P1 Glossary Final

Exploring Science 7 How Science Works
Biology
7Aa Heart transplants/Human organs/Organ parts
Word
brain
Chinese
Meaning
flower
Part of a plant used for reproduction.
foodpipe
Organ in the shape of a tube that takes food from your
Organ that controls what the body does.
mouth to your stomach. Also called gullet.
function
Job.
gullet
Scientific name for foodpipe.
heart
Organ that pumps blood.
heart transplant
Putting a new heart into someone.
intestines
Organs that take in/absorb nutrients and water.
kidneys
Organs that to clean the blood and make urine.
large intestine
Organ that removes water from waste food that is not

digested.
leaf
Plant organ used to make food by photosynthesis.
liver
Organ involved in controlling blood sugar levels and

making bile.
lungs
Organs that take oxygen out of the air and put waste
carbon dioxide into the air.
organ
A large part of a plant or animal that does a very

important job. It is made from different tissues.
photosynthesis
Process that plants use to make their own food. It

needs light to work.
root
Plant organ used to take water and minerals out of the

soil.
root hair tissue
Found in roots. Takes in water from the soil.
skin
Organ used for protection and feeling.
stem
Plant organ used to take water to the leaves and to

support the leaves.
stomach
It contains hydrochloric acid.
tissue
A group of the same cells all working together.
trachea
windpipe
xylem tissue
Scientific name for windpipe.
A tube that takes air to and from your lungs. Also called
trachea.
Found in roots, stems and leaves. Transports water and

mineral.
7Ab Seeing is believing/On the slide

Word
biopsy
Chinese
Meaning
When a small piece of tissue is taken from the body

and looked at in detail, to check for certain diseases or
problems.
coarse focusing wheel
Wheel on a microscope that moves parts of the

microscope a large amount to get the image into focus.
coverslip
Thin piece of glass used to hold a specimen in place on a

slide.
eyepiece lens
Part of the microscope you look into.
focus
Make an image clear and sharp.
fine focusing wheel
Wheel on a microscope that moves parts of the

microscope a small amount to get the image into focus.
image
The thing you see through a microscope.
magnification
A measure of how much bigger a microscope makes

something appear.
magnify
To make something look bigger.
microscope
Piece of equipment used to magnify small things.
objective lens
Part of the microscope that is closest to the thing you

are looking at.
slide
Glass sheet that a specimen is put on.
specimen
A scientific sample or living thing that studied or

observed.
stage
Part of a microscope. You put slides on it.
stain
Dye used to colour parts of a cell to make them easier to

see.
7Ac Building a life

3
Word
cell
Chinese
Meaning
Building blocks of living things.
cell surface membrane
Controls what goes into and out of a cell.
cellulose
A strong plant material used to make cell walls.
cell wall
Tough wall around plant cells. Helps to support the cell.
chlorophyll
Green chemical/molecule found inside chloroplasts.
chloroplast
Green disc containing chlorophyll. Found in plant cells.

Where the plant makes food using photosynthesis.
cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance. The site of chemical reactions.
nucleus
The control centre of a cell.
vacuole
Contains cell sap. Provides support to the cell.
7Ad Shaped for the job/Cell division

Word
adapted
Chinese
Meaning
When something has special features that allow it to carry
out its function.
cell division
When a cell splits in twonew cells are made.
cilia
Small hairs on the surface of some cells.
7Ad Shaped for the job/Cell division (continued)

4
Word
Chinese
Meaning
ciliated
Small hairs
ciliated epithelial cell
Cell with cilia found in the lungs.
daughter cell
The two new cells made by cell division are called

daughter cells.
excrete
Getting rid of waste materials from chemical reactions the

body.
muscle cell
Cell that can change its length and so help us to move.
nerve cell
Cell that carries signals around the body. Also called a

neuron.
neuron
Another name for a nerve cell.
nutrition
palisade cell
Another word for food.
The main site of photosynthesis in a leaf.
(or neurone)
root hair cell
Cell found in roots. It has a large surface area to help the

cell absorb water quickly.
theory
A scientific idea about why something happens, which can

be tested by experiments.
tissue
xylem cell
A group of the same cells all doing the same job.
Cell used to form tubes of xylem tissue which carries water.
7Ae All systems go/Plant systems/Finding out whats wrong

Word
breathing system
Chinese
Meaning
Organ system that takes in oxygen and gets rid of carbon
dioxide from our bodies.
circulatory system
Organ system that carries oxygen and food around the body.
digestive system
Organ system that breaks down our food.
excretory system
Organ system that removes poisonous substances from the

blood.
heart transplant
When the heart from someone who has died is used to

replace a damaged heart in someone else.
nervous system
Organ system that carries signals around the body.
organ system
Collection of organs working together to do a job.
water transport system
Collection of plant organs working together to carry water

up a plant.
7Ae Focus on: Dialysis

Word
dialysis machine
Chinese
Meaning
Machine that does the job of the kidneys and cleans the
blood.
excretory system
Organ system that removes poisonous substances from the

blood.
7Ba Endangered animals/Starting out in life

Word
Chinese
Meaning
cloning
A way of making identical organisms from part of

one organism (males and females are not needed).
conclusion
Saying what the results of an investigation show.
egg cell
The female sex cell.
endangered
When a type of organism is in danger of dying out.
evidence
Observations, data or measurements that are used to test whether

