Mechanical Design of Sieve Plate Column

Group 19
MECHANICAL DESIGN OF SIEVE PLATE COLUMN
2015
ChE 322 - Process Plant Engineering

Semester 2, 2015
GROUP PROJECT: GROUP 19
Mechanical Design of Sieve Plate Column
We hereby declare that the report submitted are entirely our own work and have not been
copied from any other student or past year reports. Relevant work was referred to and
appropriate citations were made to acknowledge the author of such a work
Group Members
Chung Li Ann
Bobby Wong Sze Juan
Ummu Habibah binti Faisal
Kattria Aren Youngblood
PROGRAM:
Miri ID
Perth ID
7E2B1328
17483164
7E2A9883
17179243
7E4A3107
17665030
7E0B8183
15652072
Bachelor of Engineering (Chemical Engineering)
DATE AND TIME DUE: 4:00pm, Thursday

DATE SUBMITTED:
5th November 2015
LECTURER:
Dr. Jibrael Kansedo
Signature
Group 19
2015
Contents
List Of Figures......................................................................................................................................... IV
List Of Table ............................................................................................................................................ V
1.0
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1
Objective ................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Sieve Plate Column Design Specifications .................................................................................. 2

1.3
Assumptions ............................................................................................................................ 3
2.0 Column Wall Thickness ..................................................................................................................... 4

2.2 Background ................................................................................................................................... 4
2.3 Required Specifications................................................................................................................. 4
2.4 Calculations ................................................................................................................................... 5
2.4.1 Typical Design Stress .............................................................................................................. 5
2.4.2 Minimum Column Wall Thickness.......................................................................................... 5
2.4.3 Mean Thickness of Column Wall ............................................................................................ 6
2.5 Comments ..................................................................................................................................... 6
3.0 Selection and Sizing of Vessel Heads ................................................................................................ 7
3.1 Background ................................................................................................................................... 7
3.2 Required Specifications................................................................................................................. 7
3.3 Comparison Of Heads ................................................................................................................... 8
3.4 Comparison of Possible Vessel Heads .......................................................................................... 9
3.5 Calculation .................................................................................................................................. 10
3.5.1 Thickness of Heads ............................................................................................................... 10
3.5.2 Dimension of Ellipsoidal Heads ............................................................................................ 11
3.6 Comments ................................................................................................................................... 12
4.0 Reinforcement Of Openings ........................................................................................................... 13
4.1 Required Area of Reinforcement ................................................................................................ 13
4.1.2 Notation: .............................................................................................................................. 13
4.1.3 Access Port (or Manhole) ..................................................................................................... 14
4.1.3 Preliminary Calculations for thickness (tr , tr.n., t, ti, tn) & distance (h)................................. 15
4.1.4 Calculations of Area Required for Reinforcement ............................................................... 17
4.2 Comments ................................................................................................................................... 21
5.0 Nozzles and Flanges ........................................................................................................................ 22
.............................................................................................................................................................. 23
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6.0 Skirt and Base .................................................................................................................................. 24

6.1 Column supporting skirt and base ring ....................................................................................... 24
6.1.1 Skirt supports ........................................................................................................................... 24
Height of the vessel, Hv ................................................................................................................. 24
6.1.2 Base ring/flange and anchor bolt design ................................................................................. 30
7.0 Design Loads ................................................................................................................................... 40
7.1 Internal Pressure ......................................................................................................................... 40
7.2 Wind Loading .............................................................................................................................. 40
7.2.1 Wind Pressure ...................................................................................................................... 40
7.2.2 Effective Column Diameter ................................................................................................. 40
7.2.3 Wind Loading Per linear,
and the bending moment ...................................................... 41
7.3 Dead Weight and Contents (Vessel full of water) ....................................................................... 42

7.3.1 Dead weight of empty vessel ............................................................................................... 42
7.3.2 Dead weight of the plate ..................................................................................................... 43
7.3.3 Dead weight of the insulation materials .............................................................................. 44
7.3.4 Dead weight of Cage Ladder ................................................................................................ 45
7.3.5 Dead Weight of Platform ..................................................................................................... 45
7.3.6 Total Dead weight ................................................................................................................ 46
7.3.7 Weight of the content (Vessel full of water)........................................................................ 46
7.3.8 Total Dead weight and water............................................................................................... 47
8.0 Stress Analysis ............................................................................................................................. 47
8.1 The longitudinal stress and circumferential stress ................................................................. 48
8.2 The dead weight direct stress ................................................................................................. 48
8.3 Bending stress ......................................................................................................................... 48
8.3 The resultant longitudinal stress............................................................................................. 50
9.0 Dimensional Pressure Vessel Drawing ............................................................................................ 51
9.1 Overall Pressure Vessel Schematic Design.................................................................................. 51
9.2 Individual Vessel Design .............................................................................................................. 52
.......................................................................................................................................................... 52
.............................................................................................................................................................. 53
.............................................................................................................................................................. 53
.............................................................................................................................................................. 53
10.0 Vessel Specification Sheet............................................................................................................. 54
Appendices............................................................................................................................................ 56
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Appendix A: Maximum Allowable Joint Efficiency ............................................................................ 56

Appendix B: Typical Design Stresses for Plates................................................................................. 56
Appendix C: Typical Standard Flange Design .................................................................................... 57
Appendix D: Dimension with Different Bolt Size .............................................................................. 58
References ............................................................................................................................................ 58
Ellipsoidal Head Dimensional Characteristics. 2013. Inspection 4 Industry LCC: Pressure Vessel
Heads.(Accessed November 1) ............................................................................................................. 58
List Of Figures
Figure 2.3. 1 : Interpolation Range .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 3.5.2. 1 : Standard Ellipsoidal Head .... 12Figure 9. 1 : Schematic diagram of the pressure vessel
design .................................................................................................................................................... 51
Figure 5. 1 : Selected Standard Flange .................................................................................................. 23
Figure 9. 2 : Vessel Head Design (Ellipsoidal Head) .............................................................................. 52
Figure 9. 3 : Skirt Design........................................................................................................................ 52
Figure 9. 4 : Nozzle Design .................................................................................................................... 52
Figure 9. 5 : Flanges Design ................................................................................................................... 53
Figure A. 1 : Maximum Allowable Joint Efficiency (Sinnott 2008) ........................................................ 56
Figure B. 1 : Typical Design Stresses for Plate (Sinnott 2008)............................................................... 57
Figure C. 1: Typical Standard Flange Design (Sinnott 2008) ................................................................. 57
Figure D. 1: Dimension with Different Bolt Size (Sinnott 2008)............................................................ 58
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List Of Table
Table 1.2. 1: Column Specification.......................................................................................................... 2

