Rama 2

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DharmaOfExile
RamaWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
[ edit ]
KingDasharatha
announcesto
Ayodhyathathe
planstocrown
Rama,hiseldest
child
HanumanmeetsShriRamainForest
Ramaportrayedasexileintheforest,
accompaniedbyhiswifeSitaandbrother
Lakshmana
theYuvaraja(crownprince).Whilethenewsiswelcomedby
everyoneinthekingdom,themindofqueenKaikeyiis
poisonedbyherwickedmaidservant,Manthara.Kaikeyi,who
isinitiallypleasedforRama,ismadetofearforthesafetyandfutureofhersonBharata.Fearingthat
Ramawouldignoreorpossiblyvictimizehisyoungerbrotherforthesakeofpower,Kaikeyidemandsthat
DasharathabanishRamatoaforestexileforfourteenyearsandthatBharatabecrownedinRama'splace.
Shehadbeengrantedtwoboonsbythekingwhenshehadsavedhislifealongtimeagoinbattleandthe
queennowusedthemtoserveherpurpose.Theking'scourtandthepeopleareoutragedatthisturnof
events.DasharathalovedandcherishedRamadearlyandisinpersonalturmoil.Completelyestranged
nowfromhisyoungerwife,heabhorstheprospectofseparationfromRama.ButRamarealizesthatthe
kingmustnotbreakasolemnpromiseatanytime,andneithershouldasondisobeyhisfather's
command.Sitajoinsherhusbandinexiledespitehisdiscouragingherasitisherdutyandoutoflovefor
Ramathatshemustbeathissideatalltimes.HisyoungerbrotherLakshmanaalsoimmediatelydecides
tojoinRamaratherthanremaininginthecity.
Asheleavesforexile,thepeopleofAyodhyaaredeeplysaddenedandangeredatDasharathaand
Kaikeyi.Dasharatha'sheartisbrokenandhecollapsesanddiesduringthenightofthesixthday,unableto
beartheagonyofseparationfromRama.DespitethereasoningofVashisthaandthepleasofhisbrothers,
Ramarefusestoreturn.Althoughhorrifiedatthenewsofhisfather'sdeath,Ramafindsitimpossiblethat
heshouldbreakhisdeadfather'sword.RamadoesnotbearanyangertowardsKaikeyi,believingfirmlyin
thepowerofdestiny.Accordingtotheexplanationoftheclassic,thisexileactuallypresentsRamathe
opportunitytoconfrontRavanaandhisevilempire.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama
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Rama&Sita
[ edit ]
RamaandSitaaretheprotagonistsinoneofthemostfamous
lovestoriesofalltime.Describedasbeingdeeplyinlove,Sita
andRamaaretheologicallyunderstood
asIncarnationsofLakshmiandVishnurespectively.When
Ramaisbanishedfromthekingdom,heattemptstoconvince
Sitanottojoinhiminapotentiallydangerousandcertainly
arduousexistenceinthejungle,butSitarejectsthis.When
Ramaordersherinhiscapacityashusband,Sitarejectsit,
assertingthatitwasanessentialdutyofawifetobeather
husband'ssidecomegoodorill.Ramainturnisassiduously
protectiveandcaringforSitathroughouttheexile.
WhenSitaiskidnappedbyRavana,bothSitaandRama
undergogreatpersonalhardshipsduringtheirseparation.Sita
protectsherchastityassiduously,andsurvivesoverayearin
captivityonthestrengthofherloveandattentiontoreligious
valuesandduty.Sheiscompletelyunfetteredinherresolve
despiteRavana'scourting,cajolingandthreats.Meanwhile,
Rama,notknowingwhohadkidnappedSitaorwherewasshe
taken,oftensuccumbstodespairandtears,denouncing
himselfforfailingtodefendherandagonizingoverhersafety
andpain.SitaknowsthatitisinRama'sdestinytofightto
RamawithSitaonthethrone,their
childrenLavaandKushaontheirlaps.
Behindthethrone,Lakshmana,Bharataand
Shatrughnastand.HanumanbowstoRama
beforethethrone.Vashishtatotheleft
rescueher(sherefusestoberescuedthusbyHanuman,who
discoversher),butisdeeplyanxiousforhissafetyandfearfulofRavana'spower.
The'WeddingofRamaandSita'concernstwoentitiescomingtogethertoformawhole.AnIndian
marriageforgesanalliancenotonlybetweentwopeople,butalsotwofamilies.ThemarriageofSitaand
Ramacreatesanalliancebetweentwopeople,twofamilies,andtwokingdoms:Mithila,homeofSita
andKosala,homeofRama.Furthermore,Rama'smarriagetoSitaonearthparallelsthecelestialunion
ofVishnuandLakshmieachdeitytookbirthonearth,andsowhenRamamarriesSita,heisactually
reunitingwithhisdivineconsortLakshmi,GoddessofGoodFortune,whobringsprosperitytoKosala.Atan
allegoricallevel,theunionofRamaandSitarepresentstherelationshipbetweenGodandthedevotee,
withRamaasthebeloveddivinekingandSitaashisdevotee.Finally,atasocietallevel,thedancedrama
bringstogethernorthandsouthIndiandancetraditions.
AgniPariksha
[ edit ]
LordRamasentamessengertoRavanathatsaid,"CometomeandIwillforgiveyou,"beforeheslays
Ravana.AfterRamaslaysRavanaandwinsthewar,Sitawantstocomebeforehiminthestatewhichover
ayear'simprisonmenthadreducedherto,butRamaarrangesforSitatobebathedandgivenbeautiful
garmentsbeforetheyarereunited.ButevenasSitacomesbeforehimingreatexcitementand
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happiness,thesocietystartsdoubtingSita'spuritysoRamadecidedtoprovethathisSitaisstillpureand
chasteinfrontofthesociety,sohetellsherthatshehastogiveAgnipariksha.Atthissuddenturnof
events,allthevanaras,rakshasas,Sugriva,HanumanandLakshmanaaredeeplyshocked.
SitabegsLakshmanatobuildherapyreuponwhichshecould
endherlife,asshecouldnotlivewithoutRama.Atthispoint,
LakshmanaisangeredatRamaforthefirsttimeinhislife,but
followingRama'snod,hebuildsapyreforSita.Atthegreat
shockandsorrowofthewatchers,Sitasitsintotheflames.But
totheirastonishmentandwonder,sheiscompletely
unharmed.Instead,sheglowsradiantlyfromthecentreofthe
pyre.ButthegodsheadedbyBrahmaandShivaappear,
revealRama'sandSita'strueidentityandrequeststhatRama
takeSitabackassheistrulypure.Ramarepliesthathehad
TheAgnipariksha
neverdoubtedherpurityforasecond,but,thepeopleofthe
worldwouldnothaveacceptedorhonouredherasaqueenor
awomanifshehadnotpassedthisAgniparikshabeforetheeyesofhundreds.Agniwoulddestroythe
impureandsinful,butnottouchthepureandinnocent,irrespectiveofParvati's/Adishakti'scurseonhim.