their ideas are correct or not.
external fertilisation
When fertilisation happens outside the bodies of the

parents.
fertilisation
Fusing of a male sex cell with a female sex cell.
fertilised egg cell
Produced when a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell.
fuse
When two sex cells join together to form a fertilised

egg cell.
internal fertilisation
When fertilisation happens inside the body of a parent.
Organism
A living thing.
observations
parent
scientific method
Careful records of what happens in experiments.
When scientists think up ideas to explain things and then

test those ideas.
sex cell
A cell used for sexual reproduction.
sexual reproduction
Producing new organisms by the joining of two sex cells.
sperm cell
The male sex cell.
theory
A scientific idea which can be tested by experiments.
Ejaculation
Release of semen, usually during sexual intercourse.
7Bb Reproductive organs

Word
adapted
Chinese
Meaning
When something has special features that allow it to carry
out its function.
cervix
Ring of muscle at the bottom of the uterus in females.
cilia
Small hairs on the surface of some cells.
circumcision
Removal of the foreskin.
foreskin
A covering of skin protecting the head of the penis.
function
glands
Somethings job.
The glands in the male reproductive system add a special
liquid to the sperm cells to make semen.
menopause
When the ovaries in women stop releasing eggs.
nucleus
Control centre of the cell.
ovary
Female reproductive organ. Produces egg cells.
oviduct
Carries egg cells from the ovaries to the uterus in women.

Fertilisation happens here.
reproductive organs
Organs used in sexual reproduction.
reproductive system
All the reproductive organs.
scrotum
Bag of skin containing the testes.
semen
Mixture of sperm and special fluids released by men during

ejaculation.
sperm duct
Tube that carries sperm from the testes to the urethra.
testis
Male reproductive organ. Produces sperm cells. Plural =

testes.
urethra
A tube carrying semen or urine, running down the centre of

the penis. A tube carrying urine in females.
uterus
Organ in females where a baby develops.
vagina
Part of the female reproductive system. The penis enters the

vagina during sexual intercourse.
Word
ejaculation
Chinese
Meaning
When semen is pumped out of a mans penis.
embryo
Tiny new human life which grows by cell division from a
7Bc Sex
fertilised egg cell.
erection
implantation
pregnant
When the penis becomes stiff.
When an embryo sinks into the soft lining of the uterus.
When a woman has an embryo growing inside her uterus.
7Bc Focus on: Fertility treatment

Word
IVF
Chinese
Meaning
A procedure in which fertilisation happens outside the
womans body. The embryo develops and is then placed
inside her.
sex hormone
Natural chemical that causes egg cells to be released from

ovaries. Sex hormones have many other jobs in both males
and females.
sperm count
The number of sperm cells in a certain volume of semen.

This is normally 20 million sperm per cm3.
test-tube baby
A baby born using IVF.
7Bd Periods/Being pregnant/A healthy foetus

Word
amnion
amniotic fluid
antenatal class
Chinese
Meaning
Bag containing amniotic fluid.
Liquid surrounding the growing embryo and protecting it.
Many pregnant woman attend these classes to find

out more about what happens during pregnancy and
childbirth. They learn ways to cope with any problems.
Cord/umbilical
Carries food, oxygen and waste between the placenta and

the growing foetus. Also called umbilical cord.
foetus
After an embryo has grown all its organs it is called a

foetus. This is usually after about 10 weeks.
mature
Another word for develop.
menstrual cycle
Series of events lasting about 28 days, happening in the

female reproductive system. The cycle causes ovulation
and the lining of the uterus to shed and be replaced.
10
menstruation
When the lining of the uterus and a little blood pass out of
the vagina as part of the menstrual cycle.
ovulation
Releasing of an egg cell from an ovary in women.
placenta
Attached to the uterus wall, this takes oxygen and food

out of the mothers blood and puts waste materials
into the mothers blood.
premature
A baby that is small and born early.
sex hormones
Natural chemicals released in our bodies that control the

menstrual cycle and puberty.
ultrasound scan
An ultrasound scanner uses sound to create a picture of

what is inside someones body.
7Be Giving birth/Growing up/Lifecycles

Word
acne
Chinese
Meaning
Many spots on the skin.
adolescence
Time when physical and emotional changes occur in

teenagers.
afterbirth
When the placenta is pushed out through the vagina after

the baby has been born.
antibodies
Substances produced by white blood cells that help to

fight microbes which might cause diseases.
contractions
The uterus muscles squeezing.
external development
When offspring develop outside a mother.
11
gestation period
The length of time from fertilisation to birth.
internal development
When offspring develop inside a mother.
labour
Time when the baby is about to be born.
lifecycle
The series of changes in an organism as it goes through

life.
mammary glands
Glands contained in the breasts of women which produce

milk after childbirth.
navel
Scar left by the cord. Often called the belly button.
offspring
The young of an animal.
puberty
Time when big physical changes happen in the body of a

teenager.
11-15
7Ca Environmental impact/Home sweet habitat

Word
adaptations
Chinese
Meaning
The features that plants and animals have to help them

live in a particular place.
adapted
When something has certain features to do a particular

function.
behaviour
The way an organism acts or reacts to things around it.
community
All the plants and animals that live in a habitat.
distribution
The places where an organism can be found in a habitat.
ecologist
Scientist who studies organisms and the areas where they live.
12
environment
The conditions around a certain organism caused by

physical environmental factors.
habitat
The place an organism lives in (e.g. woodland).
microhabitat
Small areas of a habitat with certain conditions (e.g. under

a log in a woodland habitat).
physical environmental
The non-living conditions in the environment of an
factors
organism (e.g. temperature, light).
quadrat
A square frame, thrown randomly on the ground, which is

used to sample plants in an area.
sustainable
Something that is sustainable allows things to continue

into the future. A sustainable development will allow the
habitat that it is in to continue into the future.
7Cb Adept adaptations