Table 1.2. 2 : Nozzles Specification ......................................................................................................... 2
Table 1.2. 3 : Other sieve plate column specifications ........................................................................... 2
Table 1.3. 1 : Assumption Used .............................................................................................................. 3
Table 2.3. 1 : Specification for Column Wall Thickness .......................................................................... 4
Table 3.2. 1: Specifications for vessel head thickness calculation .......................................................... 7
Table 3.3. 1 : Comparisons of Principal Type of Heads ........................................................................... 8
Table 3.4. 1 : Comparison of possible vessel heads ................................................................................ 9
Table 3.6. 1 : Dimension of Ellipsoidal head ......................................................................................... 12
Table 5. 1 : Typical Standard Flanges .................................................................................................... 22
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1.0
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Introduction
Sieve plate column is one of the distillation columns with cross-flow trays, which is widely
used in various mass transfer operations, for instance, modern industrial nitric acid plant. Sieve
plates offer high capacity and efficiency, low pressure drop, ease of cleaning and therefore, low
capital cost (Nandakumar 2000)
When developing sieve plate column design, It is crucial to develop and specify the basic
design information for a particular vessel, to ensure the pressure vessel work effectively. The design
of such vessels requires application of current design codes and standards to be practiced along with
the stress analysis relatively. In all the major industrialized countries, the design and fabrication of
thin-walled pressure vessels is covered by national standards and codes of practice. In most countries
it is a legal requirement that pressure vessels must be designed, constructed (Sinnott 2008). and
tested in accordance with part or all of the design code drawn up by committees of engineers
experienced in vessel design and manufacturing techniques and are a blend of theory, experiment,
and experience. The primary purpose of the design codes is to establish rules of safety relating to the
pressure integrity of vessels and provide guidance on design, materials of construction, fabrication,
inspection, and testing. Improper vessel design and maintenance increase the risk of vessel failure
and may lead to serious safety hazard. Thus a mechanical design of the column is highly important in
essence of keeping the safety hazard and maintenance cost at minimum (Sinnott 2008).
Therefore, based on the design code drawn as well as specifications and requirements
outlined, which include column wall thickness, selection and sizing of vessel heads, reinforcement of
any openings, nozzles, flanges, column supporting skirt and base ring, the pressure vessel design is
developed accordingly. Column wall thickness , selection and sizing of vessel heads , reinforcement
of openings, nozzles and flanges , column supporting skirt and base ring as well as design loads such
as internal pressure, wind loading and dead weight of vessel and its contents are considered when
developing the intended design. Appropriate assumptions are drawn in, to execute certain conditions
for the design. To present the completed design, a dimensional sketch as well as column
specifications sheet of the design is issued at the end of the report.
1.1
Objective
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The objective of this report is to design a pressure vessel : A sieve plate column that satisfied the
preliminary specifications summary given. Dimensional sketch of the design and column
specification sheet is expected.
1.2 Sieve Plate Column Design Specifications

The design specifications and requirements for column, nozzle, material of construction and other
specification are specified in Table 1.2.1,Table 1.2.2 and Table 1.2.3 respectively .
Table 1.2. 1: Column Specification
Properties
Length of cylindrical section,
Internal diameter,
Heads
Number of sieve plates,
Design temperature,
Specifications
40 m
1.6
Standard ellipsoidal
Design pressure,
Corrosion allowance,
Table 1.2. 2 : Nozzles Specification
Properties
Feed
Vapour out
Bottom
product
Specifications
At mid-point
At
below top of cylindrical section
At centre of vessel head
At
below top of cylindrical section
inside diameter
inside diameter
inside diameter
reflux return
inside diameter
Table 1.2. 3 : Other sieve plate column specifications
Properties
Diameter of Access ports
(manholes)
Height of support skirt
Thickness of insulation
Ladded
Specifications
- At
above the bottom
- At
below the top of the
column
Carbon steel, silicon killed
Mineral wool
Access Ladder with platforms
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Vessel
Stainless steel, unstabilised (304)
Nozzles
Skirts
Carbon Steel, silicon killed
1.3
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Assumptions
In order to develop a preliminary design, some assumptions are made and listed below.
Table 1.3. 1 : Assumption Used
Assumptions
No significant loading from piping and external equipment
No significant loading from piping and external equipment
Plates and plate supports design is negligible
Material is double welded butt or equivalent and fully radiographed
Assume flanges are standard flanges
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2.0 Column Wall Thickness

2.2 Background
A column should be designed with a specific wall thickness to ensure it has sufficient rigidity to be
able to cope with the maximum amount of pressure which it is expected to be susceptible to in
operation (Sinott 2008).The minimum column wall thickness needed to withstand the vessel weight
itself as well as other incidental loads such as internal pressure is calculated and shown in the
following calculation section
The design pressure for vessels under internal pressure is conventionally taken as the pressure where
the relief device is set. This is usually about 5-10 % above the regular working pressure. This is done
to avoid spurious operation during minor process upsets. (Sinott 2008).
2.3 Required Specifications

The specification to calculate the column wall thickness are tabulated in Table 2.3.1 below :
Table 2.3. 1 : Specification for Column Wall Thickness
Properties
Design pressure,
Specification
Operating
Unit Conversion
temperature,
Internal diameter,
Material
Fully radiographed. Joint factor,
1.0
Joints welds
.
(Appendix A: Figure A.1)
Typical Design
Stress, f
127
(Appendix B: Figure B.1)
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2.4 Calculations
2.4.1 Typical Design Stress
From Figure 2.3.1 , It can be seen that there is no specific value of design stress at
temperature 160 C. Therefore, interpolation between the temperature of 150 C. and 200 C is
executed. Figure T below outlined the interpolation range in the typical design stress for plate. The
full typical design stress table can be referred to Appendix B : Figure
Figure 2.3. 1 : Interpolation Range
Using interpolation metod , the design stress for the particular temperature of 160 C is calculated :
2.4.2 Minimum Column Wall Thickness

With the specifications and requirement provided previously, the column wall thickness is then
calculated using Equation (2.3.2) (Sinott 2005):
Where,
minimum plate thickness (mm)
design pressure (N/mm2)
internal diameter (mm)
joint efficient factor
maximum allowable working or design stress (N/mm2)
corrosion allowance (mm)
minimum plate thickness (mm)
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With addition of corrosion allowance ,
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2.4.3 Mean Thickness of Column Wall
Since a vessel needs to withstand design loads such as wind and the dead weight loads, the column
wall has to be gradually thicker from the top to the bottom (Sinott 2008).,Therefore, the column wall
is divided into 5 sections with an increase of
for each section going downwards. The column
wall thickness from top to bottom is (13,15,17,19 and 21) mm. The mean thickness of Column wall
can then be calculated.
2.5 Comments
Although the calculated value of minimum column wall thickness is 12.23mm, 13 mm is chosen as
column wall thickness following the standard manufactures column wall thickness available,
following the ASME BPVCode Sec. VIII D.1 specifies a minimum wall thickness of 1/16 inch (1.5 mm)
(excluded corrosion allowances)
Therefore, Including the corrosion allowance of 4 mm, the actual column wall thickness is 13 mm.
The mean thickness of the column wall is calculated to be 17mm
The thickness of the column increasing when nearing to bottom to withstand wind and the dead
weight load of. Thus, the pressure at the vessel base is maintained at maximum and this requires
greater thickness of the column wall and also larger diameter for the column. This is crucial to
prevent the vessel from collapsing as well as to increase its capability to endure wind loading and
dead weight of vessel and content that contributed to the high stress from increase in pressure.
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3.0 Selection and Sizing of Vessel Heads

