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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 3, No 1, 2012
Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.0
Research article
ISSN 0976 4402
Monitoring the contamination in the Gobind Ballabh Pant Sagar,

Rihand, U.P. India
Sharma Pankaj1, Kachhal Prabhakar1, Beena Ananad1, Vyas Sameer1,
Manorama Kaushal2, Mahure N.V1, Murari Ratnam1
1- Central Soil and Materials Research Station, Olof Palme Marg, Hauz Khas, New Delhi,
India.
2- Department of Environmental Engineering, Singhania University, Rajasthan, India
pan2256@gmail.com
doi:10.6088/ijes.2012030131047
ABSTRACT
Gobind Ballabh Pant Sagar was created in 1962 on the river Rihand. The Dam is located in
the state of Uttar Pradesh (24129N 83029E 24.2025N 83.00806E). It was
commissioned for the purposes like irrigation, flood control, fishery and wild life conservation
etc. along with electricity generation. Availability of coal mines in the vicinity of the reservoir
resulted into raising of many thermal power plants of different capacity. Apart from this
abundance of electricity encouraged the establishment of various chemical industries around
it. All these thermal power plants, coal mines and chemical industries use the reservoir water
for various industrial purposes like cooling and discharging effluents. These operations
contaminate the hydro-environment to some extent raising some concerns. For the purpose of
monitoring the degree of pollution caused by ever growing industries, a long term detailed
investigation program was initiated. The studies aim at establishing the degree of chemical
pollution of reservoir water which will have multifold impacts on both biotic as well as
abiotic components. The studies clearly indicate that further deterioration in the quality of the
reservoir water has been arrested since monitoring of the quality of reservoir water was
initiated. Constant monitoring of degree of pollution in the reservoir water has achieved in
evoking a general mass awareness and control on the industries and TPPs to refrain from
dumping the untreated effluents directly in the reservoir. This paper presents the details of the
observations carried out in different seasons during August 2007 to October 2009.
Keywords: Chemical effluents, pH, conductivity, suspended matter, fly ash, pollution.
1. Introduction
Gobind Ballabh Pant Sagar (GBS), also known as Rihand reservoir was created in 1962 on
the river Rihand, a tributary to Sone, which in turn joins the Ganga on its right flank. The
river originates from the hills of Madhya Pradesh, draining a catchment of 13 344 km2.
Rihand Dam on it is located in the state of Uttar Pradesh (24129N 83029E 24.2025N
83.00806E). The reservoir has a capacity of 10 625 million m3 at the FRL of 268 m above
MSL and a surface area of 46538 ha, which shrinks to 13759 ha at the dead storage (mean
30149 ha). It has a maximum length of 48 km and the mean depth at FRL is 22.8 m. Annual
rate of inflow is estimated at 6 301 million m3.During Seventies, huge quantity of good
quality coal was found at very shallow depths around and close to Rihand reservoir. Large
quantities of readily available reservoir water and the abundant availability of coal from
nearby open cast mines led to the installation of a number of thermal power plants (TPP) of
Received on January 2012 Published on July 2012
487
Monitoring the contamination in the Gobind Ballabh Pant Sagar, Rihand, U.P. India
which five coal-fired thermal power plants, TPP A, TPP B, TPP C, TPP D and TPP E around
it (Figure 1) have been selected for carrying out observations. Availability of electric power
and other natural resources in the vicinity has encouraged the establishment of chemical
industries (CHI) of which one at the north end of the reservoir which predominantly
manufactures caustic soda, liquid chlorine and hydrochloric acid (Figure 1) is selected for
observations. All the TPPs and CHI use water from reservoir for cooling and other purposes.
Apart from this these industries has also been discharging their run off in the reservoir. The
fly ash discharged by TPP ash ponds may abnormally increase the percentage of suspended
solids in the reservoir waters. The heated water discharged from TPPs in the reservoir may
increase the temperature of reservoir by 8 to 10C from average reservoir water. The
discharge from CHI add pollutants which change the chemical composition of reservoir
water[2]. These operations may be contaminating the hydro-environment thus raising some
concern. For the purpose of monitoring the degree of pollution caused by ever growing
industries, a long term detailed investigation program was initiated. The studies aim at
establishing the degree of chemical pollution of reservoir water which may have multifold
impacts on both biotic as well as abiotic components.
Figure 1: Location of TPPs, CHI and Sampling Points around Rihand Reservoir
1.1 Objectives of project
The multipurpose project had following main objectives:
To develop an adequate progressive model for farming and industrialization in the east
and the south-east UP .
The electricity generated form it was to be used mainly in fifteen districts of the eastern
and the south-eastern UP to run the tube-wells for irrigation of unirrigated agricultural
land.
Through this project the aim was to provide the irrigation facility to approximately 16 lac
acres in U.P. and 5 lac acres in Bihar every year.
Supply of electricity for the industries of cement, aluminum, chemical, fertilizers,
chemical , porcline, paper, and other materialistic industries in U.P
Effective flood control
Development of fishery and wild life conservation.
Sharma Pankaj et al
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 3 No.1, 2012
488
1.2 Anticipated problems

