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Article history:
Received 14 October 2008
Received in revised form 6 February 2009
Accepted 10 February 2009
Available online 26 February 2009
Keywords:
Dispersed ows
Multiphase ows
Particle turbulence
a b s t r a c t
Particle/droplet/bubble uctuation and dispersion are important to mixing, heat and mass transfer, combustion and pollutant formation in dispersed multiphase ows, but are insufciently studied before the
90 years of the last century. In this paper, the present author reports his systematic studies within nearly
20 years on two-phase turbulence in dispersed multiphase ows, including particle uctuation in dilute
gas-particle and bubble-liquid ows, particle-wall collision effect, coexistence of particle turbulence and
inter-particle collisions, uid turbulence modulation due to the particle wake effect and validation of the
two-uid RANS modeling using large-eddy simulation.
2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Turbulent dispersed multiphase ows, including gas-particle,
gas-droplet, liquid-particle and bubble-liquid ows, are widely
encountered in power, chemical, metallurgical, aeronautical, astronautical, nuclear and hydraulic engineering. The turbulence of uid
(gas or liquid) itself is already a complex phenomenon. Turbulent
dispersed multiphase ows with co-existing dispersed phase (particles, droplets, bubbles) and continuous phase (gas or liquid) are
much more complex. The particles, droplets or bubbles have their
own strong uctuations leading to their dispersion (diffusion), and
meanwhile the existence of the dispersed phases will cause the
change (modication) of the uid turbulence. There are strong turbulence interactions between the dispersed and continuous
phases. The turbulent uctuation of the dispersed phase will affect
its mixing with the continuous phase, hence has important effect
on the pressure drop, heat and mass transfer between two phases,
collection efciency, ame stabilization, combustion efciency,
pollutant formation, etc. There was less understanding to the
behavior of so-called particle/bubble/droplet turbulence until the
second half of years 80 of the last century. Over a long period the
most popular theory was the HinzeTchens particle-trackinguid theory (Hinze, 1975), according to which the particle turbulent uctuation should be always weaker than the uid turbulent
uctuation, and the larger the particle size, the weaker its turbulent uctuation. In the framework of two-uid models, Elghobashi
et al. (1984) combined the gas k-e turbulence model with an algebraic particle turbulence model (it is called by us a k-eAp model).
Similar approaches have been taken by Melville and Bray (1979),
Chen and Wood (1985), Mostafa and Mongia (1988), etc. All of
* Tel.: +86 10 62782231; fax: +86 10 62781824.
E-mail address: zhoulx@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn.
0301-9322/$ - see front matter 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseow.2009.02.011
these approaches for the particle turbulence are based on the idea
of HinzeTchens particle-tracking-uid theory of particle uctuation. However, it was found by the present author that in some
cases or in some regions of the ow eld, in contrast to the
HinzeTchens theory, the particle uctuation is stronger than
the uid turbulent uctuation, and the larger the particle size,
the stronger its turbulent uctuation. Instead of HinzeTchens
theory, a transport equation theory of particle turbulent kinetic energy was proposed (Zhou and Huang, 1990), according to which
particle turbulent uctuation depends on its own convection, diffusion, production due to mean motion and dissipation/production
due to the effect of uid turbulence, and not only the effect of uid
turbulence, as that predicted by the HinzeTchens theory. Subsequently, Tu (1995) also proposed a transport equation of particle
turbulent kinetic energy, similar to that proposed by Zhou and
Huang with only minor difference in the closure models of some
phase interaction terms.
Later, it was found that the anisotropy of particle turbulence is
even greater than that of uid turbulence. A unied second-order
moment (USM) theory, i.e., a theory of two-phase Reynolds stress
transport equations, was proposed (Zhou et al., 1994; Zhou and
Chen, 2001). On the other hand, a group of investigators, for example, Zaichik (2001), Reeks (1992), Simonin (1996), derived and
closed the particle Reynolds stress equations based on the probability density function (PDF) approach. Due to the limitation of
the length of this paper, in the following text only the two-phase
turbulence models developed by Zhou et al. will be reviewed.
For the effect of wall on particle ow behavior a particle-wall collision theory accounting for the friction, restitution and wall roughness was proposed (Zhang and Zhou, 2005). For dense gas-particle
ows, both large-scale uctuation due to particle turbulence and
small-scale uctuation due to inter-particle collision are taken into
account using a so-called USM-H theory (Yu and Zhou et al., 2005).
