + 1 + D 2 ) + a j , i (1
DIN , i )
(1 D I N , j ) + a j , i (2D j , i 1 +
DIN , j )
(1 D I N , j ) + a j , i (1 D I N , i )
(1 D I N , j ) + a j , i (2D j , i 1 +
DIN , j )
(1 D I N , j ) + a j , i (2D j , i 1 +
DIN , j )
(1 D I N , j ) a j , i (1 D I N , i )
(1 D I N , j ) a j , i (1 D I N , i )
(1 D I N , j ) a j , i (1 D I N , i )
(1 D I N , j ) + a j , i (2D j , i 1
DIN , j )
(1 D I N , j ) + a j , i (2D j , i 1
DIN , j )
(1 D I N , j ) + a j , i (2D j , i 1
DIN , j )
(1 D I N , j ) + a j , i (1 D I N , i )
(2D j , i 1 D I N , i ) a j , i (1
DIN , i )
(2D j , i 1 D 2 ) a j , i (1
DIN , i )
(1 D I N , j ) a j , i (1 D I N , i )
(1 D I N , j ) a j , i (1 D I N , i )
(1 D I N , j ) a j , i (1 D I N , i )
(2D j , i + 1 D 2 ) a j , i (1
DIN , i )
(2D j , i + 1 D 2 ) a j , i (1
DIN , i )
(1 D I N , j ) a j , i (1 D I N , i )
(2D j , i + 1 D 2 ) a j , i (1
DIN , i )
(1 D I N , j ) a j , i (1 D I N , i )
(1 D I N , j ) a j , i (1 D I N , i )
(2D j , i + 3 D 2 ) a j , i (1
DIN , i )
Fig. 8.
ij,i .
(8)
ij =
i=1,i= j
The average power of Port No. j is the sum of n 1 subcircuits, which is relatively complicated while using GPS control. When setting Pj = Pj (Dj,1 , . . . , Dj,n ; DIN,1 , . . . , DIN,n ),
then
n
Pj,i .
(9)
Pj =
i=1,i= j
(10)
(11)
i=1,i= j
920
TABLE II
AVERAGE POWER OF THE DAB WITH GPS CONTROL
Zone
Average power
sgn(D i , j )
Ud c, j Ud c, i
(1 2D IN , j )D i, j
2f L j , i
D IN , j D IN , i and 0 D i, j < D IN , i D IN , j
sgn(D i , j )
D I N , j D IN , i D i, j < m in (D IN , j + D IN , i ), 1 (D IN , j + D IN , i )
Ud c, j Ud c, i
(1 2D IN , i )D i, j
2f L j , i
D
E
D IN , j + D IN , i
D IN , j + D IN , i >
1
1
and (D IN , j + D IN , i ) D i, j
2
2
sgn(D i , j )
Ud c, j Ud c, i
2D i, j (1 2D IN , j ) (D i, j D IN , j + D I2N , i )
4f L j , i
sgn(D i , j )
1
1
and1 (D IN , j + D IN , i ) D i, j
2
2
Ud c, j Ud c, i
2D i, j (1 D i, j ) 2D I2N , j 2D I2N , i
4f L j , i
sgn(D i , j )
Ud c, j Ud c, i
(1 2D IN , j )(1 2D IN , i )
4f L j , i
iteration method
k +1
k
0
k
= DOUT
[F (DOUT
)]1 F (DOUT
)
DOUT
0
)=
F (DOUT
Fig. 9. Five value ranges of inner phaseshift ratios and outer phaseshift ratio
in Table II. (a) Zone A. (b) Zone B. (c) Zone C. (d) Zone D. (e) Zone E.
P2 = f2 (DOUT,2 , ...DOUT,n )
n
i=1,i= 2
...
Pn = fn (DOUT,2 , ...DOUT,n )
n
Pn ,i (DOUT,n DOUT,i )
=
(12)
i=1,i= n
(13)
n
(14)
1
2f
Udc,2 Udc,i
L2,i
i=1,i= 2
..
Udc,n Udc,2
Ln ,2
...
..
Udc,2 Udc,n
L2,n
...
n
i=1,i= n
..
. (15)
.
Udc,n Udc,i
Ln ,i
2
2
2Di,j
(1 Di,j
) 2DIN,j
2DIN,i
Udc,j Udc,i
Di,j (1 |Di,j |).
2f Lj,i
(16)
921
Fig. 10. Three-dimensional surfaces of power of each virtual branch. (a) When D IN , j [0, 1],D i , j [1, 1). (b) When D IN , j [0, 1],D i , j [0.5, 0.5].
(c) When D IN , j [0, 1), D i , j [0.5, 0.5], and D IN , i = 0.8.
TABLE III
EXAMPLE OF THE NONLINEAR EQUATION SOLUTION OF POWERS
-0.15
0
0.0537
0.0062
0.0008
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.25
0.0718
0.0728
0.0114
0.0019
0.0003
0.0001
0.0000
0.05
0.0359
0.1056
0.0200
0.0038
0.0007
0.0001
0.0000
0.15
0.0537
0.0731
0.0118
0.0021
0.0004
0.0001
0.0000
0.1
0.0448
0.0806
0.0137
0.0025
0.0004
0.0001
0.0000
0.4
0.0471
0.0861
0.0152
0.0028
0.0005
0.0001
0.0000
DOUT,2
DOUT,3
...