Word
global warming
Chinese
Meaning
A theory that says that the Earth is getting hotter because
of the activities of humans.
7Cc All change

Word
bulb
Chinese
Meaning
Plant organ that is usually underground. Some plants only
have leaves at certain times of the year and remain as
bulbs at other times.
daily changes
Changes in the physical environmental factors which

happen during a day (e.g. it gets dark at night).
deciduous tree
Tree that drops its leaves in winter (e.g. oak tree).
13
evergreen tree
Tree that keeps its leaves all year round (e.g. pine tree).
hibernation
When animals hide during the winter and go to sleep.
migration
When animals move to different areas of the world

depending on the season.
nocturnal
Organisms that are active at night.
seasonal changes
Changes in the physical environmental factors of an

environment which happen during the course of a year (e.g.
it gets colder in winter).
seed
A tiny part of a plant that is produced by sexual

reproduction. Seeds can grow into new plants.
7Cd Finding food

Word
carnivore
Chinese
Meaning
An animal that only eats other animals.
choice chamber
Equipment that allows scientists to test how environmental

factors affect organisms.
decomposer
Microorganism that eats dead matter.
herbivore
An animal that only eats plants.
predator
An animal that catches and eats other animals.
prey
An animal that is caught and eaten by another animal.
Detritivore
Insects that break down dead matter.
7Cd Focus on: Parasites

14
Word
parasite
Chinese
Meaning
Organism that lives in or on another living thing (its host)
and gets its food from its host.
host
The organism that a parasite lives in or on.
7Ce Links and chains/Feeding evidence/Using the evidence

Word
chemical energy
Chinese
Meaning
A stored form of energy found in food.
competition
Some organisms need the same things as each other, they

work against each other to win.
consumer
An organism that has to eat other organisms to stay alive.

Animals are consumers.
feeding relationship
How organisms in a habitat rely on each other for food.
food chain
A way of showing what eats what in a habitat.
food web
Many food chains linked together.
omnivore
An animal that eats both plants and other animals.
pooter
A small container connected to two tubes. Used to catch

tiny animals.
producer
An organism that can make its own food (i.e plants).
sweepnet
A net swept through long grass or a tree to catch tiny

animals.
top predator
The last animal in a food chain.
15
tree beating
Hitting the branches of a tree and collecting small animals

that fall out.
7Da Putting things in order/Being different

Word
Chinese
correlation
offspring
Meaning
A relationship in data.
Any plant or animal formed by reproduction. Offspring are

produced by their parents.
organism
A living thing.
relationship
A link between two things, so that when one thing

changes so does the other. Best seen by using a graph.
species
A group of organisms that can reproduce with each other

to produce offspring that will also be able to reproduce.
variation
The differences between things.
Word
Chinese
Meaning
continuous variation
discontinuous variation
Data values that change gradually (e.g. time, lengths).
Data values that do not have a continuous rangeit

is a categories. (e.g. days of the week, shoe sizes)
normal distribution
When many things have a middle value with fewer things

having greater or lesser values. This sort of data forms a
bell shape on a chart or graph.
16
sample
Taking a small part of something to investigate. A large

sample size gives more reliable data.
7Db Its your inheritance/A question of environment

Word
environment
environmental factors
Chinese
Meaning
The conditions around a certain organism caused by physical
environmental factors (eg. Weather/climate)
Things in an environment that can change something

about an organism.
environmental variation
Differences between organisms caused by environmental

factors.
free range
Farm animals are free range if they are allowed to roam

around outside and have plenty of space.
inherited variation
Differences between organisms passed to offspring by

their parents in reproduction.
organic farming
Producing foods without the use of lots of artificial

chemicals.
7Dc Describing differences

Word
abdomen
Chinese
Meaning
Area of the body containing digestive organ.
antenna
Something sticking out of an animals head that is used to

sense things. The plural is antennae.
classification
head
Sorting things into groups according to similarity.
17
thorax
Middle part of an animals main body. Usually

containing lungs/breathing organ. In insects the legs are
attached to the thorax.
7Dd Classified information

Word
Chinese
Meaning
amphibian
Can live on land or water.(eg. a frog)
bird
Vertebrate with feathers (e.g. an eagle).
fish
Vertebrate with wet scales, fins and gills (e.g. a salmon).
invertebrate
Animal with no backbone.
kingdom
Largest group that living things are sorted into. The two
biggest are the plant and animal kingdoms.
mammal
Vertebrate with hair, which also produces milk (e.g. a

human).
reptile
Vertebrate with dry scales (e.g. a snake).
vertebrate
An animal with a backbone.
7De No backbone!/The arthropods/Different classifications