3.1 Background
A cylindrical pressure vessel shell must be enclosed at both ends by heads. Flat plates, formed flat
heads, hemispherical heads, torispherical heads and ellipsoidal heads are several principal types of
heads used . Hemispherical, torispherical and ellipsoidal are categorised as domed heads where the
formation is by pressing or spinning with large diameters fabricated from formed sections.
Torispherical heads , on the other hand also referred to as dished ends (Sinott 2005).
3.2 Required Specifications

The specifications or requirements given for selection and sizing of vessel heads are summarized in
table 3.2.1
Table 3.2. 1: Specifications for vessel head thickness calculation
Properties
Design pressure,
Specification
Internal diameter,
Material of vessel
Joints welds, J
Double-welded butt or equivalent Fully radiographed. Joint

factor,
.0
(Appendix A: Figure A.1)
Design Stress , f
Based on (Inspection 4 Industry 2013) the actual shape of the ellipsoidal head can be
approximated by:
Knuckle radius,
Spherical radius,
While for torispherical , Knuckle radius,
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3.3 Comparison Of Heads

The available differently shaped heads for sieve column design are compared below in Table 3.3.1
Table 3.3. 1 : Comparisons of Principal Type of Heads
Type Of Heads
Properties
Flat Plate
This plate is used as a cover for manways and as a channel cover

of heat exchangers. Flat plate is known to be most structurally
inefficient for sieve column design as a very thick plate is
required to withstand high pressure as well as to satisfy the large
diameter. The fabrication cost is however quite low. (Sinnott
2008)
Formed flat head
This head is known as flange-only ends. At the junction with

the cylindrical section, the corner radius reduces the abrupt
change of shape which in turn reduces the local stresses to a
certain extent. This head is the cheapest typed of formed head
to manufacture. However, it is limited to use with low-pressure
and small diameter vessels. Hence, it is deemed unsuitable for
this sieve plate column design (Sinott 2008).
Hemispherical head
The hemispherical head is the strongest shaped head which is
used for high pressures. It has the capability to resist roughly
twice the pressure of a torispherical head with the same
thickness. However, the cost of manufacturing a hemispherical
head is much higher than that of a shallow torispherical head.
Ergo, it is not economically feasible to be used for this design
(Sinott 2008).
Standard torispherical head
This is the most commonly used closure for vessels with

operating pressures of up to 15 bar. Its shape is formed from
part of a torus and part of a sphere. It has a similar shape to that
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of an ellipse but is easier to fabricate. However, above 10 bar

the cost is much more than that of an equivalent ellipsoidal
head. (Sinott 2008).
Standard ellipsoidal head
This type of head is usually manufactured with a major and

minor axis ratio of 2:1. For operating pressure of above 15 bar,
an ellipsoidal head would be the most economical end closure to
use. Therefore, it should be considered for the design of a sieve
plate column (Sinott 2008).
3.4 Comparison of Possible Vessel Heads
Based on the comparisons of principal type of heads tabulated above, torispherical and ellipsoidal
heads are the two possible most feasible heads for sieve plate column . Further calculation on the
thickness of both heads are conducted to draw the final decision of the column head. Table 3.2.1
below illustrated standard diagram of both heads and their thickness formula :
Table 3.4. 1 : Comparison of possible vessel heads
Torispherical Heads
Ellipsoidal Heads
Illustration/Diagram
(veristar 2004)
Additional
There are two junctions in a torispherical
(veristar 2004)
Most standard ellipsoidal heads are
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Properties
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end closure: that between the cylindrical
manufactured with a major and
Section and the head, and that at the
minor axis ratio of 2:1. (Sinott 2008).
junction of the crown and the knuckle
The head resembles and ellipse with
radii. The bending and shear stresses
its radius varying continuously in its
caused by the differential dilation that will
cross section. The varying radius
occur at these points must be taken into
results in a smooth transition
account in the design of the heads.( Sinott
between the dome and cylindrical
2008).
section of the vessel. Its head is

deeper than a comparable
torispherical head. This will have a
head depth of a quarter of the
vessels internal diameter,
(MyChemE 2013)
Thickness formula
3.5 Calculation
3.5.1 Thickness of Heads
The wall thickness of each heads are calculated as follows using Equation (3.3.1.1) and
equation (3.3.1.2) (Sinott 2008):
Torispherical Heads
Ellipsoidal Heads
Where ,
Where ,
Stress concentration factor for torispherical

heads,
(
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Therefore,
Therefore,
1)
1)
(
2)
2)
Added corrosion allowance,
:
3)
Added corrosion allowance,
:
3.5.2 Dimension of Ellipsoidal Heads
Figure 3.5.2.1 shows the standard ellipsoidal head dimension .It had been mentioned before that
standard ellipsoidal heads are manufactured with a horizontal against vertical axis ratio of 2:1.
Therefore the correlations based on Figure 3.5.2.1,
Height of vessel head,
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Figure 3.5.2. 1 : Standard Ellipsoidal Head
Whereby, the actual shape of the ellipsoidal head can be approximated by (Inspection 4
Industry 2013):
Knuckle radius,
Spherical radius,
3.6 Comments
The ellipsoidal head is chosen to satisfy the specifications mentioned earlier. However, there were
also other factors considered when chosen the vessel head. Essentially, the best vessel head should
be able to withstand maximum stress with the least materials and economically feasible (Sinott
2008) .From the calculated thickness of both heads previously, Ellipsoidal head with smaller thickness
compared to that of torispherical Head may suggested an economically feasible head. The head
resembles an ellipse with its radius varying continuously in its cross section. The varying radius
results in a smooth transition between the dome and cylindrical section of the vessel. Its head is
deeper than a comparable torispherical head .
The dimension of the Ellipsoidal head chosen is summarized below in Table 3.6.1
Table 3.6. 1 : Dimension of Ellipsoidal head
Height of vessel head,h

Thickness, e
Knuckle radius,
Spherical radius,
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4.0 Reinforcement Of Openings