DOUT,n
Udc,j Udc,i
(DOUT,j DOUT,i )
Lj,j Li,i
DOUT,j
i=1,i= j
[1 |DOUT,j DOUT,i |] = Pj .
(17)
(DOUT,j DOUT,i ).
(18)
i=1,i= j
Then
2
Udc
2nf L
n1
...
DOUT,1
D
OUT,2
...
DOUT,n
2
n
2nf L n
=
2
...
Udc
1
n
2
n
...
...
...
...
1
n
...
n
P2
P
n
3
...
...
2
Pn
n
2nf L 2
Pj
=
Pi
2
Udc
n
=
Pj
(20)
The phase-shift ratio is solved using the subtraction of port
powers
...
n1
...
...
1
2
1
2f L
Pj (P1 + Pj ) = 2 (Pj P1 ).
n
n
Udc
(21)
By using this simplified estimation method, the outer phaseshift ratio DOUT,j could be decided briefly. This method is
simple and accurate enough for practical realization with PIbased dc-voltage loop when the phaseshift angle is small.
P
2
= .
...
Pn
i=2,i= j
...
...
... n 1
P1
2nf L
2
Udc
(19)
922
Fig. 11. Iterative of solution of powers in Table III. (a) Error percentages of power. (b) Errors of power. (c) Calculation values of outer phaseshift ratio.
(d) Calculation values of power.
A. SSPS Control
ZVS soft switching is achieved in a condition when the current
flow upon the device is negative at the time the device is turned
ON. For the analysis of soft-switching conditions of each virtual
circuit branch (DAB), the instantaneous value of the current at
the switching moment is needed. The universal soft-switching
conditions of DAB are:
1) left-hand side arm of winding No. j: ij,i (1 DIN,j /2)
0;
2) right-hand side arm of winding No. j: ij,i (DIN,j /2) 0;
3) left-hand side arm of winding No. i: ij,i (Dj,i + 1
DIN,i /2) 0;
4) right-hand side arm of winding No. i: ij,i (Dj,i +
DIN,i /2) 0.
By analyzing the instantaneous current of the device (shown
in Table I), a sufficient but not necessary ZVS switching condition is noticed
Udc,i (1 DIN,i ) = Udc,j (1 DIN,j ).
(22)
For the MAB circuit, the ZVS condition of winding No. j is:
1)
left-hand side arm of winding No. j: ij (1 DIN,j /2) =
n
i=1,i= j ij,i (1 DIN,j /2) 0;
2)
right-hand side arm of winding No. j: ij (DIN,j /2) =
n
i=1,i= j ij,i (DIN,j /2) 0.
If every virtual branch circuit fits their own ZVS conditions,
the MAB circuit is in ZVS condition inevitably. We can get the
conclusions that:
1) When the voltages Udc,1 , Udc,2 , . . . , Udc,n are all the
same, a full range of ZVS soft-switching condition is
realized.
2) When the dc voltages are not the same, ZVS softswitching may not be realized under light load conditions.
3) When the dc voltages of the primary side are the same, and
the secondary side dc voltages are the same, respectively,
the extended-phase-shift control could be used for ZVS
soft-switching [40], [41].
4) Furthermore, when the dc voltages of each winding are not
the same, in the condition that the duty of the H-bridges
are set to be dj = Udc,m in /Udc,j , ZVS soft-switching is
realized.
Fig. 12. DC-voltage balancing control diagram of an MAB. (a) Power decoupling control. (b) Simplified PI-based control.
The inner phase shifting between two half-bridge squarewave gate signals of an H-bridge is independent of the outer
phaseshift ratio, which is proposed as the SSPS method of the
MAB. When Udc,1 Udc,2 . . . Udc,n
1 DIN,1 = 1
Udc,1
Udc,1
=
1 DIN,2 = (1 DIN,1 )
U
U
dc,2
dc,2
Udc,1
Udc,1 .
(23)
1 DIN,3 = (1 DIN,1 )
=
Udc,3
Udc,3
...
Udc,1
Udc,1
1 DIN,n = (1 DIN,1 )
=
Udc,n
Udc,n
B. DC Voltage Balancing Control
Based on the decoupling method of multiwinding powers,
a power balancing control method of the MAB is adopted, as
shown in Fig. 12(a). The ac powers of the MW-MFT isolation
units are controlled by the relative voltage phases. In order to
balance the dc voltages of each cell, the power can be controlled
by the feedback of the dc voltage. PI controllers are used to control dc voltages. The outputs of PI controllers are the reference
923
TABLE IV
PARAMETERS OF SIMULATION
Parameter
Rated grid voltage
Grid frequency
Grid filter inductance
Switching frequency of CHBR
Number of CHBR modules
Value
Parameter
Value
25 kV
50 Hz
50 mH
150 Hz
26
1800 V
1800 V/1671 V
1800 V/900 V
1 kHz
1 s
the sum of capacitor currents IC,j and load currents ILoad,j . The
reference powers Pj are the products of reference dc voltages
V. EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION
A. Simulation Results
A full-scale simulation of the multiport PET system for
a 1.8-MVA EMU train traction system was done using the
MATLAB/Simulink software. The simulation parameters are
shown in Table IV.