Word
Chinese
Meaning
arachnid
Type of arthropod with four pairs of legs (e.g. a spider).
arthropod
Invertebrate with jointed legs (e.g. a fly or spider).
centipede
Type of arthropod with long, thin body divided

into sections. One pair of legs on each body section.
18
crustacean
Type of arthropod with a chalky shell and 57 pairs of legs

(e.g. a lobster).
5-7
echinoderm
Invertebrate with a body in five parts (e.g. a starfish).
exoskeleton
Thick outer covering found on arthropods.
insect
Type of arthropod with three pairs of legs (e.g. a fly).
millipede
/ Arthropod with a long, thin body divided into
sections. Two pairs of legs on each body section.
mollusc
Invertebrate
that moves or feeds using a large fleshy pad
(e.g. a snail).
19
20
Chemistry
7Ea Acids in action
words
Chinese
Meaning
acid
A substance that turns litmus red. It has a pH of

less than 7. pH
7
chemicals
sulphuric acid
Substances that are used in chemistry.
A common acid. Used in car batteries. And the

formula is H2SO4(aq)
H2SO4(aq)
glove
sign
hazard
Something that could be a danger.
symbol
corrosive
The letter or letters that represent an element.
Substances that attack metals, stonework and
Glove we use in lab.
skin are called corrosive.
metal
Substance that allows heat and electricity to

pass through it.
concentrated
Something that has a large amount of the

substance in it (and very little water).
dilute
Make something less concentrated.
irritant
harmful
Something that irritates the skin and eyes.
Something that causes harm, but less dangerous

than a corrosive substance.
nitric acid
hydrochloric acid
A common acid.HNO3(aq)
A common acid which is found in stomach.
HCl(aq)
alkali
Substance that turns litmus blue. It has a pH of

more than 7.
pH 7.
7Eb Tangy tastes

21
words
Chinese
tangy
citric acid
The acid in citrus fruits.
ascorbic acid
Chemical name for vitamin C. C
vinegar
Vinegar is another acid that is found in many
foods.CH3CHOOH(aq)
CH3CHOOH(aq)
Old chemical name for vinegar. CH3CHOOH(aq)
acetic acid
Meaning
CH3CHOOH(aq)
ethanoic acid
The chemical name for vinegar.
alcohol
The common name for ethanol. CH3CH2OH

CH3CH2OH
label
7Ec In the red

words
Chinese
Meaning
dye
A substance that has colour.
indicator
A dye that will change colour in acids and alkalis.
litmus
A simple kind of indicator. It turns red in acids

and blue in alkalis.
substance
purple
soap
soapy
Something that feels like contain soap in it.
opposite
neutral
The other way around.

Substance that is neither an acid nor an alkali. It
has a pH of 7.
pH 7.
pure
Contains only one type of substance.
salt
A substance which is formed as a product of

neutralization.
The material from which things are made.
7Ed Mixing a rainbow

22
words
Chinese
Meaning
observation
What you can observe.
property
A description of how a material behaves and

what it is like. Hardness is a property of some
solids.
theory
A way of explaining why things happen as they

do. A scientific theory can always be tested.
experiment
hydrogen
The gas with the lowest density. It burns with a

pop when a lighted splint is put into it.
bubble
magnesium
ribbon
acidic
pH scale
pH
A metal.
It is the adj. of acid.
A numbered scale from 1 to 14 showing the
strengths of acids and alkalis. Numbers below 7
are acids. Numbers above 7 are alkalis. pH7 is
neutral. 1 14
pH 7 pH 7 pH
7
measure
pH meter
pH
universal indicator
strength
range
rainbow
slightly
alkaline
An electronica device to measure the pH.

pH
A mixture of indicators giving a different colour
depending on how weak or strong an acid or
alkalis is.
The adj. of alkali.
7Ee Finding the balance

23
words
Chinese
Meaning
neutralise
When something is added to an acid or an alkali

to make it more neutral closer to pH7.
pH 7.
neutralisation
When something is neutralized.
mix
chemical reaction
Two or more than two substance are added

together.
A reaction in which new substances are made.
occur
weak acid
An acid which has pH of between 4 to less than

7. pH 4 7
solution
The mixture formed when a solute dissolves in a

solvent.
pollution
affect
raw materials
The starting material from which a more refined

substance is produced.
strong acid
An acid which has pH of 1 to 3. pH 1 3
weak alkali
strong alkali
An alkali which has pH of above 7 to 10. pH

