Std VIII FA 4 GRAMMAR REVISION

VOICE FORMATION
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Active Voice 1st form of verb eg: writes
Passive Voice is/am/are + 3rd form of verb eg: are/is written
1. He writes an essay.
1. An essay is written by him.
2. Children do not fly kites.
Kites are not flown by children.
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
ACTIVE VOICE 2ND FORM OF VERB EG: ENJOYED
PASSIVE VOICE was/were + third form of verb
1. They enjoyed the magic show.
The magic show was enjoyed by them
2. They threw stones at dogs.
Stones were thrown at dogs by them.
3. Rahim did not take a photograph.
A photograph was not taken by him.
SIMPLE FUTURE SENTENSE
ACTIVE VOICE: Shall/will + 3rd form of verb
PASSIVE VOICE : shall be/ will be + 3rd form of verb
1. I shall read a book.
A book will be read by me.
2. We shall grow apples.
Apples will be grown by us.
Present Continuous Tense
ACTIVE VOICE IS/AM/ARE + ING FORM OF VERB
Eg am writing, are writing , is writing
PASSIVE VOICE is/ am/are + 3rd form of verb
Eg is being written
1. I am writing a letter.
A letter is being written by me.
2. The boys are flying kites
Kites are been flown by me.
3. He is not watching T.V.
T.V. is not being watched by him.
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
ACTIVE VOICE : was/ were + Ing form of verb
Eg: was sowing, were sowing
PASSIVE VOICE : was/ were + being + 3rd form of verb
Eg: was being sown, were being sown
1. She was serving tea.
Tea was being served by her.
2. The carpenter was making the table.
Table was being made by the carpenter.
3. She was not plucking flowers.

Flowers were not being plucked by her.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE: Verbs in the future continuous tense cannot be
expressed in future voice.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
ACTIVE VOICE: has/ have + 3rd form of verb
Eg has done, have done
PASSIVE VOICE : HAS/ HAVE + BEEN + 3RD FORM OF VERB
Has been done, have been done
1. I have done my duty.
My duty has been done by me.
2. You have done your homework.
Your homework has been done by you.
PAST PERFECT TENSE
ACTIVE VOICE: had + 3rd form of verb
Eg: had seen
PASSIVE VOICE: had been seen
1. I had already seen that movie.
That movie had already been seen by me.
2. You will have played the cricket match by then.
The cricket match will have been played by you by then.
3. I shall not have left the place.
The place will not have been left by me.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
ACTIVE VOICE: shall/will + have + 3rd form of verb
Eg: will have played, shall have read
PASSIVE VOICE: SHALL/WILL + HAVE BEEN + 3RD FORM OF VERB
EG: WILL HAVE BEEN PLAYED, SHALL HAVE BEEN PLAYED
1. I shall have read the book by that time.
The book will have been read by me by that time.
2.You will have played the cricket match.
The cricket match will have been played by you.
3. I shall not have left the place.
The place will not have been left by me.
ACTIVE PASSIVE REVISION

CHANGE THE VOICE [ACTIVE TO PASSIVE]

1. We do not sell readymade garments at this shop.
Readymade garments are not sold at this shop.
2. The principal has announced a revised programme of terminal tests.
A revised programme of terminal tests has been announced. [by the principal]
3. They will build a flyover at this site.
A flyover will be built at this site.
4. People often say that it pays to be honest.
It is often said that it pays to be honest.
5. You can avoid many serious accidents with a little care.
Many serious accidents can be avoided with a little care.
6. This magazine contains much useful information.

Much useful information is contained in this magazine.

7. By 5 p.m., the guide had shown us all the places of historical interest.
We had been shown all the places of interest by 5 p.m.[ by the guide.
8. A senior student of her school gives her judo lesson.
She is given judo lesson by a senior student of her school.
Judo lesson is given to her by a senior student of her school.
9. We expect our students to behave properly.
Our students are expected to behave properly. [by us]
10. Somebody rings a bell every half an hour.
A bell is rung every half an hour [by somebody]
11. The peon rang the bell at exact eleven.
The bell was rung at exact eleven [by the peon]
12. Somebody will post the invitation cards today.
The invitation cards will be posted by today [by somebody]
13. Somebody is tapping our phone.
Our phone is being tapped [by somebody]
14. The gardener was pulling down the trees.
The trees were being pulled down by the gardener.
15. The workers have called off the strike. The strike has been called off by the
strikers.
16. Somebody had already informed the police.
The police had already been informed [by somebody]
17. The civic authorities will have demolished these houses by the end of the month.
These houses will have been demolished by the civic authorities by the end of the
18. I want you to leave me alone.
I want to be left alone.
19. People say that he is 100 years old.
It is said that he is 100 years old.
He is said to be 100 years old.
20. You will have heard this news already.
This news will have been heard by you already.