1) SPS and SSPS Modulation: Fig. 13 shows the simulation
results of SPS and SSPS control with different dc voltages and
loads. For SPS control with the same dc voltage, the ac current
of MW-MFT was with a maximum value of about 70 A, as
shown in Fig. 13(a). Different H-bridges were operated with
different outer phaseshift ratio with different power. With no
load condition of Fig. 13(b), the ac current was very small.
But for SPS with different dc voltage (1671 V for the primary
side with 26 + 2 modules working for 46.8-kV dc total voltage,
1800 and 900V for the secondary side traction and auxiliary
power), the peak current increased to about 140 A, even in no
load situation. This phenomenon could be explained by using
Table I, when the outer phase shift ratio Dj,i = 0, the inner
phase shift ratio DIN,j = 0, DIN,i = 0, and the peak current is
still very large: IM = (Udc,j Udc,i )/4f Lj,i , because of the
difference of dc voltages.
For SSPS control of Fig. 13(e) and (f), the peak current was
reduced to 100 A with full load. The peak current with no load
condition reduced to half (about 70 A).
Every switching device works under the ZVS condition in
Fig. 13(a) and (b). But for Fig. 13(c) and (d), the IGBTs of
the second secondary H-bridge are not in ZVS condition. The
switching might be much higher than in Fig. 13(a) and (b). By
using SSPS control in Fig. 13(e) and (f), the IGBTs of the second
secondary H-bridge are in ZVS condition, even with no load,
which could decrease the switching loss of the system.
2) Voltage Balancing Process: Simulation results of the
MAB voltage balancing process is shown in Fig. 14. There are
second-order harmonics in the primary-side dc voltage waveforms because of the single-phase input power for electric
Fig. 13. Simulation results of MAB voltages and currents with SPS or SSPS
control. (a) SPS with same dc voltage and different load. (b) SPS with same
dc voltage and no load. (c) SPS with different dc voltage and different load.
(d) SPS with different dc voltage and no load. (e) SSPS with different dc voltage
and different load. (f) SSPS with different dc voltage and no load.
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Fig. 14. Simulation results of dc-voltage balancing process. (a) PI-based control with different load and same voltage. (b) PI-based control with different
load and different voltages. (c) Power decoupling control with different load
and same voltage. (d) Power decoupling control with different load and different voltages.
Fig. 15. Simulation results of the whole system operation. (a) Grid voltage,
PWM voltage, grid current. (b) Primary-side dc voltages and secondary-side
dc voltages. (c) Detailed waveforms of U g and Ig of powering (full load).
(d) Detailed waveforms of U g and Ig of regeneration.
Fig. 16.
1) SPS and SSPS Modulation: Fig. 17 shows the experimental results of SPS and SSPS control. For SPS control with the
same DC voltage, different H bridges operated with different
outer phase-shift ratio with different output power. With no load
condition, the ac current is very small. But for SPS with different dc voltage (primary-side dc voltage 20 V, first secondary
dc voltage 25 V and second secondary DC voltage 16 V), the
peak currents increases to about 12 A. For SSPS control of
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Fig. 17. Experimental results of MAB voltages and currents with SPS or
SSPS control. (a) SPS with same dc voltage and full load. (b) SPS with same
dc voltage and no load. (c) SPS with different dc voltage and full load. (d) SPS
with different dc voltage and no load. (e) SSPS with different dc voltage and
full load. (f) SSPS with different dc voltage and no load.
Fig. 19. Experimental results of the whole system operation. (a) Waveforms of
U g and Ig of powering (full load). (b) Waveforms of U g and Ig of regeneration.
(c) Primary-side dc voltages and secondary-side dc voltages.
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[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
VI. CONCLUSION
A multiport PET with MW-MFT isolation was analyzed in
this paper. The original contribution of above works included
modeling of MAB circuits as isolation units, complementary
polygon equivalent circuit of multiwinding transformer with
magnetizing branch, GPS control of current and power of each
virtual branch, as well as current and power of each port. Furthermore, the multiport power decoupling methods including
nonlinear solution of power equations and simplified estimation
method were devised. The following control strategies of the
proposed topology were adopted: the SSPS control method was
created to decrease the peak current and realize ZVS condition;
power-decoupling-based and PI-based strategy was proposed to
achieve voltage balancing. Simulations of multiport PET with
26-cascaded modules on the primary side were given. Experiments with a 6-kVA prototype were presented. The feasibility of
the proposed topology and voltage balancing control strategies
as well as ZVS soft-switching method have been verified by
both simulation and experimental results.
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
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