Beruflich Dokumente
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Advanced
Test 4 Particle Physics
Date: 18 January 2016
Time: 1 hour 30 minutes
RAW MARK
PERCENTAGE
LETTER GRADE
11
23
12
34
23
11 is
(Total 1 mark)
2. Which of the following is not a valid conclusion from Rutherfords alpha scattering
experiment?
A
4. The Large Hadron Collider is designed to accelerate protons to very high energies for particle
physics experiments.
Very high energies are required to
A
annihilate hadrons
collide hadrons
5. A proton enters a particle accelerator. As it emerges from the accelerator its mass is measured
to be 3.8 1029 kg.
It can be concluded that the proton
A
is travelling in a circle
6. A student suggests that two colliding protons could undergo the interaction
p + p p + n + Which of the following statements is true?
A
The interaction is not possible because the number of particles is not conserved.
The resulting particles must have a very high value of kinetic energy.
(Total 1 mark)
1.5 r
3r
6r
(Total 1 mark)
A
C 3.3 10-8
10
D 1.0 107
(Total 1 mark)
(Total 1 mark)
10. Data at the back of the examination paper can be used with the formula E = c2 m to
calculate
10.
The diagram shows the path of an electron in a bubble chamber.
A the amount of energy in a proton.
B the mass of coal that produces 6 MJ of energy when burnt.
C the energy produced when an electron and a positron annihilate.
D the energy produced0when two protons collide.
t
(Total 1 mark)
(Total 1 mark)
11. The figure shows the path of an electron and a positron in a uniform magnetic field.
(a) State the feature of the paths that shows that the electron has different sign of charge from a
positron.
(1)
(b) State the feature of the paths that shows that the electron and the positron have the same
magnitudes of momentum.
(1)
(c) Calculate the force on the positron as it moves through the uniform magnetic field with a
speed of 1.7 x 107 m/s.
(2)
Magnetic field strength = 0.45 T
Force = N
(Total for Question 11 = 4 marks)
12.
Rutherford carried out experiments in order to determine the structure of atoms.
Alpha particles, with energy of 5 MeV, were directed at thin metal foils.
Describe how these alpha-scattering experiments provided evidence for the existence and
properties of the nucleus.
(5)
(b) State and explain in the proportion of alpha particles which bounce back when the following
changes are made to the experiment.
(2)
(ii) The original gold foil is irradiated with alpha particles of higher energy than 5 MeV.
(2)
13. A low-energy particle collides elastically with a stationary particle of the same mass.
The particle enters from the left of the photograph.
(1)
(b) Sketch a labelled vector diagram to show how the momentum of the initial moving
particle relates to the momenta of the two particles after the collision.
(2)
(c) Use your answers to (a) and (b) to confirm that the angle between the subsequent paths
of both particles must be 90.
(2)
(d) (i) Explain the process by which a proton is given energy in a particle accelerator.
(3)
The diagram shows a collision between a high-energy proton (track from the left) and a stationary
proton in a particle accelerator experiment.
(ii) Explain why the angle between the two paths is not 90.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(e) Deduce the direction of the magnetic field in this particle accelerator experiment.
Circle the correct direction from those given below.
(1)
14. Bubble chambers can be used to observe the tracks of charged particles through magnetic
fields. As charged particles pass through the liquid they cause ionisation which triggers the
formation of bubbles, recording the tracks of the particles. The photograph below shows the
spiral track of an electron in a bubble chamber.
(1)
(b) Explain why the track is curved, and why it has a spiral shape.
(3)
10
(b) The diagram below shows a second set of tracks, produced by an event which occurs at
point X.
11
15.
In 1964 the following reaction was observed for the first time. The K particles are kaons (a
type of meson) and X was a new particle.
K + p K0 + K+ + X
Use conservation laws to deduce the nature of particle X in order to underline the correct
words in the sentence below. Show all your working.
Particle X is a meson/baryon/lepton with a charge of 1 / 0 / +1
(4)
(b) Add the quark content of the proton and the K+ to the table.
Particle
Quark content
Su
P
K0
Ds
K+
(2)
(Total for Question 15 = 6 marks)
12
16.
High energy particles used to investigate the structure of matter are produced in
particle accelerators. The diagram shows the main features of a linear accelerator.
(ii) Explain why it is necessary for the tubes to increase in length along the linac.
(1)
(iii) Explain why the electrons travel with constant velocity whilst in the cylinders.
(2)
13
(b) The Antiproton Decelerator at CERN slows down very high energy antiprotons to produce
anti-atoms such as anti-hydrogen.
The diagram is a representation of a hydrogen atom and an anti-hydrogen atom.
(i) Use the boxes in the diagram to identify the particles in the anti-hydrogen atom.
(1)
(ii) State one difference and one similarity between the hydrogen and anti-hydrogen atom
(2)
Difference:
Similarity:
(iii) State what would happen if a hydrogen atom collided with an anti-hydrogen atom.
(1)
(iv) Explain why it is difficult to store anti-hydrogen atoms compared with anti-protons.
(2)
14
(c) In the early 1960s Murray Gell-Mann proposed a quark model that consisted of three
quarks. The table gives some of the properties of these quarks.
Charge
Up (u)
+2/3
Down (d)
-1/3
Strange (s)
-1/3
80
Quark
15
17.
(a) Explain the purpose of the magnetic and electric field in a cyclotron.
(5)
16
Where e is the electronic charge, B is the uniform magnetic flux density within the cyclotron and
m is the mass of the proton.