7 10
An alkali which has pH of 11 to just below 14.
pH 11 14
7Fa Fairground attraction

words
Chinese
Meaning
firework
give off
melt
Change from a solid to liquid.
solid
Something with a fixed shape and volume.
liquid
Something with a fixed volume but no fixed

shape.
gas
Something that does not have a fixed shape or

volume, and is easy to squash.
24
physical change
A change that does not involve new chemicals

being made. Melting and freezing are examples
of physical changes.
permanent
A change in which what you ended up with

cannot be turned back into what you started
with.
irreversible
Permanent change which cannot be reversed.
decompose
When one substance splits up into two or more

products.
starch
A substance that forms a blue-black colour with

iodine solution.
carbon
An element in group 4.
oxygen
An element in group 6. .
energy
Any object that is capable of doing work is said

to have energy.
words
Chinese
Meaning
iron
An common metal.
steel
A mixture of iron and carbon.
rust
acid rain
reactant
Substance formed when iron or steel reacts with

oxygen and water.
Rain containing sulphric and nitric acids. It

typically has a pH<5.6.
pH 5.6.
Chemicals that join together to form new
7Fb Fizy pop
substances.
product
cool down
warm up
A new chemical formed in a chemical reaction.
25
limestone
A sedimentary rock made from the shells of

dead sea creatures consisting mainly of calcium
carbonate.
laboratory
A place where we do experiments.
chip
carbon dioxide
A gas which will put out a lighted splint and turn

limewater milky. Produced when acids react
with limestone and other carbonates.
words
Chinese
Meaning
burn
oxide
A compound that includes oxygen.
word equation
A chemical equation in words.
magnesium oxide
A metal oxide which is formed when magnesium
7Fc Kick start
burns in oxygen. It is a white powder.
7Fd Fire safety

words
Chinese
Meaning
fuel
Anything that stores energy that can be

converted into heat energy, e.g. fossil fuels and
nuclear fuel.
fire triangle
A way of showing in a diagram that heat, oxygen

and fuel are needed for a fire.
flame
powder
contain
coal
petrol
26
natural gas
Fossil fuel formed from the remains of dead

plants and animals that lived in the sea.
candle
wax
poisonous
fire extinguisher
steam
combustion
equation
hydrocarbon
A chemical compound containing only hydrogen

and carbon.
release
To set free or allowed to go.
carbon monoxide
A poisonous and colourless gas which contain

one carbon and one oxygen atom.
words
Chinese
Meaning
explosive
A chemical reaction that happens very fast,

giving out lots of energy and making lots of gas.
form
Produce something.
available
Able to be used.
amount
How muchof something there is.
unstable
Reacts very easily with other substances.
violently
Reacted very fast.
electrical spark
The spark caused by the flow of electricity.
words
Chinese
Meaning
states of matter
Gas, solid and liquid are states of matter.
material
Substances that can be used to make other

things.
A candle is made of wax.

Something that puts out a fire.
The scientific word for burning.
7Fe Focus on: Explosives
7Ga Thrown away
27
remove
To take away.
flow
Move and change shape smoothly.
volume
The amount of space occupied by an object.

Measured in cm3 or m3.
cubic centimeters
squash
The unit of volume.

Give something pressure or crush with such
force that it loses its shape.
dense
Heavy for its volume.
transport
Moving something from one place to another.
container
Something such as a box or bottle that is used to

hold or store things.
A gas container.
words
Chinese
Meaning
data
Information collected in experiments.
shape
The appearance of an object, the outline of an

area or figure.
prediction
What you think will happen in an experiment.
evidence
Anything that you see, experience, read, or are

told that causes you to believe that something is
cylinder
7Gd In theory
true or has really happened.
7Gc Bits and pieces

28
words
Chinese
Meaning
particle
The tiny pieces that everything is made of.
particle theory
Theory that says that all materials are made out

of particles that are constantly moving.
arrangement
A group of things displayed in a particular way.
special
Something different from the usual things.
vibrate
An alternative word for oscillate, a vibration

describes a to-and-fro motion.
tiny
direction
Very very small.

The causes or path on which something is
moving or something is going.
spread
To gradually reach or affect a larger and larger

area.
force
A force is a push or a pull.
bond
Forces holding particles together.
words
Chinese
Meaning
diffusion
dissolve
When particles spread and mix with each other

as a result of random motion
The process that occurs when a solute is added

to a solvent and the solute disappears.
plastic
global warming
destroy
7Gd That stinks!
A type of man-made material.

A theory that says that the Earth is getting
hotter because of the activities of humans. It
may be caused by too much carbon dioxide in
the air.
To damage something.
7Ge Pressure problems

29
words
Chinese
Meaning
pressure
The force caused by particles hitting a certain

area.
burst
To break open or split when open suddenly

letting the air or other substance inside it comes
out.
crack
A sudden sharp or explosive nose.
air pressure
The pressure of the air around us.
speed
How fast something is moving. Often measured
in metres per second (m/s)
Rest or move on or near the surface of a liquid
float
without sinking.
reduce
Make something less.
vacuum
A completely empty space.
disposed
Get rid of.
atmosphere
The layer of air or other gases around an object

or objects.
7Ha Materials from the Earth

words
Chinese
Meaning
describe
type
Say what the things look like or what happened.
A group of objects that have particular features

in common.
depend on
Something will be affected or determined by the

other things.
grain
Tiny piece of a rock or mineral.
mineral
The chemicals that rocks are made from.
mixture
texture
Two or more different substances that are not

chemically joined to each other.
The scientific word used to describe the shapes

and sizes of the crystals or grains in a rock.
classify
Put something into a group.