Some of the problems likely to be encountered in the project are
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Decrease in the water holding capacity of reservoir.

Damage to concrete hydraulic structures.
Increase in average temperature of the reservoir water by 8 to 10 C
Change in pH of reservoir water over a long period of time.
Decrease in aquatic life
1.3 Focus of investigation

Continuous monitoring of the quality of water has been carried out for assessing degree and
rate of contamination. Following important aspects were taken into consideration during
investigation
1. Quality of the water of incoming river
2. Quality of water in the reservoir at dam site
3. Quality of water in the immediate vicinity of the confluence of ash slurry from
various TPPs and effluent from CHI with the reservoir water .
4. Quality of the ash slurry/chemical effluent water
5. Identifying the number of Ash slurry samples from TPPs going into the reservoir
(TPPAS), Effluent samples from CHI going into the reservoir (ECHI) and Reservoir
water from various locations (RW) conforming/not conforming to Central Pollution
Control Board of India (CPCB) standard for emission or discharge of environmental
pollutants, in a ash pond and ISI standards for potable water (Table 1).
Suspended solid contents and pH value of the various ash slurry and chemical effluent
samples of thermal power plants and chemical factory for pollution studies was carried out
apart from determining other chemical parameters.
2. Materials and Methods
In all twenty sampling locations (Figure 1) were selected for collection of TPPAS, ECHI and
RW samples. The sampling locations are detailed in table 1.
Table 1: Details of sampling locations
Sample No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Location
TPP-A Ash Slurry Pond
TPP-B Ash Slurry Pond
TPP-C Slurry Pond
TPP-D Ash Slurry Pond
TPP-E Ash Slurry Pond
CHI Chemicals Effluent
RW from Dam site
SampleNo.
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Location
RW Near TPP-A
RW Near TPP-B
RW Near TPP-C
RW Near TPP-D
Rihand River- Main Bridge
RW Near TPP-E
RW Near CHI
During the period from August 2007 to October 2009 in all 70 samples were collected. The
samples were analyzed as per analytical procedure laid down in IS 3025-1986[6]. Wherever
Sharma Pankaj et al
489
necessary, reference was also made to the procedure laid down by American Public Health
Association and Water Pollution Control Federation, USA[7].
2.1 Field Investigations
The in situ parameters viz. pH, Conductivity, Temperature, CaCO3 Saturated pH, NH4+ and
S2- of water samples collected from various locations were determined immediately after
collection of each sample.
2.2 Laboratory Investigations
Detailed laboratory chemical analysis was carried out on water samples collected from
various locations. Chloride, Sulphate, Bicarbonate, Carbonate, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium,
Potassium, Copper, Zinc, Manganese, Lead, Chromium and Iron content is determined using
state of the Art equipments like Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, microprocessor
based flame photometer, UV Visible Spectrophotometer etc. In addition, amount of
suspended solids was also determined using gravimetric method.
3. Observations
3.1 Temperature
The observed insitu temperature for the TPPAs, ECHI and RW samples collected during
different seasons is presented in Figure 2.
40
TEMPERATUREoC
36
32
28
24
20
0
1
2
3
4
5
TPP SAMPLING LOCATIONS
(Ref rer Fig. 1)
Aug. 2007
Mar-08
Oct-08
May-09
Oct. 2009
36
40
TEMPERATUREoC
TEMPERATUREoC
40
35.1
31.9
32
29.3 28.8
26.9
28
24
36
32
28
24
20
6
20
Aug. Mar. Oct. May. Oct.
07
08
08
09
09
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
RW SAMPLING LOCATIONS
(Ref er Fig. 1)
Aug. 07
May-09
CHI EFFLUENT
Mar-08
Oct. 09
Oct-08
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 2: Insitu temperature of samples from various locations
3.2 pH values
pH values of the different types of samples is presented in Figure 3.
9
8.5
8.9
8.28
8.5
8.5
8.31
8
7
6.5
pH
7.5
pH
pH
8.73
7.5
7.1
1
2
3
4
5
6
(Refer Fig 1)
Aug-07
May-09
Mar-08
Oct-09
(a)
Oct-08
7
6.5
7.5
6.5
6
Aug.
07
Mar. Oct. May.