4.1 Required Area of Reinforcement
For every process vessel, opening is important whereby it exist in connection, manways and
instrument fittings. The presence of opening has its own drawback whereby it weakens the shell and
gives rise to stress concentrations. The stress at the edge of a hole will be higher than the average
stress in surrounding plate. Thus, in order to reduce this stress it is important that the opening is
compensated with increase of wall thickness in the region adjacent to the opening. In other words, a
reinforcement of opening will be done towards the hole in order to cope with a sufficient stress that
countered the weakening effect of the opening without significantly altering the general dilation
pattern of the vessel at the opening (Sinott 2005).
In this design, six openings; manhole 1, manhole 2, feed point, top product point, reflux
return point and bottom product point should be located according to its suitability and
measurement. The measurement specification has been given and this data is important to decide
whether the opening is suitable to add reinforcement or not.
When an opening and its reinforcement are in an ellipsoidal head, and located entirely within
a circle, the centre of which coincides with head. The diameter of the circle is equal to 80% of the
shell diameter. tr is the thickness required for a seamless sphere of radius K1D, where D is the shell
internal diameter and K1 is 0.9 (Steward and Lewis 2013). Assume no weld is used in the nozzle.
4.1.2 Notation:
A = total cross-sectional area of reinforcement required in the plane under consideration

A1 = area in excess thickness in the vessel wall available for reinforcement
A2 = area in excess thickness in the nozzle wall available for reinforcement
A3 = area available for reinforcement when the nozzle extends inside the vessel wall
S = design stress at design temperature
d = finished diameter of circular opening under consideration
E = joint efficiency factor
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F = correction factor that compensates for the variation of in internal pressure stresses on
different planes with respect to the axis of the vessel
t = specified vessel wall thickness

ti = nominal thickness of internal projection of the nozzle wall
tn = nozzle wall thickness
tr = required thickness of seamless shell based on circumferential stress
tr.n. = required thickness of seamless nozzle wall
fr1 = strength reduction factor ( Sn/Sv for nozzle wall inserted through the vessel wall)
fr2 = Sn / Sv
Sn = allowable stress in nozzle
Sv = allowable stress in vessel
P = design pressure
D = diameter of manhole/access port
Di,n = internal diameter of nozzle
K1 = spherical radius factor
c = corrosion allowance
h = height of ellipsoidal head
UTP = pipe under tolerance
Ri,n = Radius of the internal section of the nozzle
4.1.3 Access Port (or Manhole)
As in Section UG-36 (3)(a) of ASME Part VIII: Pressure Vessel, it states that when the opening is not
subject to fluctuations in pressure, reinforcement will not be necessary besides those inherent in the
construction under the following conditions:
Welded, brazed and flued connections satisfying the applicable rules and with a finished opening not
larger than:
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- 89 mm diameter in vessel shells or heads with a required minimum thickness of less than 10 mm;
- 60 mm diameter in vessel shells or heads with a required minimum thickness more than 10 mm
Thus, evaluation for the compensation of access port (or manhole) will be considered only.
The methods and rules applied for calculation here will be based on Fig. U37-1 and it is valid for
vessels over 1500 mm I.D. (inside diameter) with the inside diameter of openings at one-half of the
vessel diameter, but not to exceed 500 mm.
As in UG-37 (c) of ASME Part VIII: Pressure Vessel, for design of internal pressure, the total crosssectional area of reinforcement A required in any given plane through the opening for a shell or
formed head under internal pressure shall not be less than
4.1.3 Preliminary Calculations for thickness (tr , tr.n., t, ti, tn) & distance (h)
1) The minimum required thickness under circumferential stress, tr, for seamless shell or head is
determined by:
Note:
Given
S = 129.2 MPa = 129.2 Nmm-2
E=1
P = 1.3 Nmm-2
D = 600 mm = 0.6 m
K1 = 0.90 as determined from Table UG-37, pg. 37 when D/2h = 2.0, where:
- D = 1600 mm I.D. (shell internal diameter);
- h = 1/4 D
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2) According to the ASME/ANSI B36.10M Pipe Schedules Table, the nozzle is assumed to be 8 inch
(200 mm) nominal pipe size and under Schedule 120, it has a nozzle wall thickness of:
3) According to Shah and other associates (2014), the required thickness of the nozzle wall, tr.n.,
added with the pipe under tolerance, UTP and corrosion allowance is determined as:
(
Given
P = 1.3 Nmm-2
S = 121.4 Nmm-2
E=1
Ri,n = Di,n/2
Di,n = 52 mm (from the feed nozzle)
UTP = 12.5% = 0.125
c = 4.0 mm
tr.n. =
4) For the vessel wall thickness, t, it is determined as:
Given
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S = 129.2 Nmm-2
P = 1.3 Nmm-2
R = D/2; D = 1600 mm I.D.
E=1
= 12.1 mm
12.0 mm
5) For the nominal thickness of internal projection of nozzle wall, ti, it is determined as follows:
6) Distance nozzle projects beyond the inner surface of the vessel wall is as determined:
Given
t = 8.0 mm
ti = 10.0 mm
7) The diameter of the finished opening, d, is as determined
Note: The opening is in a corroded condition. Thus, a corrosion allowance is added to the diameter of
the opening.
4.1.4 Calculations of Area Required for Reinforcement
Given
d = D = 600 mm
t = 12.0 mm
ti = 10.0 mm
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tr = 5.0 mm
tn = 18.26 mm
tr.n.= 8.26 mm
h = 20.0 mm
Assuming correction factor, F = 1 and d=D,
To determine whether additional reinforcement is necessary for the manhole, the actual area
available for reinforcement must be calculated and compare with the area required for
reinforcement. The following condition must be satisfied if no additional reinforcement is required:
A<
where
Thus, the following area (A1, A2, A3, A41, A43) is calculated as follows.
A1 (largest):
Since
fr1 =
Then, the term 2tn(E1t-Ftr)(1-fr1) will cancel out,
Assuming E1 = E = 1 and F = 1,
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[
Since
>
2015
, then
A=
= 4228 mm2
A2 (smallest):
:
First of all, assuming fr2 = fr1 = 1 since they both have the same formula (Sn / Sv);
Substituting the values,
Since
<
, then
A2 =
= 600 mm2
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A3 (smallest):
Since
, then
A3 =
= 400 mm2
For areas A41 and A43, they are not considered since the welds vary from fillet to butt weld type (Shah
and associates, 2014), thus,
A41 = A43 = 0 mm2
Summing up from A1 to A3,

Given
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A1 = 4228 mm2
A2 = 600 mm2
A3 = 400 mm2
A41 = A43 = 0 mm2
Comparing both the required area for reinforcement, A and the area available for reinforcement,
4.2 Comments
The required reinforcement area is needed to compare with the total area of nozzle in feed,
vapour out, bottom product, 1 m above the bottom of the column and 1.5 m below the top of the
column to ensure the nozzle got reinforcement. To obtain the total area, the area of excess thickness
in shell or head, area available in nozzle projecting outward and area available in nozzle projecting
inward are determined. If
, opening is adequately reinforced; if
. Therefore , there will
no additional reinforcements needed
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5.0 Nozzles and Flanges