30
gap
The space between two things.
interlock
When crystals fit together with no gaps

between them.
crystal
Pieces of a mineral with sharp edges.
porous
Has tiny holes in it.
words
Chinese
Meaning
chemical weathering
physical changes
When rocks are broken up or worn away by

chemical reactions, usually with rainwater.
When rocks are worn away or broken up by

physical processes such as changes in
temperature.
expand
Get bigger.
freeze-thaw action
A type of physical weathering that happens

when water gets into a crack in a rock and
freezes. The freezing water expands and makes
the crack bigger.
contract
Get smaller.
freeze
biological weathering
Change from a liquid to a solid.
When rocks are worn away or broken up due to

the activities of living things. For example,
growing plant roots can split rocks apart.
7Hb Rocks under attack
7Hc Moving on
words
Chinese
Meaning
erosion
The movement of loose and weathered rock.
fragment
abrasion
Thin or small piece.

When rock fragments bump into each other and
are worn away.
31
sediment
Rock grains and fragments dropped on the

bottom of a river, lake or sea.
7Hd Settling down

words
Chinese
layer
cement
cementation
Meaning
To stick something together.
A process in which water is squeezed out of the

spaces between pieces of rock leaving mineral
salts behind which stick (cement) the rock
pieces together.
The remains of a dead animal or plant that

became trapped in layers of sediment and
turned into rock.
The chemical from which the shells of most sea

creatures are made. The main chemical in rocks
such as limestone and chalk. The formula is
CaCO3.
CaCO3
fossil
calcium carbonate
present
To describe things or people are exist.
soluble
evaporate
Can dissolve in a solvent.
A liquid changes to a vapour, due to particles

leaving the surface of the liquid.
7He Evidence in the rocks

words
Chinese
Meaning
mine
A place where deep holes and tunnels are dug

under the ground in order to obtain a mineral
quarry
such as coal, diamonds or gold.
An area that is dug out from a piece of land or

the side of a mountain in order to get stone or
minerals.
32
concrete
A substance used for building which is made by

mixing together cement, sand, small stones, and
water.
aggregate
Sand, gravel and other stones used in building

roads and making concrete.
obtain
Get something.
33
34
Physics
7Ia Fuelled by fossils
Word
Chinese
Meaning
chemical energy
The kind of energy stored in chemicals. Food,

fuels and cells (batteries) all contain chemical
energy.
coal
electrical energy
fossil
A fossil fuel made from the remains of plants.
The kind of energy carried by electricity.
A dead organism that has been trapped in mud

and whose body has not completely rotted away.
fossil fuels
fuel
generate
Coal, oil and natural gas all fuels that were
formed from the remains of dead plants and

animals.
Anything that stores energy that can be
converted into heat energy includes fossil fuels

and nuclear fuel.
vt. Make electricity by turning a magnet inside coils
of wire.
heat energy
kinetic energy
The hotter something is, the more heat energy it

has.
The kind of energy in moving things.
The idea that energy can never be created or

destroyed, only changed from one form into
another.
The kind of energy given out by light bulbs,

candles, etc.

Energy stored inside the particles that things are

made out of.
law of conservation of
energy
light energy
natural gas
nuclear energy
35
oil
sound energy
The kind of energy made by anything that is

making a noise.
uranium
A fuel used in nuclear power stations.
Chinese
Meaning
7Ib Make them last!

Word
non-renewable
resource
energy
Any energy resource that will run out and we

cannot renew our supplies of it (e.g. oil).
7Ic Planning for the future

Word
alternative
resources
Chinese
energy
biomass
generator
geothermal power
hydroelectric power
nuclear energy
radiation
renewable
resource
solar cells
Meaning
Another name for renewable energy resources.
Any fuel that comes from plants, animals, or their

wastes (e.g. wood, methane from rotting plants,
etc.).
Large coil of wire with a magnet inside. When the
magnet is turned, electricity is produced in the
coil of wire.
Making electricity using heat from hot rocks

underground.
Making electricity by letting falling water (usually
from a reservoir) turn turbines and generators.
Energy stored inside the particles that things are

made out of.
Dangerous particles and energy given off by
uranium and other radioactive materials.
An energy resource that will never run out (e.g.

solar power).
Flat plates that convert light energy into electrical
energy.
energy
36
solar panels
solar power
turbine
uranium
wind turbine
Flat plates that use the Sun's energy to heat
water.
Making electricity by using light or heat energy

from the Sun.
The machine in a power station that is pushed
round by water or steam and turns the generator.
A fuel used in nuclear power stations.
A kind of windmill that generates electricity using
energy from the wind.
7Id Eat up!

Word
joule (J)
kilojoule (kJ)
Chinese
Meaning
The unit for measuring energy.

There are 1000 joules in 1 kilojoule.
1000 J
7Ie The source is the Sun

Word
convection current
geothermal power
hydroelectric power
nuclear power
photosynthesis
tidal power
Chinese
Meaning
A flow of liquid or gas caused by part of it being
heated or cooled more than the rest.
Making electricity using heat from hot rocks
underground.
Making electricity by letting falling water (usually
from a reservoir) turn turbines and generators.
Making electricity by using the nuclear energy
stored inside uranium.
Process that plants use to make their own food. It
needs light to work. Carbon dioxide and water

are used up. Food (a sugar called glucose) and
oxygen are produced).
Making electricity using the moving (kinetic)
energy from the tides.