ThereisaversionofTulsidas'sRamacharitamanasa,whichispopular,whichstatesthatRamahadSita
undertheprotectionofAgniGod.AfterSitawasreleaseditwasnecessarytobringheroutofsecurityof
Agnigod.ThisfindsechointhesthalapuranaofTirupathi.
Anotherversionofthis,usedinRamanandSagar'sRamayan(TVseries),wasthatRamahadknownSita
wasgoingtobeabductedbyRavanaaheadoftime.SoheentrustedhertoAgni,thegodoffire.Ramadid
thissothathe,whoinrealitywasVishnu,couldkillRavana.Sita,inturn,leftbehindashadowortwinlike
versionofherselfbehind.The"shadow"SitahadbeenabductedbyRavana.Therefore,thelilaofAgni
ParikshawastoretrievethegenuineSitafromthetemporarycareofAgniDeva.Ramaexplainsthisto
LakshmanabeforetheParikshaisdone.ThisversionhasalsobeenwrittenintheRamCharitManas.
Sita'sExile
[ edit ]
IntheUttaraKanda,RamabanisheshiswifeSita,evenassheispregnant,askingLakshmanatodeliver
hersafelytotheforest.HedoessoafterreceivingwordthatsomeofhissubjectsinAyodhyabelievedthat
SitawasunfitduetoherlongcaptivityinRavana'scity.Asakingisexpectedtoupholdmoralprinciples,
RamareluctantlybanishedSitainordertoupholdhisduty.SitatookrefugeunderthenoblesageValmiki.
AlegendbyRishiAgastyaintheepicstatesthatVishnuinapreviousagehadbeencursedbyRishiBhrigu,
whosewifehadbeenkilledbyVishnuforshelteringhisenemiesescapingfrombattle.TheRishicondemns
Vishnutobedeniedforalongagethecompanionshipofhissoulmate,justasVishnu,haddeprivedthe
Rishiofhislovingwife.ThusRama,Vishnu'sincarnation,mustlivetherestofhislifewithoutSita.
ManyHindus,suchasthefollowersofSriVaishnavism,considerthisentiresectionoftheRamayanatobe
interpolatedandthustheydonotaccepttheauthenticityofthisstoryclaimingthatSitawasbanished.An
alternatenarrationofRamayanadoesnotstateitso.ItsaysthatSitalaterlivedinherfather'skingdom
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ofMithilawithhersonsLavaandKushaaspertheNorth
Indian(especiallyinUttarPradeshandBihar)customthat
childrenbebroughtupintheirnanihalormaternal
grandmother'splace.SitaandhersonslaterliveinValmiki's
ashramfortheboys'educationandmilitarytraining.Asper
Tulsidas'Ramcharitmanas,boththeprincesgrewextremely
intelligentandstrongunderRishiValmiki'stutelage.
Children
[ edit ]
Mainarticles:Kusha(Ramayana)andLava(Ramayana)
Accordingto
RamafightinghissonsLavaandKusha
LavaandKusha,thesonsofRama.
legend,KushaandLavaarethetwinsonsofLordRamaand
Sita.BornintheforestafterthebanishmentofSitafromAyodhya,thetwinswereeducatedandtrainedin
militaryskillsastheirmothertookrefugeinSageValmiki'sashram,locatedinaforestonthebanks
ofTamsariver.
AsRamaperformedtheAshvamedhaYajna,ahorsestrayedintotheirforest,RamasentHanumanto
retrievethehorses.Rama'ssonsLavaandKushacapturedthehorses.Hanuman,seeingLavaandKusha
recognisedthattheyweretheson'sofRama.Heletthemcapturehimandtiehimup.ThereHanuman
startedmeditatingonthenameRama.WorriedRamasenthisbrotherstolookforthehorses.Astheysaw
Hanumantiedupandtwoboysguardinghim,theythoughtthatthetwoboyhadstolenthehorses.So
Rama'sbrothersstartedattackingLavaandKusha.AlthoughRama'sbrothersshouldhavewon,butLava
andKushadefeatedthemall,knockingthemunconscious.LavaandKushawereprotectedbyHanuman.
ThenRamahimselfwentlookingforthehorsesfearingthatHanumanandhisbrothershadbeenattacked.
Onhiswaythere,RamaintuitivelyknewthatLavaandKushawerehissonsandpurposelysleptonhis
chariottodelaytensionandconfrontationwithhissonsasheknewitwouldbeinappropriateforafatherto
fighthissons.Uponreachingthebattlefield,thesageValmikiinterruptedthepotentialbattlebetween
fatherandsonsbyexplainingtoRamathatLavaandKushawerehissons.Afamilialreuniontookplace.
WhenDeviSitafoundoutthatLavaandKushahaddefeatedAyodhya'sforces,sheproudlyrevealed
their/heridentity.RamadesiredSitaandhissonstolivewithhiminhiskingdombutasthistookplace,the
generalpopulationofthekingdomresentedSitafromreturning.Inresponse,Sitaforsakedherlikeand
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soughtfinalrefugeinthearmsofhermotherBhumidevi,theGoddessMotherEarthandultimately
returnedtoRamaintheformofVishnuinVishnu'sabodeindicatingthatforcedseparationfromher
belovedhusbandisonlylimitedinlifeonearthcomparedtohereternalunionwithherbelovedinlifeafter
death.
LaterLife
[ edit ]
Rama'sreignisknownastheRamaRajyawhichlastedfor
11,000years.Duringthisperiod,peoplewerehealthy,holy,
satisfiedandlivedwithcompletepeaceandharmony.There
wasnoevil,nowars,nonaturalcalamityandnodiseases.
Ramaruledthewholeearthwithoutusingmilitaryforceasall
kingssubmittedthemselvestohim.
HisbrothersBharataandShatrughnasettledintheirlater
lives.Bharata,withthehelpofhisuncleYudhajita,conquered
theeasternlandoftheGandharvasandruledit.Shatrughna
slewtheAsuraLavanaandfoundedthecityofMathura.Rama
acquiredararegemfromRishiAgastyawhichentombedthe
powersofthegodsIndra,Varuna,YamaandKubera,which
helpedthekingruleefficiently.Afterhisreign,Rama,his
brothersandhisalliespeacefullylefttheearthontheriver
Saryuabandoningtheirmortalbodies.ValmikiRamayana
mentionsanabodenamedSantanakainvestedwithall
spiritualqualitiesandlocatedbeyondBrahmaloka,whichwas
attainedbyallfollowersofRama,afterRamaalongwithhis
brothers,enteredintoVaishnavapotency.LavaandKusha
RishiAgastya(FatherofTamilliterature)
Ramaacquiredararegemfromhimwhich
entombedthepowersofthegodsIndra,
Varuna,YamaandKubera
ruledKosalaandcontinuedthesolarrace.
