Answer all the questions.

Q1-Fig.1 shows four animal cells in different stages of the mitotic cell cycle.

(a) Using the number given to each cell in Fig. arrange the stages as they occur in
the mitoticcell cycle.
.....................................................................................................................................
......... [1]
(b) (i) State what is occurring at A in cell 2.
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.....................................................................................................................................
....... [1]
(ii) Label B is pointing to a region of the chromatid that contains repetitive
nucleotidesequences.State the name given to this region.

.....................................................................................................................................
. [1]
(c) The centriole labelled in Fig. is composed of microtubules.
(i) Suggest why a student would not be able to see a microtubule using a good
quality lightmicroscope.
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......................... [2]
(ii) Outline the role of microtubules in mitosis.
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......................... [2]
(iii) Microtubules are composed of a globular protein known as tubulin.
Explain how the terms monomer and macromolecule can be applied to tubulin.
monomer .....................................................................................................................
......
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
............

macromolecule ............................................................................................................
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.....................................................................................................................................
............. [2]
(b) In animal cells, centrioles are responsible for assembling microtubules to make
the spindle atthe beginning of mitosis.
Describe the role of the spindle during mitosis.
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................................................................................[2]
(c) State two roles of mitosis in plants and animals other than growth.
1 ..................................................................................................................................
..............
2 ..................................................................................................................................
..........

[2]
(TOTAL 13)

Q2- (a) Fig. shows two ways in which enzymes interact with their substrates.

Explain the difference between the two ways in which enzymes interact with their
substrates as shown in Fig.
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..............................................................................................[3]
(b) Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that is found in blood, liver and kidneys.
Fig. shows a molecular model of this enzyme.

(i) With reference to Fig. and the parts labelledP and Q, explain the term
secondarystructure.
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[3] (TOTAL
6)

Q3- Fig. is a labelled diagram of a leaf palisade mesophyll cell, as seen with a high
qualitylight microscope.

An electron micrograph of the same leaf mesophyll cell at the same magnification
wouldshow more detail than is shown in Fig.
(a) Explain why, at the same magnification, an electron micrograph is able to
provide moredetail than a light micrograph.
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.....................................................................................................................................
...............

[2]

(b) Describethree additional features that could be seen on an electron micrograph

of theleaf mesophyll cell that are not seen in Fig.

1. .................................................................................................................................
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....
2. .................................................................................................................................
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....
3. .................................................................................................................................
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....

[3]

(c) The length of the labelled chloroplast in Fig. 1.1 is 5.0m. Calculate the
magnification of the cell shown in Fig.
Show your working.
magnification ................................................. [2]
(d) In Fig., starch granules are visible within the chloroplasts. Starch is the most
commonstorage compound of plants. It is composed of amylopectin and amylose.
(i) Describe the structural differences between amylopectin and amylose.
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(TOTAL 9)

Q4- The fluid mosaic model of membrane structure was first proposed in 1972 by
Singer andNicolson. The model describes in detail how the components of a
membrane are organized
(a) Some of the components of the cell surface membrane are:
(b) Phospholipid molecule
protein molecules
cholesterol molecules.
In the box below, draw a labelled diagram of a section through a cell surface
membrane to show how the above components are organised within the
membrane.the

diagramshould

include

other

named

components

of

the

membrane.Label the inner and outer surfaces ofthe membraneshould include other
named components of the membrane.
Label the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane.

(5)
(ii) Suggest why fluid mosaic is an appropriate term to use to describe membrane
structure
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............................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 8]
Q5 (a) Fig. shows the breakdown of a molecule of sucrose

(i) Name the bond indicated by T.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) State the name given to this type of reaction in which water is involved.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) State two roles of water within plant cells other than taking part in breakdown

reactions.
1. ...............................................................................................................................
2. ........................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Enzymes are globular proteins.
State what is meant by the term globular.
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................

[2]

(c) The reaction shown in Fig. is catalysed by the enzyme sucrase. Fig. shows an
enzyme-catalysed reaction

(i) Name the part of the enzyme labelledU.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) With reference to Fig., explain the mode of action of enzymes.
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.............................................................................................................................. [4]
[Total: 11]

Q6- Fig. shows the primary structure of a lysozyme molecule, an enzyme found in
tears,saliva and in lysosomes.

(a) (i) Explain what is meant by the term primary structure.

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) The molecular structure of the first two amino acids of lysozyme, lysine and
valine,is shown below.
Use the space to show how these amino acids become linked in a condensation
reaction.

Pr
oteins, such as the enzyme lysozyme, have a secondary structure and a tertiary
structure.
B(i) Describe the secondary and tertiary structure of an enzymatic protein, such as
lysozyme.
secondary .................................................................................................................
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tertiary ......................................................................................................................
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..............................................................................................................................[5]
(TOTAL 6)
Q7Fig. is a drawing made from an electron micrograph of a mammalian liver cell

(a) Complete the table by naming the structures B to G and stating one function of
each.
The first one (A) has been completed for you.
name of organelle function
A-cell surface membrane controls movement of substances into and out of the cell
B
C
D
E
F
G
(b) As shown in Fig., liver cells contain many storage granules of glycogen.

Describe the molecular structure of glycogen and explain how this structure makes
itsuitable for storage.
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( TOTAL 7)