37
7Ja Live and dangerous/Switched on/Circuit diagrams/Current affairs

Word
Chinese
Meaning
ammeter
Measures how much electricity is flowing around

a circuit.
amp (A)
The unit for current.
cell
A source of electricity with a low energy. Cells

push electrons round a circuit.
circuit
A complete loop that electricity flows around.
component
Something in a circuit, like a bulb, switch or

motor.
conductor
A material that lets electricity flow through it.
electric current
The flow of electricity around a circuit.
insulator
A material that does not let electricity flow

through it.
mains (electricity)
a); b) Alternating current at 230 V provided to houses,
shops etc. 230V
power pack
A source of electricity with a low energy (low

voltage).
switch
Turns electricity on or off, by closing or opening a

gap in a circuit.
voltage
n.
A way of saying how much energy is transferred

by electricity.
Word
Chinese
Meaning
atom
The smallest part of an element.
electric current
The flow of electrons around a circuit.
electrical energy
The kind of energy carried by electricity.
electron
Tiny particle that flows around a circuit.
filament
Thin piece of wire inside a light bulb that glows

when electricity is flowing through it.
7Jb Go with the flow
38
model
n.
vt.
A scientific way of thinking about how things
resistance
n.
A way of saying how difficult it is for electricity to

flow through something.
resistor
n.
A component that makes it difficult for electricity

to flow resistors are used to control the size of
happen.
the current in a circuit.
variable resistor
A resistor that can be adjusted to change the

amount of resistance it has.
voltage
A way of saying how much energy is transferred
n.
by electricity.
7Jc Series and parallel

Word
component
Chinese
Meaning
Something in a circuit, like a bulb, switch or
n.
motor.
A circuit with two or more wires running next to

each other.
parallel circuit
series circuit
A circuit where there is only one loop of wire.
Word
Chinese
Meaning
cable grip
earth wire
filament
fuse
n.
Part of a plug that holds the cable, and stops the

wires being pulled out of the pins.
The green and yellow wire in a cable or plug.
Thin piece of wire inside a light bulb that glows

when electricity is flowing through it.
A piece of wire that melts if too much electricity
7Jd Using electricity
live wire
neutral wire
flows through it.

The brown wire in a cable or plug.
The blue wire in a cable or plug.
39
7Je Electricity and you

Word
Chinese
Meaning
electric shock
When electricity flows through the body.
impulse
nerve
n.
Electrical signal carried by a nerve cell.
Carries messages around the body.
7Ka The forces are with us

Word
Chinese
Meaning
air resistance
A force that tries to slow things down that are
contact force
drag
moving through air. It is a type of friction.
A force that needs to touch an object before it

can affect it (e.g. friction).
Air resistance and water resistance are both
force
force meter
friction
gravity
magnetism
Newton (N)
Newton meter
non-contact force
speed
sometimes called drag.
A push or a pull.
Piece of equipment containing a spring, used to
measure forces.
A force that tries to slow things down when two
things rub against each other.
The force of attraction between any two objects.
The Earth is very big and so has strong gravity

that pulls everything down towards it.
A force that attracts objects made out of iron.
The unit of force.
Another name for a force meter.
A force that can affect something from a distance
(e.g. gravity).
How fast something is moving. Often measured in
metres per second (m/s).

/
40
static electricity
upthrust
water resistance
A force which attracts things with extra electrical

charges on them.
A force that pushes things up.

moving through water. It is a type of friction.
7Kb That floating feeling

Word
density
Chinese
Meaning
The amount of mass that 1cm3 of a substance
displacement
has. Measured in g/cm3.1cm3

/
The volume of water pushed out of the way by an
upthrust
object.
A force that pushes thing up.
7Kc Balancing act/Hooked!/Weighing in

Word
balanced forces
Chinese
elastic
gram
gravity
kilogram
mass
newton
Meaning
When two forces are the same strength, but
working in opposite directions.
Any substance that will return to its original

shape and size after it has been stretched or
squashed.
A unit for measuring mass (g).

The force of attraction between any two objects.
The Earth is very big and so has a large gravity
pulling everything down towards it.
A unit for measuring mass (kg). There are 1000 g
in 1 kg.1kg=1000g
The amount of matter that something is made of.
Measured in grams (g) and kilograms (kg). Your

mass does not change if you go into space or to
another planet.g
kg
The unit of force (N).

41
stationary
unbalanced forces
n.
adj.
weight
Not moving.
When two forces working in opposite directions
are not the same strength.
The amount of force with which gravity pulls

something towards the Earth. It is measured in
newtons (N).
N
7Kd Friction
Word
Chinese
Meaning
air resistance
friction
n.
lubricant
n.
adj.

moving through the air. It is a type of friction.
A force that tries to slow things down when two

things rub against each other.
A substance (normally a liquid) used to reduce

friction.
lubrication
n.
water resistance
Adding a lubricant to something.

moving through water. It is a type of friction.
7Ke The need for speed

Word
braking distance
Chinese
distance/time graph
kilometers
(km/h)
per
Meaning
The distance a car travels while the brakes are
trying to stop it.
A graph that shows how far and how fast
something travels during a journey.
Units for speed when the distance is measured in

kilometres and the time is measured in hours.
km
h
hour
/
42
meters per second (m/s) ,

/

metres and the time is measured in seconds.
meter
s
miles and the time is measured in hours.
meter
h
How fast something is moving. Often measured in
miles per hour (mph)
,
/
speed
stopping distance
metres per second (m/s).