MaryadaPurushottama
[ edit ]
Asaperson,Ramapersonifiesthecharacteristicsofanidealperson(purushottama)[2][3]whoistobe
emulated.Hehadwithinhimallthedesirablevirtuesthatanyindividualwouldseektoaspire,andhefulfils
allhismoralobligations(maryada).Rama'spurityandpietyinhisintentionsandactionsinspiresaffection
anddevotionforhimfromavarietyofcharactersfromdifferentbackgrounds.Forexample,hegaveuphis
rightfulclaimtothethrone,andagreedtogointoexileforfourteenyears,tofulfillthevowthathisfather
hadgiventoKaikeyi,oneofKingDashratha'swives.ThisisinspiteofthefactthatKaikeyi'sson,Bharat,
beggedhimtoreturntoAyodhyaandsaidthathedidnotwanttoruleinplaceofRama.ButRama
consideredhisdharmaasasonabovethatofhisownbirthrightandhislife'sambition.Forsuchsupreme
sacrifices,andmanyotherqualities,Ramaisconsideredamaryadapurushottamaorthebestofupholders
ofDharma,abasicallyhumanbutexemplaryfigure[4]Someofhisidealsareasfollows:1.Atthetimewhen
itwasnormalforkingstohavemorethanonewife,Ramagavetheidealofhavingasinglewife.In
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BalakandaofValmikiRamayanaitiswrittenthatRamaandSitaresidedineachother'sheart.
2.Ramaalwaysfollowedhispromiseatanycost.Infact,hewenttoforesttomakehisfather'spromiseto
Kaikeyitrue.Anotherinstancewaswhen,hehadpromisedtheSpiritofTimethatduringtheirconversation,
ifanyonewastointrude,Ramawouldhavepronounceaninstantdeathsentenceupontheindividual.They
wereintrudeduponbyhisbelovedyoungerbrotherLakshmana,andtokeephispartofthepromise,
pronouncedthedeathsentence.TherearemanyexamplesofRama'spromiseswhichhekept.Most
importantarethepromisetosagestosavetheirlivesfromRakshasas,gettingbackSugreeva'skingdom,
makingVibhishanathekingofLanka.
3.Excellentfriend:Ramahadverytouchingrelationswithhisfriendsirrespectiveoftheirstatus.Someof
hisfriendsareNishadarajaGuha,KingofNishaadas(acastewhoseprofessionwashuntingthebirds),
Sugreeva(theVanaraking)andVibhishanaaRakshasa.
4.Eventowardshisenemies,Ramashowedgreatnobilityandvirtue.Togatherinformationaboutthe
enemyarmy'sstrengthsandweaknesses,Ravanasenttwoofhisspies,SukaandSarana,to
theVanaracamps.DisguisedasVanarastheyblendedintotheenemycamp,butVibhishanasawthrough
theirdeceit.TheduosoughtRama'sprotectionwhenthemonkeywarriorsthrashedthem.Ramagave
themrefuge.Hethenaskedthemwhattheirmissionwasandwhethertheyfulfilledit.Afterlisteningto
them,hesentforaVanaratogivethemapropertourofalltheVanaracampsandgivethemallthe
informationtheydesiredaboutthemajorsoldiersandtheirstrengths.Hethentoldthespiestogivethis
messagetoRavana."Tomorrowmorning,IwilldestroyallofLanka.Keepallsidesofyourpalacewell
defendedandbereadywithallofyourmenbysunrise."ThespiesweregreatlyastonishedwithRama's
charisma,courage,andadherencetothecodesofwar.AfterRamagavethemleave,theyknewthattheir
kingwasboundtoloseagainstthisvirtuousandcourageousman.WhenRavanafirstfoughtwithRama,
RamadefeatedhimtosuchanextentthatRavanalosthischarioteer,horses,chariot,flag,weaponsand
armor.Thoughthesituationwasathisadvantage,RamainsteadpraisedRavanaforagreatfightthatday,
andaskedhimtoretireandtakerest,ashemustbequitetired.Ravanawasgreatlyembarrassedatthis,
buthewasalsogratifiedthatRamasavedhislife,andthisledhimtoconsiderforamomentwhetherto
retreatandgiveSitaback...
Companions
[ edit ]
EvenasRamaistheidealconceptionofmanhood,heisoftenaidedandcomplementedindifferent
situationsbythecharacteristicsbythosewhoaccompanyhim.TheyserveRamadevotedly,atgreat
personalriskandsacrifice.
BharataandLakshmana
[ edit ]
Mainarticles:Bharata(Ramayana)andLakshmana
Seealso:Shatrughna
AbsentwhenRamaisexiled,uponhisreturnBharataisappalledtolearnoftheevents.Andeventhough
Kaikeyihaddoneallthisforhisbenefit,Bharataisangeredatthesuggestionthatheshouldtake
Ayodhya'sthrone.Denouncinghismother,Bharataproclaimstothecitythathewouldgototheforestto
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fetchRamaback,andwould
serveouthistermofexilehimself.
Althoughinitiallyresentfuland
suspicious,thepeopleofAyodhya
hailBharata'sselflessnatureand
courageousact.Despitehis
ferventpleastoreturn,Rama
assertsthathemuststayinthe
foresttokeephisfather'sword.
HeordersBharatatoperformhis
dutyaskingofAyodhya,
especiallyimportantafter
RamaandSitaworshiptheShiva
LingamatRameswaram,ashis
companionsVibhishana(right)
lookson
withLakshamana,TumburuandNarada
withtheVanarSena.
Dasaratha'sdeath,andorders
Ramanathaswamy
Temple,Rameswaram
Shatrughnatosupportandserve
him.Returningsaddenedtothecity,Bharatarefusestowearthe
crownorsitonthethrone.Instead,heplacestheslippersofRama
thathehadtakenbackwithhimonthethrone,andrulesAyodhya
assiduouslykeepingRama'sbeliefsandvaluesinmind.WhenRama
finallyreturns,Bharatarunspersonallytowelcomehimback.