(3)
(ii) An alternating potential difference is placed across the two dees to increase the energy of the
protons. Explain why the potential difference is used is alternating.
(2)
(iii) Initially, whilst the proton speeds are low, the frequency at which the potential difference
has to alternate is constant. Explain how the frequency must change as the protons gain more and
more energy.
(2)
17
(c) Explain why the energy of the proton cannot be increased indefinitely.
(2)
18
g = 9.81 m s2
k = 1.38 1023 J K1
k = 1/40
= 8.99 109 N m2 C2
e = 1.60 1019 C
me = 9.11 1031 kg
1 eV = 1.60 1019 J
G = 6.67 1011 N m2 kg2
g = 9.81 N kg1
0 = 8.85 1012 F m1
h = 6.63 1034 J s
mp = 1.67 1027 kg
c = 3.00 108 m s1
= 5.67 108 W m2 K4
u = 1.66 1027 kg
Unit 1
Mechanics
Kinematic equations of motion
v = u + at
s = ut + at2
v2 = u2 + 2as
Forces
F = ma
g = F/m
W = mg
W = Fs
Ek = mv2
E grav = mgh
Materials
Stokes law
F = 6 rv
Hookes law
F = kx
Density
= m/V
Pressure
p = F/A
Young modulus
E = / where
Stress = F/A
Strain = x/x
Eel = Fx
Unit 2
Waves
Wave speed
Refractive index
v = f
= sin i/sin r = v /v
1 2
Electricity
Potential difference
V = W/Q
Resistance
R = V/I
P = VI
P = I 2R
P = V 2/R
W = VIt
% efficiency =
% efficiency =
Resistivity
R = l/A
Current
I = Q/t
I = nqvA
Resistors in series
R = R 1 + R 2 + R3
Resistors in parallel
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
R R1 R2 R3
Quantum physics
Photon model
E = hf
Einsteins photoelectric
equation
hf = o/ + mv 2max
100
Unit 4
Mechanics
Momentum
p = mv
Kinetic energy of a
non-relativistic particle
Ek = p2/2m
Motion in a circle
Fields
Coulombs law
v = r
T = 2[i</
F = ma = mv2/r
a = v2/r
a = r2
Electric field
E = F/Q
E = kQ/r2
E = V/d
Capacitance
C = Q/V
W = QV
Capacitor discharge
Q = Q 0et/RC
In a magnetic field
F = BIl sin
F = Bqv sin
r = p/BQ
= d(No/ )/dt
Particle physics
Mass-energy
E = c2 m
de Broglie wavelength
= h/p
Mark scheme
Question
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Answer
Mark
C
A
B
C
D
A
B
A
C
C
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Question
Number
11.(a)
11. (b)
11. (c)
Answer
Mark
Question
Number
12. (a)
Answer
Mark
Question
Number
14. (a)
14. (b)
14. (c) (i)
Answer
Mark
anticlockwise (1)
force perpendicular v (1)
force perpendicular B (1)
electron loses energy or v (1)
Any two from:
photon leaves no track (1)
opposite/different directions of curvatures/spiral [NOT opposite directions without
reference to curve/spiral] (1)
similar/same curvatures/radii/shape (1)
no evidence of any other particles/two tracks only (1)
[Symmetrical scores once under bullet point 2 or 3]
Naming two laws e.g. charge and momentum (1)
Plus any one from:
Q: O = (+1) + (1) (1)
p: p= pe- + pe+ (1)
energy of photon = mass + energy of electron and positron (1)
Question
Number
16. (a) (i)
Answer
Mark
Answer
Mark
top terminal positive and bottom terminal negative (accept labels added to tubes C +
and B ) (1)
electron is repelled from B and attracted to C (1)
Or (electric) field acts from C to B (1)
Or electron is repelled from and attracted to + if the labels have been added to the
tubes (1)
electron needs to be in each tube for the same time
no electric field inside cylinders (1)
so no force (on electrons) (1)
Top box: anti-electron or positron (1)
Bottom box: anti-proton (1)
opposite nuclear charge or similar (1)
same mass (1)
annihilation (1)
atoms are not charged (1)
magnetic / electric fields have no effect (1)
2/3 charge of an electron (1)
positive charge or opposite charge to electron (1)
4MeV/c2 (1)
+1/3 (e) (1)
4x106 x 1.6x10-19 (1)
divide by (3x188)2 (1)
7.1x10-30kg (1)
18
Question
Number
17. (a)
Answer
Mark
Electric fields:
electric field provides force on the charge/proton (1)
gives energy to /work done / E = qV/ accelerate protons (1)
Magnetic fields:
force on moving charge/proton (1)
produces circular path/centripetal force (1)
labelled diagram showing Dees with E field indicated across gap OR B field max 3
through Dees (1)
E field is reversed/alternates (1)
p=mv or r = mv/Be (1)
v = 2r/T or v = r or = Be/m (1)
Use of f = 1/T or /2 (1)
(protons) accelerated / given energy, in the gaps / between Ds/from one D to the other (1)
every half rotation/semicircle later (polarity of Ds) needs a change (1)
relativistic effect / v approaching c/mass increases (1)
so f decreases (1)
protons spiral outwards and hit edge (1)
B=field not strong enough/would need to increase to maintain circular motion (1)
OR
mass increases due to relativistic effects (1)
and f needs to change (1)
mass/energy as v c (1)
14