PASSIVE TO ACTIVE
1. Rotten eggs and tomatoes were thrown at the speaker.
The audience threw rotten eggs and tomatoes at the speaker.
2. Her sweet voice will never be heard again in this hall.
We will never hear her sweet voice again in this hall.
3. Superstitions are still believed in.
People still believe in superstitions.
4. These instructions can be easily understood.
We can easily understand these instructions.
5. The account had already been checked by me.
I had already checked the account.
6. Living conditions are being gradually improved.
We are gradually improving the living conditions.
7. It is said that honesty pays in the long run.
People often say that honesty often pays in the long run.

8. The latecomers should not be permitted into the examination hall.

They should not permit the latecomers in the examination hall.
9. A ballet is being staged by our drama society.
A ballet is being staged by our drama society.
10. Our team was being cheered by all of us.
All of us were cheering our team.
11. A number of books have been produced for children.
We have produced a number of books for children.
12. The votes will have been counted before night.
They will have counted the votes before night.

MORE SENTENCES
Rewrite in passive form.
1. Security checks the identity cards at the entrance of all government offices
Identity cards are checked at the entrance gates of all government offices by
security
2. The army rescued the victims of the air crash in Mangalore.
The victims of the air crash in Mangalore were rescued by the army.
3. We hold seminars in this room.
Seminars are held in this room by us.
4. Students were eating lunch in the canteen.
Lunch was being eaten by the students in the canteen.
5. The teacher has distributed the circulars to the students.
The circulars have been distributed to the students by the teacher.
6. The earthquake did not damage the building.
The building was not damaged by the earthquake.
7. The Bharadwaj Group took over the construction of national highway.
The construction of national highway was taken over by the Bharadwaj Group.
8. My sister has designed a beautiful evening gown for me.
A beautiful evening gown has been designed for me by my sister.
9. The police has arrested two terrorists.
Two terrorists have been arrested by the terrorists.
10. Tushar handed over the files to his senior officer.
The files were handed over by Tushar to his senior officer.
11. My sister gifted me several dresses on my birthday.
Several dresses were gifted to me by my sister on my birthday.
12. They had made the payment.
The payment was made by them.
13. He would have read the book.
The book would have been read by him.
14. The magistrate will look into the matter.
The matter will be looked into by the magistrate.
15. We listened to the lecture attentively.
The lecture was listened to attentively by us.
16. A stone stuck him on the head.
He was stuck on the head by a stone.
17. I cannot agree to your proposal.

Your proposal cannot be agreed to by me.

18. In winter people burn a great deal of coal.
A great deal of coal is burnt by people in winter.
19. They are serving tea to the guests.
Tea is being served to the guests by them.
20. No one has opened the chest for the last hundred years.
The chest has not been opened for hundred years by anyone.
21. People speak English all over the world.
English is spoken all over the world by people.
22. People tell many amusing stories about Birbal.
Many amusing stories about Birbal are told by people.
23. No one has ever achieved greatness without effort.
Greatness has never been achieved by anyone without effort.
24. People always admire a courageous person.
A courageous person is always admired by people.
Are these verbs in the active or passive voice, and what tense are they in? Write active or
passive in the middle column and the correct tense name in the right-hand column.
VERB
VOICE
TENSE
1. has opened
active
present perfect
2. are playing
active
present continuous
3. had written
active
past perfect
4. played
active
simple past
5. is being thrown
passive
present continuous
6. was chasing
active
past continuous
7. had signed
active
past perfect
8. were impressed
passive
simple past
9. will be
passive
simple future
10. had been swept
passive
past perfect
11. are serving
active
present continuous
12. have been read
passive
present perfect
13. is spoken
active
simple present
14. was listened
passive
simple past
15. was taken
passive
simple past
16. is being staged
passive
present continuous
17. will have counted
active
future perfect
18. are improving
active
present continuous
19. can be understood
active
20. were thrown
passive
past perfect
21. will have been heard
passive
future perfect
22. will have been written
passive
future perfect
23. were making
active
past continuous
24. was given
passive
simple past
25. had been seen
passive
past perfect

Direct into indirect speech

RULE.1. IF THE REPORTING VERB IS IN THE PRESENT OR FUTURE TENSE , THE TENSE
OF THE VERB IN THE REPORTED SPEECH REMAINS UNCHANGED.

Mona says, Indu will meet me on Monday.