Bharataishailedforhisdevotiontohiselderbrotheranddharma,distinguishedfromLakshmanaasheis
leftonhisownforfourteenyears.Butheunfailinglydeniesselfinterestthroughoutthistime,rulingthe
kingdomonlyinRama'sname.[5]Vasishthaproclaimsthatnoonehadbetterlearntdharmathan
Bharata,[6]andforthispietyheformsanessentialpartoftheconceptionofperfectmanhood,ofthe
SeventhAvataraofVishnu.Shatrughna'sroletoBharataisakintothatofLakshmanatoRama.Believedto
beonequarterofVishnuincarnated,orastheincarnationofhiseternalcompanion,AnantaSesha,
LakshmanaisalwaysatRama'sside.[7]AlthoughunconstrainedbyDasaratha'spromisetoKaikeyi,
LakshmanaresistsRama'sargumentsandaccompanieshimandSitaintotheforest.Duringtheyearsof
exile,LakshmanaconstantlyservesRamaandSitabuildinghuts,standingguardandfindingnewroutes.
WhenSitaiskidnapped,Ramablazeswithhisdivinepowerandinhisimmenserage,expressesthedesire
todestroyallcreation.LakshmanapraysandpleadsforRamatocalmhimself,anddespitetheshockof
themomentandthepromiseoftravailstocome,beginanarduousbutsystematicsearchforSita.During
timeswhenthesearchisprovingfruitlessandRamafearsforSita,andexpressesdespairinhisgriefand
loneliness,Lakshmanaencourageshim,providinghopeandsolace.
WhenRamainhisdespairfearsthatSugrivahasforgottenhispromisetohelphimtraceSita,Lakshmana
goestoKishkindhatoremindthecomplacentmonarchofhispromisetohelp.Lakshmanatwangsthebow
insidethehallquakingtheentirebuildingandthreatenstodestroySugrivaandthemonkeykingdomwith
hisowndivinepower.LakshmanaisunabletotolerateSugrivabreakinghisvowtoRamawhileenjoying
materialandsensualpleasureswhileRamasuffersalone.Itisonlythroughthediplomaticinterventionof
QueenTara,Sugriva'swife,thatLakshmanaispacified.TarathenscoldsandgalvanisesSugrivainto
honoringhispromisetoRama.SugrivaandRamaarethenreconciledwiththehelpofLakshmanaand
Tara.SugrivasendsthemonkeyhoardstofindthelocationofSitaandleadthemonkeyarmyintobattle
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againstthedemonicforcesofRavana.[8]
LakshmanisuniquelyresponsibleforslayingIndrajit,theinvincible
sonofRavanawhohadearlierdefeatedIndraandthedevas,
outwittedtheVanara'sonseveraloccasionsandeventwice
defeatedthebrothers.[9]RishiAgastyalaterpointsoutthatthis
victorywastheturningpointoftheconflict.Ramaisoften
overcomewithemotionanddeepaffectionforLakshmana,
acknowledginghowimportantandcrucialLakshmana'sloveand
supportwasforhim.HealsotrustsLakshmanatocarryoutdifficult
ordersLakshmanawasaskedtotakeSitatotheashramaof
Valmiki,whereshewastospendherexile.Lakshmana'sdeeplove
forRama,hisunconditionalserviceandsacrifice,aswellas
qualitiesofpracticaljudgmentandclearheadednessmakehim
Rama'ssuperiorincertainsituationsandperspectives.Lakshmana
symbolizesaman'sdutytohisfamily,brothersandfriends,and
formsanessentialpartoftheconceptionofidealmanhood,that
Ramaprimarilyembodies.
Jatayu,HanumanandVibheeshana
Rama,SitaandLakshmana.Indian
painting,1875
[ edit ]
Mainarticles:Jatayu(Ramayana),HanumanandVibheeshana
WhenRamaandLakshmanabeginthedesperatesearchtodiscover
whereSitahadbeentaken,aftertraversingadistanceinmany
directions,theycomeacrossthemagicaleagleJatayu,whoisdying.
TheydiscoverfromJatayuthatarakshasawasflyingawaywitha
crying,strugglingSitatowardsthesouth.Jatayuhadflowntothe
rescueofSita,butowingtohisageandtherakshasa'spower,had
beendefeated.Withthis,JatayudiesinRama'sarms.Ramais
overcomewithloveandaffectionforthebirdwhichsacrificeditsown
lifeforSita,andtherageofhisdeathreturnstohimintheclimactic
battlewithRavana.
RavanakidnappingSitawhile
Jatayuonthelefttriedtohelpher.
9thcenturyPrambananbasrelief,
Java,Indonesia
Rama'sonlyalliesinthestruggletofindSitaaretheVanarasof
Kishkindha.FindingaterrifiedSugrivabeinghuntedbyhisown
brother,kingVali,RamapromisestokillValiandfreeSugrivaoftheterrorandtheunjustchargeofplotting
tomurderVali.Thetwosweareverlastingfriendshipoversacredfire.Rama'snaturalpietyand
compassion,hissenseofjusticeandduty,aswellashiscouragedespitegreatpersonalsufferingafter
Sita'skidnappinginspiredevotionfromtheVanarasandSugriva,butespeciallyHanuman,Sugriva's
minister.DevotedtoRama,HanumanexertshimselfgreatlyoverthesearchforSita.Heisthefirstto
discoverthatSitawastakentoLanka,andvolunteerstousehisdivinegiftsinadangerousreconnaissance
ofLanka,whereheistoverifySita'spresence.HanumanhandsRama'sringtoSita,asamarkofRama's
loveandhisimminentintentionofrescuingher.Thoughcaptured,hecandidlydeliversRama'smessageto
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RavanatoimmediatelyreleaseSita,andwhenhistailisburned,hefliesandsetsLankaonfire.When
LakshmanaisstruckdownandneardeathandRamaovercomewithloveandconcernforhisbrother,
HanumanfliestotheHimalayasontheurgentmissiontofetchthesanjeevanimedicinalherbs,bringingthe
entiremountaintoLankasothatnotimeislostinsavingLakshmana.[10]TheVanarasfighttherakshasas,
completelydevotedtoRama'scause.TheyangrilydismissRavana'seffortstocreateinternationaldivisions
withintheirarmywhenhesuggestedthatRamaconsideredthem,monkeys,asmereanimals.Attheend
ofthewar,IndrarestoreslifetothemillionsoffallenVanaras.[11]
Beforetheonsetofwar,rakshasaprinceVibheeshana,Ravana'syoungestbrothercomestojoinRama.
AlthoughheloveshisbrotherandLanka,hefailsinrepeatedeffortstomakeRavanafollowreligious
valuesandreturnSita.VibheeshanabelievesthatRavana'sarroganceandcallousnesswillcausethe
destructionofLanka,whichisagrossviolationofaking'sduty,andthatRavana'sactionshaveonly
propagatedevil.VibheeshanarefusestodefendtheevilofRavana'swaysandinspiredbyRama's
compassionandpiety,leavesLankatojointheVanaraArmy.[12]Hisknowledgeofrakshasawaysand
Ravana'smindhelpRamaandtheVanarasovercomeblackmagicandmysticalweapons.Attheendof
thewar,RamacrownsVibheeshanaasthekingofLanka.Vibheeshana,andtoagreaterextentHanuman,
embodytheperfectdevoteeinthewiderconceptionofperfectmanhood.