Nozzles and flanges can be categorized into several categories depending on their sizes, types
and other attachments to vessels. A nozzle is a relatively simple device, a cylindrical component that
penetrates the shell or heads of a pressure vessel (Sinott 2008). The main function of nozzles on the
plates is to transport fluids and allow the liquids and gas to disperse throughout the towers as the
fluids flow through the nozzles. On the other hand, flanges improve the strength of a structure and
also apply as a guide for keeping a particular object in place (Sinott 2008). Different column design
requires different standards and designs of the nozzles and flanges. Flanges are used for connecting
pipe and instruments to vessels, for removable vessel heads and manhole covers.
For this particular design, then nozzle and flanges design is strictly based on specification of
nozzles provided in the project specification sheet. The nozzles connecting the feed to column at the
midpoint has a 52 mm inside diameter and vapour outlet diameter of 250 mm. The bottom product
and reflux return have inside diameter of 52mm.
Standard flanges are available in a range of sizes, types and materials. Based on Appendix C:
Figure C.1 (Sinott 2008)., the nozzles and flanges are selected according to the known internal
diameters. The nozzles and flanges selected is summarized below in Table 5.1. table below. The outer
diameters can be seen to have larger diameter to that of nominal internal diameter. Since the
internal diameter is 52 mm and does not satisfy any of the typical standard flanges design, a number
greater than 52 mm is selected as the basis nominal size diameter. Which in this case, 65 mm. For
the vapour outlet, 250 nominal size is selected as there is no 240 mm standard flanges available.
Figure 5.1 shows the type of standard flange selected for this design in respect to the specification.
Table 5. 1 : Typical Standard Flanges
Nominal
Size (mm)
Pipe outer
diameter, d1
(mm)
Flange
Raised Face
d4
Drilling
Bolting
Boss
No.
d2
d3
65
76.1
160
14
32
110
M12
14
130
100
250
273
375
22
44
312
M16
12
18
335
295
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Figure 5. 1 : Selected Standard Flange
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6.0 Skirt and Base

6.1 Column supporting skirt and base ring
One of the most essential components of a distillation column would be its supports. By
convention, there are four types of vessel support structures which are typically used as saddle
supports for heat exchangers, skirt support for vertical columns, leg support for spherical vessels, and
lug/bracket support for other applications. These supporting columns would have to be designed to
handle the weight of the pressure vessel and its contents, superimposed loads such as pressure and
temperature as well as wind loads while taking into account practicality factors like size and
dimensions, location and setup, attachments of fittings and flanges, as well as ease of access for
inspection and maintenance. This assignment demonstrates the guidelines required to design a skirt
support for a vertical column which was welded in place to the bottom of the pressure vessel, taking
into account the design of the skirt itself, base ring and the anchoring bolts.
6.1.1 Skirt supports

In this design, it was assumed that the skirt support used would consist of a conical shell
welded to the bottom dome of the pressure vessel. The flange, which was located at the bottom of
the skirt, transmits forces from the skirt itself to the foundation. Openings in the skirt made with the
purpose of creating access and pipe connections that would later be reinforced. To ensure a safe
design of the skirt, it was important to take into account the load per unit length, bending moment,
bending stress, and dead weight loading stress with an without water.
Height of the vessel, Hv
Given:
Length of cylindrical section = 40 m

Internal column diameter = 1.6 m
Height of each ellipsoidal head
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Figure 1.1.1: Standard ellipsoidal head measurements

Since the ellipsoidal heads used for this design are of a standard measurement as shown
above in Figure 1.1.1, it is safe to assume that the heads are manufactured with a major and minor
axis ratio of 2:1 (myChemE 2013).
Thus,
The height of each ellipsoidal head = ( ) = 0.4 m
Height of vessel, Hv
The height of vessel, Hv:
Hv
= (Length of cylindrical section) + (Height of the two ellipsoidal heads)

= 40 m + [(2) (0.4 m)]
= 40 m + 0.8 m
= 48 m
Bending Moment, Ms
[Refer to Design Load Section]

Wind loading is a major factor in vertical columns. Under windy conditions, the wind can
exert a bending moment that can act upon the vertical column, which in turns leads to bending stress
that varies in a parabolic pattern from zero at the top of the column to a maximum loading at the
base. As the magnitude of bending stress due to wind is significantly higher than its shear stress, the
bending stress would ultimately determine the thickness of the plate required to resist wind loading.
For economical design purposes, it was said that the thickness of the column decreases as its height
increases, with the top being sufficiently thick for the pressure load (Sinnott., Coulson & Richardson's
Chemical Engineering 1999)
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For this design, a constant thickness was required. Thus the effect of bending moment, Ms,
was study and calculated by using the formula below.
Given the formula:
Where;
Ms
Fw
= Bending moment at the base of the skirt

= Load per unit length
= 3816.96 N/m
=3.8170 kN/m
Hs
= Height of skirt
= 2.6 m
Since:
Hv+s
= (Height of the vessel, Hv) + (Height of skirt, Hs)

= 48 m + 2.6 m
= 50.6 m
= 5060 mm
Thus,
)]
4886.4471 kNm
4.8864 x 106 Nm
Bending stress in the skirt,

Assume:
Thickness of the skirt = Thickness of each ellipsoidal head
Given the formula:

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Where;
Ms
Ds
ts
= Bending stress in the skirt

= Bending moment at the base of the skirt
4.88 x 106 Nm
= Internal column diameter
= 1.6 m
= Thickness of the skirt
= Thickness of each ellipsoidal head
= 12.29 mm
= 0.01229 m
Thus,
)]
)
Dead weight stress in the skirt

[Please refer to design load Section]
For test condition,
Given the formula:
Where;
= Dead weight stress in the skirt for test condition,
= Total weight of the vessel with contents (water).

= 1262.73 kN
Thus,
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[
[(
)]
2015
For operating condition,
Where;
= Dead weight stress in the skirt for operating condition
= Total dead weight of vessel with heads

= 321.85 kN
Thus,
[(
(
)]
)
The resultant bending stress in the skirt will be:

For maximum:
For minimum:
Design criteria:
If given the worst combination of both wind and dead-weight loading, the skirt thickness should not
exceed that of its design criteria, as shown below:
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Bending stress for the skirt:

Assume:
For maximum:
Given the formula
Where,
= Compressive bending stress in the skirt

=
=
Ds

= 1.6 m
=1600 mm
ts
= Thickness of the skirt
= Thickness of each ellipsoidal head
= 12.29 mm
= 0.01229 m
= Youngs modulus (Sinnott. and Tower., 7.3.7. Effect of Temperature on
the Mechanical Properties 1999)
= 200000 N/mm2
Thus,
)
(Fulfilled)
For minimum:
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Where,
= tensile bending stress in the skirt

=
= Joint factor
=1
=
= 130 x 106 N/m2
Thus,
(Fulfilled)
Hence,
All the calculations and comparison above shows that the all design criteria were met.
New skirt thickness, ts:
ts
= (Old thickness of the skirt) + (Corrosion allowance)