08
08
09
CHI EFFLUENT
Oct.
09
10 11 12 13 14 15
(Ref er Fig. 1)
Aug. 07
Mar. 08
Oct. 08
May. 09
Oct. 09
(b)
Figure 3: pH of samples from various locations
(c)
Sharma Pankaj et al
490
3.3 Conductivity values

The conductivity value for TPPAS, ECHI and RW samples is presented in Fig 4.
500
5000 4660
400
4000
300
3000
200
300
250
3300
150
1612
2000
100
200
2830
1152
1000
100
50
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
(Refer Fig 1)
Aug-07
Mar-08
Oct-08
May-09
Oct-09
(a)
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
(Refer Fig. 1)

07
08
08
09
09
Aug. 07
May. 09
CHI EFFLUENT
Mar. 08
Oct. 09
Oct. 08
(b)
(c)
Figure 4: Conductivity of samples from various locations
3.4 Suspended solids

The observations are presented in Fig. 5.
1200
250
4000
201.9
1000
200
3000
2000
150
1000
100
50
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
(Ref er Fig. 1)
Aug. 07
Mar. 08
Oct. 08
May. 09
Oct. 09
800
132.8
600
114.7
400
75.5
200
0
12.9
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
(Refer Fig. 1)
0
07
08
08
09
09
CHI EFFLUENT
Aug. 07
May. 09
Mar. 08
Oct. 09
Oct. 08
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 5: Results of suspended solids in the samples from various locations
.
3.5 Carbonate (CO32-) and Bicarbonate (HCO3- )
BICARBO NAT E, mg/l
Concentration of Bicarbonate (HCO3-) in TPPAS and RW samples is found to be

considerably low and varied between 30.5 to 122 mg/lit (figure 6).
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
120
100
80
60
40
20
Aug. 07
May. 09
1
2
3
4
5
(Refer Fig 1)
Mar. 08
Oct. 09
0
6
Oct. 08
Aug. 07
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
RW SAMPLING LOCATIONS (Refer Fig. 1)
Mar. 08
Oct. 08
May. 09
15
Oct. 09
(a)
(b)
Figure 6: Results of bicarbonate content in the samples from various locations
Sharma Pankaj et al
491
3.6 Chloride (Cl -)

Chloride (Cl -) concentration in TPPAS is found to be very low while that in five ECHI
samples is very high (Fig 7).
2000 1910
CHLORIDE, mg/lit
CHLORIDE, mg/lit)
80
60
40
20
0
1600
Mar-08
Oct-09
1435
1120
1200
931
800
400
0
1
2
3 4
5
6
(Refer Fig 1)
Aug-07
May-09
1540
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
6
0
07 08 08
09 09
Oct-08
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
(Refer Fig. 1)
Aug. 07
May. 09
CHI EFFLUENT
Mar. 08
Oct. 09
Oct. 08
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 7: Results of chloride content in the samples from various locations
3.7 Sulphate (SO42-)
Sulphate (SO42-) concentration in TPPAS and RW samples ranged between 3.1 to 129.8
mg/lit. while that of ECHI samples varies between 67.9 to 305 mg/lit (figure 8).
150
60
SULPHATE, mg/lit
400
120
90
60
30
305
50
300
245.8
211.6
30
200
124.8
20
67.9
100
40
10
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
(Refer Fig 1)
Aug. 2007 Mar-08
Oct-08
May-09
Oct. 2009
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
RW SAMPLING LOCATION
(Refer Fig. 1)
Aug. 07
Mar. 08
Oct. 08
May. 09
Oct. 09