Ramainwar
[ edit ]
WhenRamaisthirteenyearsold,heandhisbrotherLakshmanaare
takenbyVishwamitratotheforests,withthepurposeof
killingrakshasaswhoarewreckingthetapasyaandsacrifices
ofbrahmins.Whenaskedtoslaythedemoness,Ramademurs,
consideringitsinfultokillawoman.ButVishwamitraexplainsthatevil
hasnogender.Ramarepliesthat"Myfatheraskedmetofollowyour
orders,Iwillobeythemevenifitisasin".Ramaproceedstoslay
Tadaka,acursedyakshademoness.ThekillingofTadakaliberates
theyakshasoulwhowascursedforasin,andhadtoadopt
arakshasi'sbody.Itrestoresthepurityofthesacrificesofthe
Brahminswholivenearby,andprotectstheanimalswholiveinthe
forest,andtravelers.RamaandLakshmanaaretaughttheadvanced
TheepicstoryofRamayanawas
adoptedbyseveralculturesacross
Asia.ShownhereisaThaihistoric
artworkdepictingthebattlewhich
tookplacebetweenRamaand
Ravana.
militaryartsandgiventheknowledgeofallcelestialweaponsby
Vishwamitra.ThemainpurposeofVishwamitra'sexursionistoconducthisyagnawithoutinterruptionfrom
twoevildemons,MarichaandSubahusonsofTadaka.RamaandLakshmanaguardthesacrifice,and
whenthetwodemonsappear,RamashootsanarrownamedManavaAstrathatcarriesMarichaacross
thelandsandintotheocean,butdoesnotkillhim.RamaandhisbrotherthenproceedtokillSubahuand
accompanyingdemons.RamaexplainstoLakshmanathatleavingMarichaalivewasanactof
compassion,buttheothersdidnotheedthepointandchosetoattack.[13]Duringtheforestexile,sages
pleadforprotectionandhelpagainstevilrakshasaswhospoiltheirsacrificesandreligiousactivitiesand
terrorizethem.Manyrakshasashadevenkilledandeatensagesandinnocentpeople.AtJanasthana,
Ramauseshisexceptionalprowesstosinglehandedlykilloverfourteenthousanddemonhordesledby
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thepowerfulKhara,whoisacousinofRavanaandDushana.
Varuna
[ edit ]
Facedwiththedilemmaofhowto
crosstheocean,Ramaperforms
apenancetapasya,fastingand
meditatinginperfectdhyanafor
threedaysandthreenights
toSamudra,theLordofOceans.
Theoceangoddoesnotrespond,
andRamaonthefourthmorning,
pointedtheBrahmastratowards
theocean.TheVanarasare
dazzledandfearfulatwitnessing
RajaRaviVarmaPainting
'RamaConquersVaruna'
theenragedRamademolishthe
oceans,andLakshmanapraysto
calmRama'smind.JustasRama
invokestheBrahmastra,consideredthemostpowerfulweapon
capableofdestroyingallcreation,Varunaarisesoutoftheoceans.He
RamaSetu(Adam's)bridgeas
seenfromthe
air,Rameshwaram,Tamil
Nadu,India
bowstoRama,andbegsforpardon.SinceRamahadtousethe
weapon,hesuggestsRamaredirecttheweaponatademonicracethatlivesintheheartoftheocean.
Rama'sarrowsdestroysthedemons,andestablishesapurer,liberatedenvironmentthere.Varuna
promisesthathewouldkeeptheoceansstillforallofRama'sarmytopass,andNalaconstructsabridge
(Rama'sBridge)acrosstoLanka.Ramajustifieshisangryassaultontheoceansashefollowedthecorrect
processofpetitioningandworshippingVaruna,butobtainingtheresultbyforceforthegreatergood.[14]
ThebridgetodayisknownasRamaSetu,whichsupposedlyhasitsexistencebetweenIndiaandSri
Lanka,originatesfromRameshwaram,TamilNadu,India.
FacingRavana
[ edit ]
Mainarticle:Ravana
RamaassertedhisdedicationtodharmawhenheofferedRavanaafinalchancetomakepeace,by
immediatelyreturningSitaandapologizing,despitehisheinousactionsandpatronageofevil,butRavana
refused.Inthewar,Ramaslayedthemostpowerfulrakshasacommanders,includingAtikaya,Ravana's
brother,Kumbhakarnaalongwithhundredsofthousandsofrakshasasoldiers.HedefeatedRavanain
theirfirstbattle,destroyinghischariotandweapons,andseverelyinjuringhim,butheallowedRavanato
liveandreturntofightanotherday.Butsincehewasplayingthepartofahumanbeing,Ramaalsoproved
"vulnerable"onoccasiontohisenemies.HewasputtoadeepsleepalongwithLakshmanaby
thenagapashofIndrajit,buttheyrecoveredwhenGaruda,thevehicleofVishnuandenemyofserpents
appear.BeforeIndrajitwaskilled,hetwicedefeatedLakshmanandRamaandinboth
occasionsHanuman'sinterventionsavedthemfromcertaindeath.[15]
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Inthegrandfinaleofthebattle,
RamaengagedRavana,who
throughthedevastationoflosing
hissons,hisbrothersandfriends
andmillionsofhiswarriors,
arousedhismagicalpowersand
madefulluseoftheboonsofSiva
andBrahma,andthemagical
knowledgeofwarfarepossessed
bythegreatestofrakshasas.