= 0.01229 m + 0.004m
= 0.01629 m
6.1.2 Base ring/flange and anchor bolt design
The bottom of the skirt must be anchored to a concrete foundation by the means of anchor bolts
embedded in the concrete that help to prevent overturning from any sort of bending moment
that might induced by either wind and seismic loads. When either a compressive or tensile load is
applied to the anchor bolts, the load would be dispersed from the steel through its bond to the
concrete (Sinnott., Coulson & Richardson's Chemical Engineering 1999)
The materials used for the skirt was made entirely of carbon steel, silicon killed. Meaning, the
anchor bolt formed from the steel rounds should be clean and free of oil; ensuring that it will
bond to the embedded surface of steel.
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Since the measurements for the pitch diameter were not given, it was assumed that the
measurement of column diameter would be used to make an assumption for the pitch diameter.
An estimation of 10% allowance was then added to the pitch circle diameter column.
For Ds = 1.6m
Number of bolts required, Nbolts
Given the formula:
Where;
Ds

= 1.6 m
Dp
= Pitch circle diameter

= Ds + (10% of Ds)
= Ds + ((Ds/100)(10))
= 1.76 m
= 1760 mm
Thus,
Bolts
By taking the nearest multiple of 4, 12 is the nearest value to the number of bolts required,
Nbolts.
Required bolt area, Ab

Given the formula:
[
Where,

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= 321.85 kN
= Bending moment in skirt

= 4.8864 x 106 Nm
= 4.8864 x 109 Nmm
= Pitch circle diameter

= 1.76 m
= 1760 mm
= Bolt design stress

= 125 N/mm2
= Number of bolts required

= 12 Bolts
Thus,
[
[*[
[*
]]
Bolt root diameter,

Given the formula:
Where:
= Required bolt area
Thus,
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With the addition of base rings, the bolt should be sufficient enough to distribute the total
compressive load to the foundation.
Total compressive load on each base ring per unit length, Fbolt
Given the formula:
[
Where:

= 321.85 kN

= 4.8864 x 106 Nm
= 4.8864 x 109 Nmm

= 1.6 m
= 1600 mm
Thus,
*
+
(
[[
))
)
(
]]
Minimum width of base ring, Lb

Given the formula:
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Where,
fc
= Maximum allowable bearing pressure on the concrete foundation pad

= Bearing pressure
= 5 N/mm2
= Total compressive load on the base ring per unit length
Thus,
Due to the large base ring width, a flared skirt shall be used as an alternative to the design.
Therefore,
The requirements and assumptions for the new shirt are:
D s
= Flared skirt bottom diameter
= 2.6 m
= 2600 mm
Dbolt = Bolt circle diameter
= Ds+ (10% of Ds)
= 2.6 m + [((1.6 m)/100)(10)]
= 2.6 m + 0.16 m
= 2.76 m (Assumed)
= 2760 mm
Nbolt
= Number of bolts
=15 bolts
For Ds = 2.6m
Skirt base angle,
Skirt base angle,
*
: (With Ds =2.6 m)
+
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It is noted that the skirt base angle,
2015
will not be greatly affected by the slight difference with both
skirt bottom diameters. As shown below,

Skirt base angle,
: (With Ds =1.6 m)
Bolt spacing
Given the formula:
Bolt spacing
Where;
Dbolt
= Bolt circle diameter

= Ds+ (10% of Ds)
= 2.6 m + [((1.6 m)/100)(10)]
= 2.6 m + 0.16 m
= 2.76 m (Assumed)
= 2760 mm
Nbolt
= Number of bolts
=15 bolts
Thus,
Bolt spacing
New required bolt area, Ab

Given the formula:
[
Where,

= 321.85 kN
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= 4.8864 x 106 Nm
= 4.8864 x 109 Nmm
= Bolt circle diameter

= 2.76 m
= 2760 mm
= Bolt design stress

= 125 N/mm2
= Number of bolts required

= 15 Bolts
Thus,
[
[*[
[*
]]
Total compressive load on each base ring per unit length, Fbolt
Given the formula:
[
Where:

= 321.85 kN

= 4.8864 x 106 Nm
= 4.8864 x 109 Nmm

= 2.76 m
= 2760 mm
Thus,
*
36 | P a g e
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(
[[
))
2015
)
(
]]
Minimum width of base ring, Lb

Given the formula:
Where,
fc
= Maximum allowable bearing pressure on the concrete foundation pad

= Bearing pressure
= 5 N/mm2
Thus,
Actual bearing pressure on the concrete foundation,

Given the formula:
Where,
ts
= Skirt thickness
= 0.01629 m
= 16.29 mm
ti
= Insulation thickness
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= 48 mm
Lr
Actual width
=Distance from the edge of the skirt to the outer edge of the ring
= 178 mm (Sinnott., Coulson & Richardson's Chemical Engineering 1999) :
Using Bolt size 70 (BS 4190:1967)
Thus,
*
Base ring thickness,

Given the formula:
Where,
Lr
=Distance from the edge of the skirt to the outer edge of the ring
= 127 mm (Sinnott., Coulson & Richardson's Chemical Engineering 1999) :
Using Bolt size 70 (BS 4190:1967)
= Allowable design stress in the ring material
140 N/mm2 (Typically)
= Actual bearing pressure on the concrete foundation
Thus,
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7.0 Design Loads

7.1 Internal Pressure
From specification, the design pressure is given which is
. Since the internal pressure, Pi is
defined as the design pressure required, thus:

Design Pressure=Internal Pressure=Pi=
7.2 Wind Loading

7.2.1 Wind Pressure
Tall vessel installed in open space will experience a strong wind which will cause bending moment
The wind pressure for a smooth cylindrical section can be calculate by formula
However , since the column outline is broken up by attachments, such as ladders or pipework, the
factor of 0.05 should be increased to 0.07,equation (7.2.1) to allow for the increased drag. (Sinnott
2005)
Where,
Pw = Wind pressure,
u w = Wind speed = 160
(Wind Loads. 2014)
7.2.1.1 Calculation
7.2.2 Effective Column Diameter
To find the effective column diameter, formula (7.2.2) is used (Sinnott 2005)
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Where,
Deff = Effective column diameter (m)
Ds= Diameter (m) = 1.6m
tave,wall = Average thickness of cylinder vessel wall (m) = 17mm
ti= Thickness of insulation (m) = 48mm
7.2.2.1 Calculation
In industrial repetition, a grant of 0.4 should be considered for a caged ladder in the design, thus the
0.4 is added to the formula below to find the effective column diameter. Therefore,
7.2.3 Wind Loading Per linear,
and the bending moment
The wind loading yield per linear meter, Fw and the bending moment,
can be calculated using the
formula (7.2.3.1) and (7.2.3.2) respectively . (Sinnott 2005)

7.2.3.1)
Where,
=Bending moment (Nm)

= Wind Pressure(N/m2)
Length of cylindrical section (m) = 40m
Deff = Effective column diameter (m) = 2.13m
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7.2.3 1 Calculation :
7.3 Dead Weight and Contents (Vessel full of water)