07 08 08
09 09
CHI EFFLUENT
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 8: Results of sulphate content in the samples from various locations
3.8 Potassium (K+) and Sodium (Na+)
POTASSIUM (mg/lit)
In TPAAS and RW samples concentration of K+, and (Na+) is considerably low (Fig 9, 10).
21
18
15
12
9
6
3
0
0
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12
TPP, CHI AND RW SAMPLING LOCATION
(Ref er Fig. 1)
Aug. 2007
Mar-08
Oct-08
May-09
13
14
15
Oct. 2009
Figure 9: Results of potassium content in the samples from various locations

Sharma Pankaj et al
492
Concentration of Sodium (Na+) in ECHI samples is comparatively higher (Fig 10).

1600
35
30
25
20
1410 1389
30
1200
800
15
10
5
0
20
711
631
367.5
400
10
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
(Refer Fig 1)
Aug-07
Mar-08
Oct-08
May-09
Oct-09

07
08 08
09 09
CHI EFFLUENT
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
RW SAMPLING LOCATION
(Ref er Fig. 1)
Aug. 07
Mar. 08
Oct. 08
May. 09
Oct. 09
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 10: Results of sodium content in the samples from various locations
3.9 Calcium (Ca2+) and Magnesium (Mg2+)
In all the TPPAS and RW samples Calcium (Ca2+) and Magnesium (Mg2+) are present in very
low concentration (Fig 11). In ECHI samples their concentration of Calcium (Ca2+), (figure
11) and Magnesium (Mg2+), (figure 12) is found to be comparatively higher.
70
400
30
357
60
CALCIUM, mg/lit
25
50
40
30
20
10
300
20
212
197
200
96
10
124
100
Aug. 2007
May. 09
Mar. 08
Oct. 20
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
SAMPLING LOCATIONS (Refer
Fig 1)
15

07 08 08 09 09
Oct. 08
CHI EFFLUENT
(a)
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
(Refer Fig. 1)
Aug. 07
May. 09
(b)
Mar. 08
Oct. 09
Oct. 08
(c)
Figure 11: Results of Calcium content in the samples from various locations
100
18
MAGNECIUM, mg/lit
MAGNESIUM mg/lit
21
15
12
9
6
3
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
SAMPLING LOCATIONS
(Ref er Fig 1)
Aug. 2007 Mar-08
Oct-08
May-09
Oct. 2009
(a)
90.8
10
80
57.6
60
40
20
22.8 24.8
12.1
2
0
6
0
07
08
08
09
09
CHI EFFLUENT
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
(Ref er Fig. 1)
Aug. 07
May. 09
Mar. 08
Oct. 09
(b)
Oct. 08
(c)
Figure 12: Results of Magnesium content in the samples from various locations
Sharma Pankaj et al
493
3.10 Ammonium (NH4+)