RamaandRavanacompeted
fiercely,inflictingsevereinjuries
ononeanotherwithpowerful
weaponscapableofdestroying
Ramalaunchedathisfoea
fearsomeabolt
theuniverse.Afteralongand
Ravana,DemonKingofLanka
arduousbattle,Ramasuccessfully
decapitatedRavana'scentralhead,butanuglyhead,symbolicofallof
Ravana'sevilpowersaroseinitsplace.Afteranotherlongbattle,Ramadecapitateditagain,onlytofind
anothergrowinginitsplace.Thiscyclecontinues,andasdarknessapproached,Ravana'smagicalpowers
increasedinforce.Mathali,Indra'scharioteerwhohadbeensentbyIndraafterbeingcounselledbythe
witnessingRishis,DanavasandDevasseeingthisthentoldRamathatRavanahadobtainedamrita,the
nectarofimmortality,fromthegods.Thoughhecouldnotconsumeit,heneverthelessstoredavesselofit
inhisstomach.Thisamritwascausinghisheadstoregenerateassoonastheywerecutoff.Uponthe
adviceofAgastya,RamaworshipedLordAditya,theSun,withthefamousAdityaHridayamprayerand
theninvokedBrahmastra.RamafiredanarrowintoRavana'schest/stomachandevaporatedthestoreof
amrit,finallykillinghim.howeveritisstatedintheRamayanathatRavanacalledforRamaashewasshot
andasaresult,wasimmediatelydispatchedtoHeaven.[16]FollowingRavana'sdeath,Ramaexpressed
deepcompassion.AfterinvestingVibheeshanaasthenextkingofLanka,heaskedthenewkingandthe
survivingrakshasastoproperlycrematetheirdeadking,despitehispatronageofevil.[17]
RamaRajya
[ edit ]
TheendofthewarcoincideswiththeendofRama'stenureofexile.FlyinghomeonthePushpakaVimana,
RamareturnstoajoyousAyodhya.Hismothers,brothersandthepeoplejoyouslywelcomehim.Thenext
day,RamaisinvestedastheKingofAyodhya,andEmperoroftheWorld.Althoughhefirstasks
Lakshmanatobecometheyuvaraja,upontherejectionofLakshmanaheinveststhepositiontoBharata,
whohashadfourteenyearsofexperienceastherulerofAyodhya.Ramaperformsthe
holyAshwamedhasacrifice,purifyingandestablishingdharmaacrossearth.[18]Ramasbirthdayis
CelebratedasRamaNavami(OnChaitraShuklaNavami,PunarvasuNakshatrafourthPada).Diwaliis
celebratedasafestivaltocommemoratethesuccessfulvictoriousreturnofLordRamaafterkillingofthe
demonRavanatoAyodhyawithSita,Lakshmana,Hanuman,Sugriva,Jambavan,Angadaetc.,which
coincidedwiththeendofhisexileperiod.ThenLordRama'sCoronation(SaamraajyaPattabhisekham)
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ceremonytookplaceonthefollowingdayatthesameMuhurtha
keptforRamasCoronationwhichisgivenbyDasarathaand
VasistabeforeRamas14yearsofExile,Padhuka
Pattabhisekham[happenedbeforeRamacompletinghisexile
time]donebyRamasbrotherBharatha,whenthenAyodhyais
ruledbyhisPadhukaorRamashoestilltheendof14yearsexile
timeperiodofRamareturningAyodhya).LordRama
ruledBharatvarshathroughhisvirtueswhichispopularlyknownas
periodofRamRajyamwhichlastedfor11thousandyears.Ram
RaajyammeanstheembodimentOfDharmaOrDharmahastaken
aformofRamachandrah.[19]
BeyondtheRamayana,theeleventhousandyearsofRama'srule
overtheearthrepresenttomillionsofmodernIndiansatimeand
agewhenGodasamanruledtheworld.Therewasperfectjustice
andfreedom,peaceandprosperity.Therewerenonatural
disasters,diseases,ailmentsorillfortuneofanynatureonany
ThereturnofRama
livingbeing.Therewerenosinscommittedintheworldbyanyof
hispeople.Alwaysattentiveandaccessibletohispeople,Ramais
worshippedandhailedbyalltheverysymbolofmoksha,theultimate
goalanddestinationofalllife,andthebestexampleofperfect
characterandhumanconduct,inspiringhumanbeingsforcountless
succeedingages.
RamalikeotherIndiankingswentundercovereverynighttohearthe
pleasofhissubjectsandhaveacommonman'sperspectiveofhis
rule.DuringRama'stenureasKing,thepeopleapparentlyhadno
locksontheirdoorsastheyfearednoburglariesorothersuch
misfortunes.
Internationalinfluence
[ edit ]
Ramaremainsanimmenselyreveredandinspirationalfigureto
peopleacrosstheIndiansubcontinentandSouthEastAsia,aswellas
increasinglyacrossWesterncivilization,wheretheHinduepicsand
CoronationofRamawithSita
(centeronthethrone),surrounded
byhisbrothersandotherdeities
includingHanuman(bottomleft)
valuesaregainingrecognitionandpopularity.InJainism,Ramais
enumeratedamongthenine"Baladeva".HundredsoftownsandvillagesarenamedafterRama.[20][21]
RamaisagreatherototheadherentsofAgamaHinduDharmaandtotheMuslimswhopracticeAbangan,
asyncreticformofIslamandHinduism,inIndonesia.HeisreveredbythepeoplethroughoutIndochinawho
otherwiseadheretodifferentformsofBuddhism,IslamandHinduism.Hisregalbearingandfighting
prowessisemulatedinvariousIndianmartialartswhichinturninfluencedvariousSoutheastAsianfighting
systemssuchassilat.TheRamaLeelaisperformedacrossSouthEastAsiainnumerouslocallanguages
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andthestoryhasbeenthesubjectofart,architecture,music,folk
danceandsculpture.TheancientcityofAyutthayastandsinThailand,
asthetributeofanancientThaikingdomtothegreatlegend.Many
ancientandmedievalerakingsofIndiaandSouthEastAsiahave
adoptedRamaastheirname.
ReviewerslinkedtheimageryoftheblueskinnedNa'viinJames
Cameron'sfilmAvatartoRamaasoneoftheirpossibleconceptual
prototypes.[22][23][24]
MuslimpoetphilosopherMuhammadIqbalhadpresentedtributeto
Ramathroughapoem.[25][26]
Ramworship
Festivals
[ edit ]
[ edit ]
Mainarticle:RamaNavami
Rama(Yama)andSita(Thida)
inYamaZatdaw,theBurmese
versionoftheRamayana
Seealso:ListofHindufestivals
RamaNavami [ edit ]
Rama'sdayandtimeofbirth,[27]aswellasmarriagetoSitaarecelebratedbyHindusacrosstheworld
asRamaNavami.ItfallsontheninthdayofaHindulunaryear,orChaitraMasaSuklapakshaNavami.This
dayisobservedasthemarriagedayofRamaandSitaaswellasthebirthdayofRama.Peoplenormally
performKalyanotsavam(marriagecelebration)forsmallstatuesofRamaandSitaintheirhousesandat
theendofthedaytheidolsaretakeninaprocessiononthestreets.Thisdayalsomarkstheendofnine
dayFestivalcelebratedinKarnatakaandAndhraPradeshcalledVasanthothsavam(FestivalofSpring),
thatstartswithUgadi.Somehighlightsofthisdayare:
1. Kalyanam(Ceremonialweddingperformedbytemplepriests)
atBhadrachalamonthebanksofthe
riverGodavariinKhammamdistrictofAndhraPradesh.
2. Panakam,asweetdrinkpreparedonthisdaywithjaggeryand
pepper.