7.3.1 Dead weight of empty vessel
For preliminary calculations the approximate weight of a cylindrical vessel with domedends, and
uniform wall thickness, can be estimated from the following equation:
Wv Cv m Dm g H v 0.8Dm t 10 3
Where,
Wv
Total weight of the shell.
Cv
A factor to account for the weight of nozzles, manways, internal supports, etc (1.15)
Density of material, =8000kg/m3 (Density of SS,2015)
Dm
Mean Diameter, =1.6m
Gravity =9.81 m/s2
Hv
Length of cylindrical section, =40m
Wall thickness, =17mm
7.3.1.1 Calculation:
Dm Ds t Avg ,wall
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1.6 17 10 3
2015
1.617m
Wv Cv m Dm g H v 0.8Dm t 10 3
1.15 3.142 8000 1.617 9.81 40 0.81.617 17 10 3

321.85kN
7.3.2 Dead weight of the plate
The vessel is filled with 46 plates which will cause additional weight to the vessel. The plate has same
diameter as the vessel and has weight factor of 1.2
WP nPlate APlate PLiquid, Loading
Whereby,
WP
Weight of the plate, kN
nPlate
Number of plate=46
APlate
Area of the plate m2
PLiquid, Loading :
Pressure of liquid loading, kN/m2 =1.2N/ m2
APlate
Ds 2
4
1.62
4
2.01m 2
WP nPlate APlate PLiquid, Loading

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46 2.011.2
110.95 kN
7.3.3 Dead weight of the insulation materials
The weight of the insulation can be calculate by,
WI Insulation VInsulation g
Whereby,
:
WI
Insulation :
VInsulation
Weight of the insulation material, kN

Density of insulation materials, kg/m3
=130 kg/m3
Volume of the insulation materials m3
VInsulation Ds H vt Insulation
t Insulation: 48mm
Hv
:40m
Ds
: 1.6m
Gravitational Force, m/s
VInsulation Ds H vt Insulation
3.142 1.6 40 0.048
9.65m 3
WI Insulation VInsulation g
130 9.65 9.81
12.31kN
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The weight of insulation is double for allowance of attachment fittings, sealing and moisture
absorption.
WI 2 12.31
24.62 kN
7.3.4 Dead weight of Cage Ladder
The vessel has a ladder and a platform. The ladder is assumed to be a plain ladder with height from
bottom of support skirt to vessel head which is equivalent to 42.6m .The platform is assume made
from steel with area of 3m2. The weight of ladder can be calculated by,
WCL FCL H vs
Whereby,
WCL
Weight of the Caged Ladder, kN
FCL
Loading per unit length=150 N/m(R K Sinnott,2005)
H vs
Height of vessel with skirt=42.6m
WCL 150 42.6
6.39kN
7.3.5 Dead Weight of Platform

The platform is assumed made from steel with area of 3m2. 2 platforms are required to allocate 2
manholes.
WPf Pa Pf APf
Whereby,
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WCL
Weight of the Platform, kN
Pa Pf
Pressure of platform= 1.7 kN/m2(R K Sinnott,2005)
APf
Area of Platform=3 m2
2015
WPf 1.7 3
5.1 kN
Since two platforms are required,
WPf 5.1 2
10.2 kN
7.3.6 Total Dead weight
WDead Wv WP WI WCL WPf
321.85 110.95 24.62 6.39 10.2

474.01kN
7.3.7 Weight of the content (Vessel full of water)
Assume density of the water = 1000 kg/m3
Weight of the water can be calculated by,
WWater Av H v Water g
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Whereby,
WWater :
Weight of water, kN
Av
Area of vessel=2.01m2
Hv
Length of cylindrical section=40m
Water :
Density of water=1000 kg/m3
Gravitational force=9.81m/s
WWater Av H v Water g
2.01 40 1000 9.81

788.72kN
7.3.8 Total Dead weight and water
The total weight is the sum of the total dead weight and weight of water. Thus the equation below
showed the total weight.
WTotal WDead WWater

474.01 788.72
1262.73kN
8.0 Stress Analysis

In the stress analysis of the column, , direct stress due to weight of vessel and bending stress are
considered. The resultant longitudinal stress and direct stress of cylindrical vessel with water are also
calculated. Coulson & Richardsons CHEMICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME 6 Book was used as reference
for the formula used in this section. (Sinnott 2005)
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8.1 The longitudinal stress and circumferential stress
L=
= 40N/mm2
h=
= 80N/mm2
where,
L= Longitudinal stress, N/ mm2
P=Design Pressure=1.3 N/mm2
= Internal Diameter,mm
= Wall thickness, mm
where,
h= Circumferential stress, N/ mm2
P=Design Pressure=1.3 N/mm2
8.2 The dead weight direct stress
W=
= 7.19N/mm2
where,
w= Direct stress, N/ mm2
Wt=Total Dead weight ,kN
8.3 Bending stress
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Bending stress is calculated by using Equation 7.14.

(
Where
=Bending stress (N/mm2)
=The bending moment (N.m)
=Internal Diameter(mm)
=Bottom Tangent line thickness (mm)
= Second moment of area (mm4)
And Second Moment Area is given by equation (8.3.2)
(
Where
= Second moment of Area, mm4
= Outer Diameter,mm
= 1600+2(13)=1626mm
Therefore
)=
(16264 16004)
= 2.14 1010
Going back to equation (8.3.2) to find the bending stress

B=
+t)
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= Bending Moment,N.m
B= Bending Stress, N/mm2
8.3 The resultant longitudinal stress
compressive therefore is negative

40 7.19 +116 = 148.81 N/mm2
40 7.19 -116 = -83.19 N/mm2
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9.0 Dimensional Pressure Vessel Drawing

9.1 Overall Pressure Vessel Schematic Design
Figure 9. 1 : Schematic diagram of the pressure vessel design
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9.2 Individual Vessel Design
b =400 mm
13 mm
800 mm
Figure 9. 2 : Vessel Head Design (Ellipsoidal Head)
50mm
Figure 9. 3 : Skirt Design
Minimum
required shell
thickness
Minimum thickness
required for branch
tn
dn
r = dn
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Figure 9.4 : Nozzle design
d1
d2=14 mm
Taper 1:6.25 on
diameter
h=32
mmm
d3=110 mm
d4=110mm
K= 130 mm
D=160mm
Figure 9. 5 : Flanges Design
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10.0 Vessel Specification Sheet

The calculated data for thes column design is filled in the data sheet below as shown.(Sinnott 2008)
Vessel Data Sheet

Operating Data
No. REQUIRED
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF
CONTENT
CONTENTS
DIAMETER
LENGTH
DESIGN CODE
MAX. WORKING
PRESS.
DESIGN
PRESSURE
MAX. WORKING
TEMP.
DESIGN
TEMPERATURE
TEST PRESS.
(HYDROSTAT.)
TEST PRESS.
(AIR)
MATERIALS
JOINT FACTOR
CORROSION
ALLOWANCE
THICKNESS
END TYPE
END TYPE
1
1.0
CAPACITY
COMPUTED (yes or no)
Equipment No. (Tag) PV-1