1
@q
@
qV j 0
@t @xj
@ qp
@
q V pj 0
@xj p
@t
qp
@
@
@p @ sji
qV j V i
Dqg i
V V i
qV i
@t
@xj
@xi @xj
srp pi
qp
@
@
q V pj V pi qp g i
V V pi
q V pi
@t p
@xj p
srp i
@
@
qV k v i v j Dij Pij Gpij Pij eij
qv i v j
@t
@xk
@
@
Np V pk v pi v pj Dp;ij Pp;ij ep;ij
N p v pi v pj
@t
@xk
2
3
4
5
6
7
101
where, Dij ; Pij ; Pij ; eij are terms having the same meanings as those
well known in single-phase uid Reynolds stress equations. The
new source term for two-phase ows
Gp;ij
X qp
p
srp
v pi v j v pj v i 2v i v j
@
@
v pi v j
v pi v j V k V pk
@t
@xk
@
@
1 h
me mp
v pi v j
q v v qv i v j
@xk
@xk
qsrp p pi pj
i
@V pi
@V j
e
v k v pi
9
q qp v pi v j v pk v j
v pi v j dij
@xk
@xk
k
@
@
@
kp
@kp
N p kp
Pp Np ep 10
N p V pk kp
N p csp v pk v pl
@t
@xk
@xk
ep
@xl
where the last term on the right-hand side of Eq. (9) is closed by
assuming that the dissipation of two-phase velocity correlation is proportional to the dissipation rate of the gas turbulent kinetic energy.
and
ep s1rp v pi v i v pi v pi N1p V i V pi np v pi :
Eqs. (6)(10) constitute the unied second-order moment twophase turbulence model. It is found that the k-ekp model is a
reduced form of the USM model in case of nearly isotropic turbulent gas-particle ows, which consists of the following expressions
and equations
2
@V i @V j
2
@V pi @V pj
kdij mt
; v pi v pj kp dij mp
11
3
3
@xj @xi
@xj
@xi
mp @Np
mp @Np
np v pj
; np v pj
12
rp @xj
rp @xj
@
@
@ le @k
G Gp qe
qV j k
13
qk
@t
@xj
@xj rk @xj
@
@
@ le @ e
e
qV j e
qe
14
ce1 G Gp ce2 qe
@t
@xj
@xj re @xj
k
@Np kp @
@ Np mp @kp
Pp Np ep
Np kp V pk
15
@t
@xk
@xk rp @xk
@
@
kpg V k V pk
kpg
@t
@xk
!
!
2
2
kp @kpg
@
k
1
cs ckp
qp kp qk q qp kpg
@xk
e
ep @xk
qsrp
1
@ v pi
@v i
1
v i v pk
v pi v k
16
kpg
2
@xk
@xk
se
viv j
The physical meanings of the USM and k-ekp models are (1) the
particle turbulent uctuation is determined not only by the local
gas turbulence as that given by the Ap model, but also by its own
102
V pw 0
Fig. 1. Particle number density (after Laslandes and Sacre).
@/p
0
@y w
17
!
1
1
1
V p1
Npb Np1 1
18
1 p p
2
e
3 2kp =3
1 2
V pb V p1 V p1 f 1 a0
19
3
1
2
up upb up1 up1 f3 a0 2 f 2 1 eg
3
1
2
v p1 v p1 1 e3f 2 a0 1 2f 2
3
2
1
2
2
up1 v p1 f 3 a0 2e 3 U p1 U p1 a0 f 2 1 e
3
3
1
2
2
2
2
2
V p1 V p1 3ef a0 1 e 2ef U p1 V p1 a0 f 1 2e
3
3
20
where f, e and a denote the friction coefcient, restitution coefcient and wall roughness, respectively, the capital alphabets U
and V denote time-averaged particle velocities and lower-case
alphabets u and v denote particle uctuation velocities, the subscript b denotes the values at the wall, and the subscript 1 denotes
the values in the near-wall grid nodes. These equations imply that
103
r/R
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
4 0
w p (m/s)
4 0
w p (m/s)
x=25mm
x=3mm
4 0
4 0
w p (m/s)
w p (m/s)
x=52mm
w p (m/s)
w p (m/s)
w p (m/s)
w p (m/s)
1.0
0.8
r/R
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
w p (m/s)
x=3mm
w p(m/s)
x=25mm
w p(m/s)
x=52mm
w p(m/s)
w p(m/s)
w p(m/s)
0.5
w p(m/s)
1.0
0.5
w p(m/s)
1.0
@ ag qgm v gi v gj
@t
@ ag qgm V gk v gi v gj
@xk
21
where Gg;gp;ij b v pi v gj v gi v pj 2v gi v gj
The particle Reynolds stress equation
@ ap qpm v pi v pj
@t
@ ap qpm V pk v pi v pj
@xk
22
where Gp;gp;ij b v pi v gj v pj v gi 2v pi v pj
The equations of dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy for
gas and particle phases:
@ ag qgm eg
@t
@ ag qgm V gk eg
@xk
i
@
kg
@e
e h
g qgm v gk v gl g g ce1 P g Gg;gp ce2 a
g qgm eg
Cg a
@xk
eg
@xl
kg
23
@ ap qpm ep
@t
@ ap qpm V pk ep
@xk
i
@
@e
e h
d kp
24
104
Experiment
USM
0.030
k- kP
Experiment
0.035
DSM-
0.025
USM
0.020
0.015
0.010
USM
k- k P
DSM-
USM
5
4
3
2
0.005
1
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.0
r/R
0.2
0.4
r/R
0.6
0.8
1.0
@ v pi v gj
@ v pi v gj
Dg;p;ij Pg;p;ij Pg;p;ij eg;p;ij
V gk V pk
@t
@xk
T g;p;ij
1.0
Exp.
