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Group 21: Alyssa Hall, Patrick Patel, Timothy Lemay, and Brent Hunter
8. How are innate and adaptive immunity different? How does an innate response
lead to an adaptive response?
-Innate immunity comprises the organisms nonspecific host defense against infection.
-Innate immunity exists because of the genetic makeup of the organism.
-Innate immunity is already there before the host has seen any pathogen.
-Innate immunity includes normal flora, inflammation, phagocytic cells, NK cells, etc.
-Adaptive immunity comprises the organisms specific host defense against infection.
-Adaptive immunity can recognize almost any antigen and can induce immune tolerance.
-Adaptive immunity requires a minimum of ~4 days for the first response.
-Adaptive immunity includes lymphocytes (T cells and B cells) and antibodies.
-Once an infection occurs and the antigen is detected, chemokines/cytokines are released
to stimulate infection and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) migrate to the lymph nodes.
These APCs (mostly dendritic cells) activate T cells. T cells activate and proliferate into
effector T cells, either Helper T cells or Cytotoxic T cells. Helper T cells then activate B
cells, which can proliferate into memory B cells and plasma B cells. Plasma B cells make
antibodies that can mark a foreign antigen for destruction.
11. What are cytokines, chemokines? How do they work? What are the main
functions of a few examples - TNF-alpha, INF-gamma, IL-8.
-Bacteria trigger macrophages to release cytokines and chemokines.
-Some cytokines are chemokines that call in other cells (like picking up the phone and
dialing).
-Once these have been released, it leads to vasodilation and increased vascular
permeability.
-The cells that were called in are inflammatory cells that release granules full of toxic
enzymes.
-This causes the overall effect of redness, heat, and swelling, and pain.
-IFN- is a dimerized cytokine involved in the acute phase reaction, and is the only type
II IFN. It is produced by CD4 TH1, CD8 lymphocytes and NK cells. Its production is
regulated by cytokines secreted in APCs. It enhances MHC class II on APCs, expression
of TAP and tapasin, and generally aids in phagocytosis. It defends against infection by
intracellular bacteria, fungi and parasites.
-TNF- is one of the cytokines involved in the acute phase reaction. It is involved in
systemic inflammation and is produced by a variety of immune cells including

phagocytes. It responds to infection by sending dendritic cells to the lymph node, making
neutrophils stickier, and by increasing the sensitivity of cells to apoptotic signals.
-IL-1 is a family of many cytokines involved in the acute phase reaction. They are
produced by phagocytes and many other immune cells. Like IL-6, they are involved in
inflammation responses and fever regulation. They are also involved in pain senitivitity,
hyptension and vasodilation.
-IL-6 is a cytokine involved in the acute phase reaction. It is involved in inflammation
and is produced by T cells, macrophages (in response to PAMP) and osteoblasts. Its role
is to form an immune response to tissue damage, mediate fever, aid in the production of
neutrophils, and support maturation of B cells.
-These three cytokines, TNF-, IL-1 and IL-6 are known as acute-phase cytokines, they
are responsible for the expression acute phase proteins. These proteins include,
complement, MBL, CRP, etc. The expression of these proteins explain the physical
reactions that take place a few hours after infection, which were mentioned in the
opening points of this question.

BONUS:
14. Bonus Assignment - 2 points.
Come up with a good synthesis question covering any of the material covered thus
far in the semester. Importantly the answering of the question should help students
tie things together in the course.

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