Ammonium content of water samples collected from various locations was found to be nil.
The ammonia level of such water drastically reduces[2].
3.11Copper, Manganese, Iron, Lead, Chromium and Zinc
Heavy metals like copper, manganese, iron, lead, chromium, zinc are found absent or in very
low concentration.
3.12 Total dissolved salts
The result of total dissolved salts for different samples is presented in figure 13.
3728
4000 3535
400
250
2988
300
3000
200
2466
200
2367
2000
100
150
100
50
1000
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
(Refer Fig 1)
Aug. 07
Mar-08
Oct-08
May-09
Oct. 09
(a)
0
07 08 08
09 09
CHI EFFLUENT
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
(Ref er Fig. 1)
Aug. 07
May. 09
Mar. 08
Oct. 09
(b)
Oct. 08
(c)
Figure 13: Results of Total Dissolved Solids in the samples from various locations
4. Discussions of Results
4.1 Temperature
The main ecological consequences of heated water discharged by the TPPs into the aquatic
ecosystem are increase in water temperature. In some cases, heated TPP discharge have
elevated the water temperature by 8 to 10 C[2]. During the period of observations the average
temperature of the TPPAS samples varied in the range 26.3 to 35.8C, ECHI samples 26.9 to
35.1C and that of RW samples between 24.3 to 36.4 C. It is seen that in the present instance
the temperature of reservoir in different seasons has not varied abnormally.
4.2 Assessment of pH, suspended solids, conductivity, total dissolved salts and chloride
with respect to the standard parameters for discharge of environmental pollutants and
potable water
Wastes emanating from an array of TPPs and CHI may cause pollution hazards and
ecological damage in Indian reservoirs. Effluents from CHI discharged into Rihand reservoir
are alkaline. Further it is high in total alkalinity, specific conductivity and chlorides[1],[2].
Results of pH, suspended solids, conductivity, total dissolved salts and chloride for the tests
conducted on the TPPAS, ECHI and RW samples[8] are discussed w.r.t the standard
Sharma Pankaj et al
494
parameters for discharge of environmental pollutants and potable water (table 2). The
assessment of these values w.r.t standard values is presented in table 3.
Table 2: Standards for discharge of environmental pollutants and potable water
Parameters
pH
Standards of Emission or
Discharge of
Environmental
Pollutants[4]
6.5 8.5
Recommended range for

potable water[5]
100 max.
-
Less than 1500 mhos/cm

500 mg/l.
200 mg/l
Suspended solids, mg/l

Conductivity mhos/cm
Total dissolved solid, mg/l
Chloride, mg/l
6.5 to 8.5
Table 2: Assessment of TPPAS, ECHI and RW Samples w. r. t. Recommended Standards

