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Chapter 3

SYNTAX
Definition: syntax or subject verb agreement means that a verb in a
sentence becomes singular/plural according to the noun/pronoun
which is considered as the main subject.
Rules and usage patterns:
1st Rule: Conjunction and
E.g.:
1. The poet and the writer are doing their level best to make this play
worth seeing.
2. The poet and writer is dead.
3. Horse and carriage is waiting outside.
4. tea and sugar is my favourite drink.
5. bread and butter is my favourite breakfast.
6. rice and curry is what I like in lunch.
7. time and tide waits for none.
8. two and two make four, said the teacher.
9. two and two equals to four, said the teacher.
2nd Rule: subjects joined with these conjunctions (as well as, with,
together with, along with, and not, no less than, in addition to) take 1st
subject as the main subject to the verb.
E.g.: he as well as his friends is responsible.
3rd Rule: subjects joined with either + or neither + nor, not only + but
also take the 2nd subject as the main subject for the verb.
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E.g.: either he or his brothers are busy in some work.

4th Rule: phrases like many a + singular nouns take a singular verb
while a good many/a great many take a plural noun and therefore a
plural verb.
E.g.: a good many people are injured in the police firing.
5th Rule: these phrases take plural nouns and plural verbs:
One third of/ two thirds of/ some of/ many of/ all of + plural
COUNTABLE nouns + PLURAL VERBS.
Either of/ neither of/ each of/ the number of + plural nouns + singular
verbs.
E.g.: one third of the books are torn.

Exercises
Q1. Many an idea comes to me the moment I start working.
Q2. Neither john nor his friends are ready to accept his mistake.
Q3. A great many person are eagerly waiting to watch their leader
perform in the election.
Q4. A number of books is available in the market regarding current
issues.
Q5. The number of instructions you gave me were worth following.
Q6. The police as well as the public is waiting for the leader to start the
speech.
Q7. The king with all his ministers were killed in the rebellion.
Q8. Not only the parents but also the children were facing this problem
of miscommunication.
Q9. The president and the vice president has taken this decision after
consulting the defence minister.
Q10. Either of the two candidates deserve the post.
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Answers
Ans 1: Idea should replace ideas here.
Ans 2: No error.
Ans 3: people should replace person here.
Ans 4: are should replace is here.
Ans 5: was should replace were here.
Ans 6: are should replace is here.
Ans 7: was should replace were here.
Ans 8: No error.
Ans 9: have should replace has here.
Ans 10: deserves should replace deserve here.
Vocabulary Help: Bank Pattern.AT A GLANCEJUST READ.
Q) In each of the following questions, find the pair of two words
which are the same or opposite in meaning.
(1) (A) Livewire

(B) Plight

(C) Subdued

(D) Diligence

(1) A-B

(2) B-D

(3) A-C

(4) B-C (5) D-A

(2) (A) Weaken

(B) Nourishment (C) Sustainable (D) Bolster

(1) B-C

(2) A-D

(3) B-D

(3) (A) Feasibility (B) Possible

(1) A-B

(2) B-D

(4) A-B (5) C-D

(C) Vulnerable (D) Survival

(3) C-D

(4) A-D (5) A-C

(4) (A) Burgeon (B) Trivial (C) Sprout (D) Ailing

(1) A-C

(2) B-D

(3) B-C

(4) A-D (5) B-A

5) (A) Flourish (B) Dwindle (C) Rage (D) Caprice

(1) B-D

(2) A-B

(3) A-C (4) B-C

(5) C-D
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6) (A) Reluctant (B) Fiasco (C) Fierce (D) Debacle

(1) A-D

(2) B-C (3) D-A (4) B-D

(5) C-A

ANSWERS
(1) 3 (Pair of opposite words)

(2) 2 (Pair of opposite words)

(3) 1 (Pair of same words)

(4) 1 (Pair of same words)

(5) 2 (Pair of opposite words)

(6) 4 (pair of same words)

Chapter 5

VERBS(I)
Meaning and types
(Based on usage)
Definition: A word that defines a happening or a state.

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Types
Transitive verbs

Transitive verbs

Play/help/call/introduce/enjoy ect..

Sleep/shout/listen/hear
is/am/are/was/were
ect..

Helping verbs

Main verbs

Is/am/are/was/were/do/
does/did/will/shall/can/have/has/had

Help/play/go/do/sleep
/kill/tell/

Could ect..

Introduce/work etc..

Modal verbs

Be forms

Can/could/shall/should/will/would/m
ay/might/ought/need/dare/must..

Is/am/are/was/were/b
e/ have/has/had

Gerunds

infinitives

Working/sleeping/exercising/cycling/
swimming..

To work/to sleep/to
exercise/to cycle/to
swim..

Present participals

Past participals

He is working in his office/they are

helping others

It is a calculated risk/he
has done his work

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Verbs forms & Tenses (II)

Is/am/are + object/ verb 1st form = present indefinite.
Eg: he is a nice person; he helps me a lot; the sun rises in
the east.
Was/were + object/ verb 2nd form = past indefinite.
Eg: he was a nice person; he wrote an essay yesterday.
Is/am/are + verb1st form + ing = present continuous.
Eg: he is working in his office.
Was/were + verb1st form + ing = past continuous.
Eg: they were rnjoying the fruits of success.
Have/has + verb 3rd form = present perfect.
Eg: they have done their work on time.
Had + verb 3rd form = past perfect.
Eg: the train had left before I came.

Will/shall + verb 1st form = future indefinite.

Eg: I will/shall help you; they will/shall complete
their work on time.
Will/shall + be + verb 1st form + ing = future
continuous.
Eg: I will/shall be helping Ram with money.
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Will/shall + have + verb 3rd form = future perfect.

Eg: he will/shall have done his job.
Will/shall + have + been + verb 1st form + ing = future
continuous.
Eg: I will/shall have been preparing for the exam.
Have/has/ + been + verb 1st form + ing = present perfect
continuous.
Eg: I have been working for the company since the year
2008.
Had + been + verb 1st form + ing = past perfect
continuous.
Eg: he had been working on this project for the last 10
years.

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Tense

Rules and Applications

Present Indefinite Habitual actions and universal

facts
Present
Continuous

Ongoing process/work; going

on right now

Present Perfect

Work just
happened/completed

Present Perfect
Continuous

From past till now

Past Indefinite

Past happenings with time

Past Continuous

Past continuation activities

Past Perfect

Past activities with at least two

sentences

Past perfect
continuous

Past activity that no longer

exists.

Future Indefinite

Any activity of future

Future Perfect

Future confirmation of an
activity

Future Perfect
continuous

Future activity with

continuation and stability.

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Rules And Applications

Exercises
Q1. Every day, he came to office by bus.
Q2. Until he will come to my house on time, I wont be able
to help him.
Q3. If he will tell me the problem, I will not give him any
further trouble.
Q4. Unless they will leave the job, I am not going to help
the board members.
Q5. I am waiting for my office cab for the last thirty
minutes.
Q6. He said that he can not find his bag.
Q7. I have completed my work at ten am in the morning.
Q8. A number of people help you whenever you will help
them in return.
Q9. Today is a holiday, and we all have been relaxing in the
garden.
Q10. I have just completed my post-graduation this year.
Answers
Ans 1: comes should replace same here.
Ans 2: comes should replace will come here.
Ans 3: Tells should replace will tell
Ans 4: leave should replace will leave here.
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Ans 5: have been should replace am here.

Ans 6: could should replace can here.
Ans 7: Completed should replace have completed here.
Ans 8: help should replace will help here.
Ans 9: are should replace have been here.
Ans 10: just completed should replace have just
completed here.

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