3. Processionofidolsintheeveningthatisaccompaniedwithplay
ofwaterandcolours.
4. Fortheoccasion,Hindusaresupposedtofast(orrestrict
themselvestoaspecificdiet).
AHomeshrinewithimagesof
Rama,Sita,LakshmanaandHanuman,
onSriRamaNavami
5. TemplesaredecoratedandreadingsoftheRamayanatake
place.AlongwithRama,peoplealsopraytoSita,LakshmanaandHanuman.
Vijayadashmi [ edit ]
TheoccasionofvictoryoverRavanaandtherakshasasiscelebratedasthe10dayVijayadashami,also
knownasDussehra.TheRamaLeelaispubliclyperformedinmanyvillages,townsandcitiesinNorthern
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1/29/2016
IndiaandalsoinplaceswherethereisalargepopulationofNorth
Indians.HindusalsocelebrateVijayadashmiasthedayofvictoryof
theGoddessDurgaovertheRakshasMahishasur.
Diwali [ edit ]
InsomepartsofIndia,Rama'sreturntoAyodhyaandhiscoronationis
themainreasonforcelebratingDiwali,alsoknownastheFestivalof
Lights.InMalaysia,DiwaliisknownasHariDeepavali,andis
celebratedduringtheseventhmonthoftheHindusolarcalendar.Itis
Vijayadashamicelebrations
afederalpublicholiday.Inmanyrespectsitresemblesthetraditions
followedintheIndiansubcontinent.InNepal,DiwaliisknownasTiharandcelebratedduringthe
October/Novemberperiod.
InGuyana,Diwaliismarkedasaspecialoccasionandcelebratedwith
alotoffanfare.Itisobservedasanationalholidayinthispartofthe
worldandsomeministersoftheGovernmentalsotakepartinthe
celebrationspublicly.JustlikeVijayadashmi,Diwaliiscelebratedby
differentcommunitiesacrossIndiatocommemoratedifferenteventsin
additiontoRama'sreturntoAyodhya.Forexample,many
communitiescelebrateonedayofDiwalitocelebratetheVictoryof
KrishnaoverthedemonNarakasur.
Temples
[ edit ]
TemplesdedicatedtoRamaarefoundalloverIndiaandinplaces
whereIndianmigrantcommunitieshaveresided.Inmosttemples,the
standingidolofRamaisaccompaniedbythatofhiswifeSitaand
DeitiesinsidetheKalaram
Temple,Nashik
brotherLaxman.Insomeinstances,themonkeyGod,Hanumansitsat
thefeetofRamaorissituatedfacingtheRamafamilyatadistanceorattheentranceofthetemple.
ImportantRamatemplesinclude:
RamJanmabhoomi,Ayodhya
KalaramTemple,Nashik
RaghunathTemple,Jammu
RamMandir,Bhubaneswar,Odisha
KodandaramaTemple,Chikmagalur
KothandaramaTemple,Thillaivilagam
KothandaramaswamyTemple,Rameswaram
OdogaonRaghunathTemple,Odisha
RamchauraMandir,Bihar
SriRamaTemple,Ramapuram
BhadrachalamTemple,Telangana(PreviouslyAndhrapradesh)
Ram,Sita,Lakshman,
Hanuman,atVallipuramTemple,
SriLanka
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ShreeRamaTemple,Triprayar,Kerala
InJainism
[ edit ]
Mainarticles:RamainJainismandSalakapurusa
Rama,LakshmanaandRavanaformsoneofthenineset
ofBaladeva,VasudevaandPrativasudevawhosestoriesformsabasisofJainuniversal
history.[28][29]RamaisdescribedasapiouslaymaninJainscriptures.Jainscripturestellsdifferentversion
ofRamayanathanValmiki'sversion.Accordingtothisversion,Lakshmana(Vasudeva)istheonewhokills
Ravana(Prativasudeva).Rama(Baladeva)isdescribedasanonviolentpersonwhoattainsmoksha.
LakshmanaandRavana,ontheotherhand,goestohellonaccountoftheirviolence&willattainmokshain
theirnextbirth.Ravanwilltakebirthastirthankaraofnextera.
PortrayalsofRamainmassmedia
[ edit ]
Smite,amultiplayeronlinebattlearenavideogame,Ramaisahunter.[30]
RamahasbeenbeenportrayedbyseveralactorsintelevisionadaptationsoftheRamayana:
Year
TVseries
Channel
Country
1987
Ramayan
DDNational
India
2006
Raavan
ZeeTV
India
2008
Ramayan(2008TVseries)
2012
Ramayan(2012TVseries)
2015
SankatmochanMahabali
Present
Hanuman
2015
SiyaKeRam
Seealso
NDTV
Playedby
ArunGovil
ChiragRuiaandDiwakar
Pundir
India
GurmeetChoudhary
ZeeTV
India
GaganMalik
SonyTV
India
GaganMalik
StarPlus
India
AshishSharma
Imagine
[ edit ]
GenealogyofRama
Namasankeerthanam
RamNam
Ramayana
Notes
[ edit ]
1. ^SachchidanandSahai(2011)."LocalisationofIndianInfluencesasReflectedintheLaotianVersionsofthe
Ramayana".InPierreYvesManguin,A.Mani,GeoffWade.EarlyInteractionsBetweenSouthandSoutheast
Asia .InstituteofSoutheastAsianStudies.p.457.ISBN9789814311168.
15/17
1/29/2016
2. ^Hess,L.(2001)."RejectingSita:IndianResponsestotheIdealMan'sCruelTreatmentofHisIdeal
Wife" .JournaloftheAmericanAcademyofReligion67(1):1
32.doi:10.1093/jaarel/67.1.1 .PMID21994992 .Retrieved20080412.
3. ^http://www.ayodhya.com/ayotemplet.jsp?sno=25
4. ^GavinFlood(20080417).THEBLACKWELLCOMPANIONTOHINDUISM .ISBN9788126516292.
5. ^R.Menon,TheRamayana,pp.132
8. ^TheRamayana.R.K.Narayan.VisionBooks.1987.Chapter7.
9. ^GoldmanRobertP(1996).TheRamayanaofValmiki .PrincetonUniversityPress.ISBN9780691066622.
15. ^B.AvanNootenWilliam(2000).Ramayana .UniversityofCaliforniaPress.ISBN9780520227033.
16. ^RajeevPersaud
19. ^http://veda.wikidot.com/rama
20. ^"UnifyingForceofHinduism:TheHarekrsnaMovement",ByHaripadaAdhikary,P.177.
21. ^"SymbolsofIndia",p.226
22. ^Wadhwani,Sita(24December2009)."ThereligiousbackdroptoJamesCameron's'Avatar' " .CNNMumbai.