Sample
TPPAS
ECHI
RW
Samples
confirming
to ISI
prescribed
limits[5]
Samples
exceeding
prescribed
limits
Parameter
Observed
range for the
collected
samples
pH
6.46 8.81
Samples
confirming
to CPCB
prescribed
limits[4]
22
Suspended
solids, mg/l
66.2 3065.1
pH
7.10 8.90
Conductivity
mhos/cm
Total dissolved
solid, mg/l
Chloride, mg/l
1152 4660
2367 3728
931 1910
pH
6.86 8.63
34
Conductivity
mhos/cm
Total dissolved
solid, mg/l
Chloride, mg/l
71.3 277
40
77 192
40
4 32.5
35
Suspended
solids, mg/l
0 1013.0
3
23
29
11
4.2.1 Assessment of pH
Sharma Pankaj et al
495
Dissolved gases affect the pH of water. The overall pH range of natural water is generally
between 6 and 8. Industrial wastes may be strongly acidic or basic and their effect on pH
values of receiving water depends on the buffering capacity of water. pH of TPPAS, ECHI
and RW Samples w. r. t. Recommended Standards is presented in Table 3. pH of most of the
samples confirmed to their respective standard limits.
4.2.2 Conductivity
Specific conductance yields a measure of waters capacity to convey an electric current. This
property is related to the total concentration of the ionized substances in water and the
temperature at which the measurement is made. The nature of the various dissolved
substances, their actual/ relative concentrations, and the ionic strength of the water sample
vitally affects the specific conductance. The conductivity of ECHI samples is high which
indicate high soluble salt content. Out of 5 samples 3 samples exceeds the limits (Table 3).
The conductivity value for TPPAS and RW samples are low indicating low concentration of
soluble salt content. These values confirm to prescribed standard conductivity limits.
4.2.3 Suspended solid content
The most deleterious impacts of thermal pollution is the blanketing effect on the reservoir bed.
Fly ash covers extensive areas of the bottom which in long run may result in blanketing off
the substratum. The values of suspended solid content of 23 out of 25 TPPAS samples
exceeded the CPCB limits (Table 3). Inspite of high suspended solids in TPPAS, only 11 out
of 40 RW samples exceeded the limits, which indicates the precautions adopted by the TPPs
for putting the ash slurry in the reservoir
4.2.4 Chloride (Cl -)
Chloride (Cl -)concentration in ECHI samples exceeds the prescribed limit(Table 3). Inspite
of such high (Cl -) concentration in ECHI, even the RW sample 14 which is collected from
reservoir area near CHI has very low Chloride (Cl -) concentration. All other RW samples
also have very low Chloride (Cl -) concentration.
4.2.5 Total dissolved salts
Total dissolved salts in TPPAS samples is low. For all the 40 RW samples it is well with in
prescribed limits. In ECHI samples total dissolved salts for all the 5 samples is found to be
very high.
5. Conclusion
The discharge of contaminants from TPPs and CHIs in the GBS contaminate the hydroenvironment to some extent raising some concerns. Sensing these concerns as raised by many
authors a long term detailed investigation program was initiated for the purpose of
monitoring the degree of pollution caused by ever growing industries. The studies clearly
indicate that further deterioration in the quality of the reservoir water has been arrested since
monitoring of the quality of reservoir water was initiated. Constant monitoring of degree of
pollution in the reservoir water has achieved in refraining the surrounding TPPs and CHIs
from dumping the untreated effluents directly in the reservoir.
Sharma Pankaj et al
496
Acknowledgement
The authors extend their sincere thanks to officers and staff of Concrete Chemistry
Discipline of CSMRS for the help extended by them. We also extend our sincere gratitude to
Sh. N.Sivakumar and Mrs. Abha Sharma for their valuable suggestions. We also extend our
sincere gratitude to all the authors whose publications provided us directional information
from time to time.
6. References
1. Chandra, K., R. S. Panwar and D. N. Singh, (1985), Possible pollution problems from
wastes of thermal power plants in India-A case study of Rihand Reservoir, Mirzapur
(U.P.), Proceedings of the Symposium on Environmental Pollution, pp 283-294.
2. Davies, I., (1966), Chemical Changes in cooling water towers, International Journal of
Air Water Pollution., 10, pp 853.
3. Santosh Kumar Saini, (2011), The Rihand Dam Historical Studies, Indian Journal of
Research 5, pp 39-44.
4. Standards for Emission or Discharge of Environmental Pollutants, in a ash pond
effluent - Pollution Control Acts, Rules and Notifications, (1996), by Central
Pollution Control Board, India.
5. A.M. Shaikh, P.N. Mandre, (2009), Seasonal study of physico-chemical parameters of
drinking water in khed ( lote ) industrial area, Shodh, Samiksha aur Mulyankan , 2(7),
pp 169-171.
6. Methods of Sampling and Test (Physical and Chemical) for Water used in the
Industry- IS 3025-1986.
7. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water published by
American Public Health Association and Water Pollution Control Federation, USA,
1985.
8. Investigation report on the effect of pollutants from the thermal power
plants/chemical factory on the quality of water in the dam reservoir and its effects on
the concrete durability for rihand dam project, up, 2009, Central Soil and Materials
Research Station, New Delhi.
Sharma Pankaj et al
497

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 3, No 1, 2012

ISSN 0976 4402

Monitoring the contamination in the Gobind Ballabh Pant Sagar,

Received on January 2012 Published on July 2012

1.2 Anticipated problems

Decrease in the water holding capacity of reservoir.

1.3 Focus of investigation

Mar. Oct. May.

3.3 Conductivity values

Aug. Mar. Oct. May. Oct.

3.4 Suspended solids

BICARBO NAT E, mg/l

Concentration of Bicarbonate (HCO3-) in TPPAS and RW samples is found to be

3.6 Chloride (Cl -)

Aug. Mar. Oct. May. Oct.

Figure 9: Results of potassium content in the samples from various locations

Concentration of Sodium (Na+) in ECHI samples is comparatively higher (Fig 10).

Aug. Mar. Oct. May. Oct.

Aug. Mar. Oct. May. Oct.

3.10 Ammonium (NH4+)

Recommended range for

Less than 1500 mhos/cm

Suspended solids, mg/l

Table 2: Assessment of TPPAS, ECHI and RW Samples w. r. t. Recommended Standards

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