25
USM-
0.8
USM
k- -kP-
y/H
0.6
0.4
0.2
26
0.0
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
up uin
Fig. 7. Particle horizontal RMS uctuation velocity.
1.0
Exp.
USM-
0.8
USM
k- -kP-
0.6
y/H
3
2
@ ap qpm V pk H
3 4@ ap qpm H
5
@t
@xk
2
@V pk @V pi @V pi
@ 3
@H
lp
ap qpm v pk h CH
@xk 2
@xk
@xi
@xk @xk
2
@V pl
@V pl
2
lp e p P p
np lp
c
3
@xl
@xl
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.00
0.05
vp uin
0.10
0.15
105
for the particle wake effect is proposed. Then, the proposed model is
taken as a sub-model, incorporated into the two-phase ow model,
i.e., the second-order moment two-phase turbulence model and is
used to simulate dilute gas-particle ows. The simulation results
are compared with experimental results and the simulation results
obtained by the two-phase ow model not accounting for the particle wake effect.
A turbulence enhancement model in the gas Reynolds stress
equation based on the single-particle simulation is obtained as
0.15
u/U
0.10
0.05
Gpw c
qp ap V 2rel
srp
27
where
0.00
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
r/R
0.15
Eq. (23) indicates that the turbulence enhancement due to the particle wake effect is proportional to the particle size and the squire of
relative velocity. The gas Reynolds stress equation with the particlesource term accounting for the particle wake effect is:
@ ag qgm v gi v gj
u/U
0.10
@t
0.00
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
r/R
0.15
@xk
28
Fig. 9 gives the RMS gas uctuation velocities with different sizes of
particles in vertical gas-particle pipe ows, measured by Tsuji et al.
(1984). It is found that the results obtained using the model
accounting for the particle wake effect are in much better agreement with the experimental results than those obtained using the
model not accounting for the particle wake effect in predicting
the following phenomena: 1 mm particles only enhance gas turbulence intensity, 0.5 mm particles enhance or attenuate gas turbulence at different locations, and 0.2 mm particles only attenuate
gas turbulence.
6. A two-uid LES of gas-particle ows and validation of the
USM two-phase turbulence model
u/U
0.10
Large-eddy simulation (LES) can give us the instantaneous turbulence structures and its statistical results can be used to validate
the RANS turbulence models. LES is used by us to validate the USM
two-phase turbulence model. The ltered governing equations for
a two-uid LES are given as
0.05
0.00
-1.0
@ ag qgm V gk v gi v gj
0.05
ag qg dp
V~g V~p
;
Re
srp
p
lg
18lg 1 Re2=3
p =6
qp d2p
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
r/R
Fig. 9. Air turbulence intensity ((a) with 0.5 mm particles; (b) with 1 mm particles;
(c) with 0.2 mm particles).
@
@
ak qk
ak qk V kj 0 k g; p
@t
@xj
@
@
ag qg V gi ag qg V gi V gj
@t
@xj
@pg @ sg;sgs;ij @ sg ag qg
v pi v gi
@xj
@xj
@xj
sr
@
@
ap qp V pj V pi
ap qp V pi
@t
@xj
@ ss as qs
@ sp;sgs
V V pi
@xj
sr gi
@xj
29
30
31
ap qp H r ap qs HV s r jp rH cp 3bH
2 @t
33
106
u 2p
0.00
Uin 2.0
0.05
0.10 0.0
0.1
0.2 0.0
0.1
0.2 0.0
0.1
0.2
1.8
1.6
1.4
Y/H
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
X/H=1.0
X/H=3.0
X/H=5.0
X/H=8.0
0.00
U in 2.0
0.03
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.03
0.06 0.00
0.03
0.06
1.8
1.6
1.4
Y/H
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
X/H=1.0
X/H=3.0
X/H=5.0
X/H=8.0
1
3
34
Fig. 10 gives the LES and USM simulated particle RMS uctuation
velocities and their comparison with experimental results for backward-facing step gas-particle ows (Hishida and Maeda, 1991).
Both of these modeling results are in agreement with the experimental results. It implies that the USM two-phase turbulence model
is validated by LES.
Fig. 11 shows the predicted particle axial RMS uctuation velocity using LES and USM for axi-symmetric sudden-expansion gasparticle ows measured by Xu and Zhou (1999). Both modeling
results are in good agreement with experimental results. LES
results are somewhat better than the USM results.
Fig. 12 shows the axial component of gas-particle velocity
correlation. The two models give the same trend in agreement with
107
0.1
0.2
0.3 0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3 0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3 0.0
0.1
0.2
0.8
0.6
r/R
0.4
0.2
0.0
X=3.4 H
X=1.1 H
EXP.
X=14.1 H
X=7 H
LES
USM
0.0
1.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.8
0.6
r/R
0.4
0.2
0.0
X=1.1 H
X=3.4 H
EXP.
X=7 H
LES
X=14.1 H
USM
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