Mona says that Indu will meet me on Monday.
2 The teacher says, Dinner is not ready.
The teacher says that dinner is ready.
3 Mona will say, I like our colour television.
Mona will say that she likes her colour television.
4 Shakti says, His father is not at home.
Shakti says that his father is not at home.
RULE.2. IF THE REPORTING VERB IS IN THE PAST TENSE, THE TENSES OF THE
VERB IN THE REPORTED SPEECH ARE CHANGD INTO CORRESPONDING PAST
TENSES.
a. The Simple Present Tense is changed into the Simple Past.[is into was, go into went]
1. Anil said, Sunil goes for a walk daily.
Anil said that Sunil went for a walk daily.
2. Suresh said, Rama works efficiently.
Suresh said that Rama worked efficiently.
b. The Present Continuous is changed into Past Continuous. [is/am/are doing into was/were
doing]
1. He said, Rani is singing a nice song.
He said that Rani was singing a nice song.
2. Ranjan said, The beggars are begging in the street.
Ranjan said that the beggars were singing in the street.
Perfect.
c. The Present Perfect is changed into Past Perfect]
[has/have done into had done]
1 Alok said, The train has arrived at the platform.
Alok said that the train had arrived at the platform.
2 She said, I have passed the examination.
She said that she had passed the examination.
d. The Present Perfect Continuous is changed into Past Perfect Cintinuous.
[has/have been doing into had been doing]
1 She said, Malini has been waiting for a long time.
She said that Malini had been waiting for a long time.
2 Mohan said, I have been working since morning.
Mohan said that he had been working since morning.
e. Simple past is changed into the Past Perfect.
[did into had done]
1 Mohini said, Malati worked hard this year.
Mohini said that Malati had worked hard this year.
2 Nalini said, Ragini waited for her.
Nalini said that Ragini had waited for her.
f. The Past Continuous is changed into Past Perfect Continuous
[was/were doing into had been doing]
1 Radha said, It was raining heavily.
Radha said that it had been raining heavily.
2 The inspector said, The police was trying hard to catch the thief.
The inspector said that the police had been trying hard to catch the thief.
g. The Past Perfect is left unchanged.
1. Ashish said, Rohan had already gone to school.
Ashish said that Rohan had already gone to school.
2.He said, I had done my homework.

He said that he had done his homework.

h. All Present Tenses of the Direct Speech are changed into their corresponding Past forms
in the Indirect.
Is, am
becomes
was
Are
becomes
were
Has, have becomes
had
Can
becomes
could
Shall
becomes
should
Will
becomes
would
Would, should, might, could, ought to, used to doesnot change.
Must
becomes
had to
RULE.3.{EXCEPTION TO RULE.2.]
IF THE REPORTED SPEECH CONTAINS SOME UNIVERSAL TRUTH OR A
HABITUAL FACT, THE SIMPLE PRESENT IN THE REPORTED SPEECH IS NOT
CHANGED INTO CORRESPONDING SIMPLE PAST, BUT REMAINS UNCHANGED.]
1 THE OLD BEGGAR SAID POVERTY IS A GREAT CURSE.
The old beggar said that poverty is a great curse.
2 She said, She is an early riser.
She said that she is an early riser.
RULE.4. SAY AND TELL
WE SAY SOMETHING BUT WE TELL SOMEBODY.
SOMETIMES REPORTING VERB SAID IS CHANGED INTO TOLD. WE DO SO
WHEN THE PERSON TO WHOM THE WORDS ARE SPOKEN IS MENTIONED.
1 He said to me, I am not feeling well.
He told me that he was not feeling well.
2 The teacher said to Deepak, You are a good boy.
The teacher told Deepak that he was a good boy.
RULE.5.
1. CHANGING PERSONAL PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVES.
1 I said, My teachers are very helpful to me.
I said that my teachers are very helpful to me.
2 You said, My teachers are very helpful to me.
You said that your teachers very helpful to you.
3 He said that, My teachers are very helpful to me.
He said that his teachers were very useful to him.
2.Changing you, your yours [second person]
1. Mili said to me, Your friends have praised you.
Mili told me that my friends had praised her.
2.Mili said to her, Your friends have praised me.
Mili told her that her friends had praised her.
He, his, him, hers, it, its, they, their, them, theirs {THIRD PERSON} remain unchanged.
1 The teacher said, Students must bring their admission cards with them.
The teacher said that students had to bring their admission cards with them.
RULE.6. CHANGE OF ADVERBS OR WORDS DENOTING TIME AND PLACE.
Direct speech
Indirect Speech
This, these
that, those
Here,hither
there, thither
Now
then
Ago
before
Hence
thence