Descript. (Func.) Sieve Plate Column
Sheet No. 1
1
2
3
4
Yes
SHELL
Water
1600 mm
4000 mm
-
JACKET FULL / HALF COIL

-
INTERNAL COIL
-
127 N/mm2
1300 kN/m2
160oC
Stainless Steel 304

1.0 (Fully
Radiographed)
4 mm
13 mm
THICKNESS
20 mm
THICKNESS
20 mm
JOINT
FACTOR
JOINT
FACTOR
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1.0(Fully
Radiographed)
1.0(Fully
Radiographed)
54 | P a g e
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21
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TYPE OF
Stainless Steel
THICKNESS
MATERIAL
Skirt Support
18 mm
SUPPORT
304
WIND LOAD
RADIOGRAPHY
STRESS
100
DESIGN
%
RELIEF
INTERNAL BOLTS
TYPE
NUTS
MATERIAL
EXTERNAL
BOLTS
TYPE
NUTS
M64
MATERIAL
INSULATION
INSULATION FITTING
Mineral wool
(SEP. ORDER)
ATTACHMENT BY
GASKET
INSPECTION BY
SS 304
MATERIAL
PAINTING
WEIGHT
EMPTY
474.01 kN
FULL OF LIQUID
OPERATING
1262.73 kN
INTERNALS &
DATE OF
DATE OF
EXTERNAL
ENQUIRY
ORDER
ORDER No.
DRG NO.
MANUFACTURER
REMARKS AND NOTES: - UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED, ALL FLANGES BOLT HOLES TO BE
OFF-CENTRE OF VESSEL CENTRE LINE N/S AND E/W (NOT RADIALLY)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
H
K
K
R
E
F
NO.
DUTY
NORM
BORE
mm/ins
PIPE WALL
TYPE
CLASS
MA
TER
IAL
THICKNES
S
BRANCH
COMPENSAT
ION
1/111
/15
CHECKED
APPROVED
DATE
26
27
REMARK
S
SERVICE
2
1
5
4
ENGINE
ERING
PROCE
SS
BY
APPROV.
DATE
BY
APPROV
DAT
E
COMPANY
REV
24
25
REV
23
BRANCH
PREPARED
22
ADDRESS
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
55 | P a g e
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EQUIP. NO.
PROJECT NO.
60
61
Appendices
Appendix A: Maximum Allowable Joint Efficiency
Figure A. 1 : Maximum Allowable Joint Efficiency (Sinnott 2008)
Appendix B: Typical Design Stresses for Plates
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Figure B. 1 : Typical Design Stresses for Plate (Sinnott 2008)
Appendix C: Typical Standard Flange Design
Figure C. 1: Typical Standard Flange Design (Sinnott 2008)
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Appendix D: Dimension with Different Bolt Size
Figure D. 1: Dimension with Different Bolt Size (Sinnott 2008)
References
Conrexsteel. DISHED HEAD CALCULATOR. 2012. http://www.conrexsteel.com/calculator.php
(accessed 30 October, 2015).
MyChemE. Types of Vessel Head. 4 March, 2013. http://www.mycheme.com/types-of-vessel-head/
(accessed 29 October, 2015).
veristar. Dished heads subject to pressure on the concave (internal) side. 2004.
http://www1.veristar.com/veristar/bvrules/C_1_s3_3_4.htm (accessed 29 October, 2015).
Ellipsoidal Head Dimensional Characteristics. 2013. Inspection 4 Industry LCC: Pressure Vessel
Heads.(Accessed November 1)
http://www.inspection-for-industry.com/pressure-vessel-heads.html
Density of Stainless Steel.2015. The Engineering ToolBox. 2 November
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/metal-alloys-densities-d_50.html
Sinnott, R.K. 2008. Coulson & Richardsons Chemical Engineering Volume 6: Chemical Engineering
Design, 3rd ed. Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Publications.
58 | P a g e
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Wind Loads. 2014. Civil Engineering X. Accessed 22 October,

http://www.civilengineeringx.com/structural-analysis/structural-steel/wind-loads.
Chuang, K. T., and K. Nandakumar. 2000. Tray Columns: Design.
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Section VIII, Division 1: Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessel, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
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Mechanical Design of Sieve Plate Column

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Group 19

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF SIEVE PLATE COLUMN

ChE 322 - Process Plant Engineering

Bachelor of Engineering (Chemical Engineering)

DATE AND TIME DUE: 4:00pm, Thursday

5th November 2015

Dr. Jibrael Kansedo

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF SIEVE PLATE COLUMN

1.2 Sieve Plate Column Design Specifications .................................................................................. 2

2.0 Column Wall Thickness ..................................................................................................................... 4

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF SIEVE PLATE COLUMN

6.0 Skirt and Base .................................................................................................................................. 24

and the bending moment ...................................................... 41

7.3 Dead Weight and Contents (Vessel full of water) ....................................................................... 42

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF SIEVE PLATE COLUMN

Appendix A: Maximum Allowable Joint Efficiency ............................................................................ 56

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF SIEVE PLATE COLUMN

Table 1.2. 1: Column Specification.......................................................................................................... 2

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF SIEVE PLATE COLUMN

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF SIEVE PLATE COLUMN

1.2 Sieve Plate Column Design Specifications

Table 1.2. 2 : Nozzles Specification

below top of cylindrical section

Table 1.2. 3 : Other sieve plate column specifications

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF SIEVE PLATE COLUMN

Stainless steel, unstabilised (304)

Stainless steel, unstabilised (304)

Carbon Steel, silicon killed

Table 1.3. 1 : Assumption Used

No significant loading from piping and external equipment

Plates and plate supports design is negligible

Material is double welded butt or equivalent and fully radiographed

Assume flanges are standard flanges

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF SIEVE PLATE COLUMN

2.0 Column Wall Thickness

2.3 Required Specifications

Stainless steel, unstabilised (304)

Fully radiographed. Joint factor,

(Appendix B: Figure B.1)

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF SIEVE PLATE COLUMN

Figure 2.3. 1 : Interpolation Range

2.4.2 Minimum Column Wall Thickness

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF SIEVE PLATE COLUMN

With addition of corrosion allowance ,

2.4.3 Mean Thickness of Column Wall

for each section going downwards. The column

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF SIEVE PLATE COLUMN

3.0 Selection and Sizing of Vessel Heads

3.2 Required Specifications

Table 3.2. 1: Specifications for vessel head thickness calculation

Stainless steel, unstabilised (304)

Double-welded butt or equivalent Fully radiographed. Joint

(Appendix A: Figure A.1)

While for torispherical , Knuckle radius,

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF SIEVE PLATE COLUMN

3.3 Comparison Of Heads

This plate is used as a cover for manways and as a channel cover

Formed flat head

This head is known as flange-only ends. At the junction with

Standard torispherical head

This is the most commonly used closure for vessels with

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF SIEVE PLATE COLUMN

of an ellipse but is easier to fabricate. However, above 10 bar

Standard ellipsoidal head