/(m/s)
( The distance a car moves while it is stopping. The
stopping distance is equal to the thinking
+)
distance and the braking distance added
thinking distance
together.
The distance a car travels while the driver is
deciding to press the brake pedal.
7La A place near the Sun

Word
axis
Meaning
Imaginary vertical line that goes from one pole of
the Earth to the other. The Earth spins around its
day
axis.
24 hours, the time it takes the Earth to spin once

on its axis.
24
Earth
leap year
n.
lunar month
Moon
Chinese
The planet we live on.

A year with 366 days in it. We have a leap year
every 4 years. 366
( 29.5days the time it takes the Moon to orbit

)
around the Earth once.
29.5
A moon is a large lump of rock orbiting around a
planet. The Moon is the moon that orbits the

Earth
43
orbit
The path that a planet takes around the Sun, or

the path that a moon or satellite takes around
n.
vi.
vt.
a planet.
Anything that orbits a planet.
satellite
sphere
n.
n.
adj.
A shape like a ball.
Sun
The star that the Earth orbits around.
year
The length of time it takes a planet to go around

the Sun. One year on Earth is 365.25 days.
365.25
7Lb Moonshine
Word
full moon
Chinese
Meaning
The phase of the Moon when it looks like a
luminous
adj.
lunar eclipse
new moon
partial eclipse
phases of the Moon
solar eclipse
total eclipse
bright, full circle.

Gives out light.
When the Moon moves into the shadow of the
Earth.
The phase of the Moon when we cannot see the
lit-up side.
A solar eclipse when the Moon only covers part
of the Sun.
The different shapes the Moon seems to have at

different times.
When the Moon is between the Sun and the

Earth, and casts a shadow on part of the Earth.
A solar eclipse when the Moon completely blocks

out light from the Sun.
7Lc A plan for all seasons

Word
Equator
Chinese
Meaning
An imaginary line around the middle of the Earth.
44
hemispheres
northern hemisphere
The two halves of a sphere the shape you
n.
would get if you cut a solid ball in half.
The half of the Earth with the North Pole in it.

The UK is in the northern hemisphere.
UK
7Ld The Solar System

Word
Chinese
Meaning
asteroid
inner planets
outer planets
solar system
A small lump of rock orbiting around the Sun.
Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. The inner

planets are all rocky planets.
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. All

the outer planets except Pluto are made of gas.
A star with planets and other objects orbiting it.
7Le Starry, starry nights

Word
constellation
Chinese
Meaning
A pattern of stars.
galaxy
n.
Millions of stars grouped together.
light year
Milky Way
star
Universe
The distance that light travels in one year.
The galaxy that our Solar System is in.
A huge ball of gas that gives out heat and light

energy.
All the galaxies and the space between them
make up the Universe.
45

P1 Glossary Final

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Exploring Science 7 How Science Works

Part of a plant used for reproduction.

Organ in the shape of a tube that takes food from your

Organ that controls what the body does.

mouth to your stomach. Also called gullet.

Scientific name for foodpipe.

Organ that pumps blood.

Putting a new heart into someone.

Organs that take in/absorb nutrients and water.

Organs that to clean the blood and make urine.

Organ that removes water from waste food that is not

Plant organ used to make food by photosynthesis.

Organ involved in controlling blood sugar levels and

Exploring Science 7 How Science Works

A large part of a plant or animal that does a very

Process that plants use to make their own food. It

Plant organ used to take water and minerals out of the

root hair tissue

Found in roots. Takes in water from the soil.

Organ used for protection and feeling.

Plant organ used to take water to the leaves and to

It contains hydrochloric acid.

A group of the same cells all working together.

Scientific name for windpipe.

Found in roots, stems and leaves. Transports water and

7Ab Seeing is believing/On the slide

When a small piece of tissue is taken from the body

Exploring Science 7 How Science Works

coarse focusing wheel

Wheel on a microscope that moves parts of the

Thin piece of glass used to hold a specimen in place on a

Part of the microscope you look into.

Make an image clear and sharp.

fine focusing wheel

Wheel on a microscope that moves parts of the

The thing you see through a microscope.

A measure of how much bigger a microscope makes

To make something look bigger.

Piece of equipment used to magnify small things.

Part of the microscope that is closest to the thing you

Glass sheet that a specimen is put on.

A scientific sample or living thing that studied or

Part of a microscope. You put slides on it.

Dye used to colour parts of a cell to make them easier to

7Ac Building a life

Exploring Science 7 How Science Works

cell surface membrane

Controls what goes into and out of a cell.

A strong plant material used to make cell walls.

Tough wall around plant cells. Helps to support the cell.

Green chemical/molecule found inside chloroplasts.

Green disc containing chlorophyll. Found in plant cells.

Jelly-like substance. The site of chemical reactions.

The control centre of a cell.

Contains cell sap. Provides support to the cell.

7Ad Shaped for the job/Cell division

When a cell splits in twonew cells are made.

Small hairs on the surface of some cells.

7Ad Shaped for the job/Cell division (continued)

Exploring Science 7 How Science Works

ciliated epithelial cell

Cell with cilia found in the lungs.

The two new cells made by cell division are called

Getting rid of waste materials from chemical reactions the