CableNewsNetworkTurnerBroadcastingSystem,Inc.Retrieved18January2010.
23. ^French,ZenaidaB.(1March2010)."TwoCritiques:AvatarvisvisCinemaParadiso" .TheNewsToday.
Retrieved5March2010.
24. ^Hunt,Tam(16January2010)."Avatar,blueskinandthegroundofbeing" .NoozHawk.
Retrieved5March2010.
25. ^RafiqZakaria(2004).IndianMuslims:WhereHaveTheyGoneWrong?.PopularPrakashan.p.48.
26. ^Iqbal(16January2010)."(BangeDra111)Raam" .
27. ^ZeeNews."LordRamasdateofbirthscientificallycalculated" .Retrieved27August2012.
28. ^Jacobi,Herman(2005).Vimalsuri'sPaumachariyam(2nded.).Ahemdabad:PrakritTextSociety.
29. ^Iyengar,KodaganallurRamaswamiSrinivasa(2005).AsianVariationsInRamayana .Sahitya
Akademi.ISBN9788126018093.
30. ^"Rama,SeventhAvatarofVishnu" .hirezstudios.com.
References
[ edit ]
Agarwal,M.L.(1August2006).TranscendentalVisionofSriRam .IndraPublishinghouse.ISBN9788189107
086.
Aggarwal,DeviDayal(1January1998).ProtocolinSriRamcharitmanas .KaveriBooks.ISBN9788174790194.
Bhalla,PremP.(1January2009).TheStoryOfSriRam .PeacockBooks.ISBN9788124801918.
Chander,B.K.Jagdish(1983).Eternaldramaofsouls,matter,andGod .PrajapatiBramaKumarisIshwariya
VishwaVidyalaya.
Das,Krishna(15February2010).ChantsofaLifetime:SearchingforaHeartofGold .HayHouse,Inc.ISBN978
1401927714.
Flood,Gavin(17April2008).TheBlackwellCompaniontoHinduism .WileyIndiaPvt.Limited.ISBN97881265
16292.
Garg,GagRm(1992).EncyclopaediaoftheHinduWorld .ConceptPublishingCompany.ISBN978817022
3740.
Gold,AnnGrodzins(1990).FruitfulJourneys:TheWaysofRajasthaniPilgrims .UniversityofCalifornia
Press.ISBN9780520069596.
Gupta,MadanGopal(1September1993).Indianmysticism:RigvedatoRadhasoamifaith .M.G.Publishers.
Gupta,Nimesh(2003).SriRamCharitManas .DiamondPocketBooks(P)Ltd.ISBN9788171820719.
Hertel,BradleyR.Humes,CynthiaAnn(1993).LivingBanaras:HinduReligioninCulturalContext .SUNY
Press.ISBN9780791413319.
IslamKotob.SriRamCharitManasHindiTextwithEnglishTranslation .IslamKotob.GGKEY:UKKC5HNS9ZH.
Kachru,BrajB.(1981).Kashmiriliterature .Harrassowitz.ISBN9783447021296.
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Miller,KevinChristopher(2008).ACommunityofSentiment:IndoFijianMusicandIdentityDiscourseinFijiandIts
Diaspora .ProQuest.ISBN9780549724049.
Morrbpu(1987).MangalRamayan .PrachinSanskritiMandir.
Poddar,HanumanPrasad(2001).Balkand .94(inAvadhiandHindi).Gorakhpur,India:GitaPress.ISBN81293
04066.
Lutgendorf,Philip(1January1991).TheLifeofaText:PerformingtheRmcaritmnasofTulsidas .Universityof
CaliforniaPress.ISBN9780520066908.
Naidu,S.ShankarRaju(1971).AComparativeStudyofKambaRamayanamandTulasiRamayan .Universityof
Madras.
Paliwal,B.B.(1December2005).MessageofthePurans .DiamondPocketBooks(P)Ltd.ISBN97881288
11746.
Pattanaik,Devdutt(5August2009).TheBookofRam .PenguinBooksIndia.ISBN9780143065289.
Platvoet,Jan.G.Toorn,KarelVanDer(1995).PluralismandIdentity:StudiesinRitualBehaviour .
BRILL.ISBN9004103732.
Poonja,H.W.L.(1January2000).TheTruthIs .WeiserBooks.ISBN9781578631759.
Prakash,Ved(2008).SaintVedaVyasa'stheShivaPurana .DreamlandPublications.ISBN9788184510423.
Ramdas,Swami(1January1998).ServantofGod:SayingsofaSelfrealisedSageSwamiRamdas .Motilal
BanarsidassPubl.ISBN9788120813281.
Schomer,KarineMcLeod,W.H.(1January1987).TheSants:StudiesinaDevotionalTraditionofIndia .Motilal
BanarsidassPubl.ISBN9788120802773.
Sharma,Shiv(2003).BrillianceofHinduism .DiamondPocketBooks(P)Ltd.ISBN9788128800825.
Sinha,DharmendraMohan(1January1998).RamayanaAndModernity .SterlingPublishersPrivate
Limited.ISBN9788120721074.
Stasik,DanutaTrynkowska,Anna(1January2006).IndiewWarszawie:tomupamitniajcy50leciepowojennej
historiiindologiinaUniwersytecieWarszawskim(2003/2004) .DomWydawniczyElipsa.ISBN9788371517211.
Varma,Ram(1April2010).Ramayana:BeforeHeWasGod .Rupa&Company.ISBN9788129116161.
Vishwananda,SriSwami(7February2012).JustLove3:TheEssenceofEverything .BoDBookson
Demand.ISBN9783940381224.
Vishwananda,SriSwami(14April2011).JustLove:TheEssenceofEverything .BoDBookson
Demand.ISBN9783940381194.
Furtherreading
[ edit ]
Ramayana,translatedinEnglishby Griffith,fromProjectGutenberg
Vyas,R.T.(ed.)VlmkiRmyaa,TextasConstitutedinitsCriticalEdition,OrientalInstitute,
Vadodara,1992.
Valmiki,Ramayana,GitaPress,Gorakhpur,India.
RameshMenon,TheRamayana:AModernRetellingoftheGreatIndianEpicISBN0865476608
F.S.Growse,TheRamayanaofTulsidas
DevaduttPattanaik,IndianMythology:Tales,SymbolsandRitualsfromtheHeartofthe
SubcontinentISBN0892818700
JonahBlank,ArrowoftheBlueSkinnedGod:RetracingtheRamayanaThroughIndiaISBN08021
37334
Valmiki'sRamayanaillustratedwithIndianminiaturesfromthe16thtothe19thcentury ,Dianede
SelliersPublisher,2011,ISBN9782903656768
Kambar,"KambaRamayanam"
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