Come
go [not always]
Today
that day or the same day
Tomorrow
the next day or the following day
Yesterday
the day before,the previous day
Last night
the night before, the previous night
Last week/year
the previous week, yeat
Next week/year
the following week/year
1 Shekar said, I am busy now.
Shekar said that he was busy then.
2 He said I have seen this beggar before.
He said that he had seen that beggar before.
3 He said I intend to go to Delhi tonight.
He said that he intended to go to Delhi that night.
4 I said These mangoes are very sweet.
I said that those mangoes were very sweet.
5 The Food Minister said, We tried to control the prices of food grains last year.
The Food Minister said that they had tried to control the prices of the food grains the
previous year.
If the Reporting Verb is in the Present or Future Tense, no change is usually done in the
Adverbs of Time or Place.
1 He says, My wife shall now come.
He says that his wife shall now come.
DIRECT----------INDIRECT
STATEMENTS
1 She said, My father is writing letters.
She said that her father was writing letters.
2

They said, We have done our duty.

They said that they had done their duty.

They said, We shall play the match.

They said that they should [would] play the match.

Ashok said, Raman will play match.

Ashok said that Raman would play the match.

Bali said, I drink coffee after every meal.

Bali said that he drinks coffee after every meal.

He said, Rain fell last night.

He said that rain had fallen the previous night.

Ali said to the beggar, I know you very well.

Ali told the beggar that he knew him very well.

Rama said to the girl, I know you and your brother.

Rama told the girl that he knew her and her brother.

I said to the boys, You should do your duty.

I told the boys that they should do their duty.

10 The teacher said, The sun rises in the east.

The teacher said that the sun rises in the east.
11 He said, I went to the cinema yesterday.
He said that he had gone to the cinema the previous day.
12 He said, I shall be glad to be here tomorrow.
He said that he would be glad to be there the next day.
13 They said, We are busy now but we shall have more time next week.
They said that they were busy then but they would have more time the next [following]
week.
14 He said, Last night I met a fool.
He said that he had met a fool the previous night.
15 He said, I met this man two days ago.
He said that he had met that man two days before.
16 You said to me, I do not think I can oblige you again this way.
You told me that you did not think you could oblige me again that way.
17 He said, The rain that fell last night prevented me from coming to this place.
He said that the rain that had fallen the previous night had prevented him from coming to
that place.
18 He said to me, I have never seen such a lazy boy as you are.
He told me that he had never seen such a lazy boy as I was.
19 I said to her, All your faults will be pardoned if you confess them.
I told her that all her faults would be pardoned if she confessed them.
20 He said to me, You have made a great mistake in your statement.
He said that I had made a great mistake in my statement.
COMMANDS AND REQUESTS
1.He said to me, Give me your pencil.
He asked me to give him my pencil.
2.He said to the students, Do not make a noise
He forbade the students to make a noise.
3. I said to the teacher, Please explain that question to me.
I requested the teacher to explain that question to me.
4. He said to the servant, Leave my house at once.
He ordered the servants to leave his house at once.
5.The teacher said to the students, Work hard and be regular in your studies.
The teacher advised the students to work hard and be regular in their studies.
6. The beggar said to the gentleman. Help me to get some suitable employment.

The beggar entreated the gentleman to help him get some suitable employment.
7.The rebel said to the king, Pardon my fault, Sir.
The rebel begged the king to pardon his fault.
8. Shoot the prisoner, said the tyrant.
The tyrant commanded them to shoot the prisoners.
9. She said to us, Let me have some music.
She proposed (or suggested) to us that we must have some music.
10. He said, Let me have some tea.
He wished that he might have some tea.
11. Peter said to his friends, Let me do my work, please.
Peter requested his friends that he might be allowed to do his work.
12. The captain said to his men, Stand at ease.
The captain commanded his men to stand at ease.
13 He said to us, let us return home.
He proposed to us that we should return home.
14. Honour your father and mother, and do what they say, said he to his disciples.
He entreated his disciples to honour their father and mother and do what they asked.
15. He said, Let us go for a walk today.
He proposed that we go for a walk that day.
16. Come quickly, he shouted, and help me.
He implored them to come quickly and help him.
17. The teacher said to the students, Do not read such novels.
The teacher forbade the students to read such novels.
18.He said, Please listen to my words and act upon them.
He urged them to listen to his words and act upon them.
19. He said to the king, Please forgive me.
He begged the king to forgive him.
20. The policeman said to the man, Open the bag and show me what it contains.
The policeman ordered the man to open the bag and show him what it contained.