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Static Load:
Force which is gradually applied to a mechanical component and
does not change its magnitude or direction with respect to time is
known as statics load.
Classification of Engineering Materials:
1. Ductile Material
2. Brittle Material
Ductile Material:
Material that that faces a large tensile strain before fracture takes
place is known as ductile material.
Brittle Material:
Material that goes through small strain before fracture occurs is
known as brittle material.
5% tensile strain is the dividing line between brittle and
ductile material
Proportional Limit:
The maximum stress which is developed during a simple tension
test, such that the stress is linearly proportional to the strain, is
known as proportional limit.
Elastic Limit:
The maximum stress developed during a tension test, such that
there is no permanent deformation when the load is removed, is
known as elastic limit.
Yield Point:
Modes of Failure:
1. By elastic deflection
2. By general yielding
3. By fracture
Application:
1. Transmission Shaft Supporting Gear:
Maximum force acting on the shaft is limited by
permissible elastic deflection
Lateral/torsional rigidity considered as the criterion of
design
Elastic deflection may cause unstable conditions likeo Buckling of column
o Vibration
Components are designed on the basis of lateral/torsional
deflection
Modulus of elasticity & rigidity are important
They are determined from load-deflection equation
Stresses induced in the components are not that
important
Failure in Ductile Material:
Factor of Safety:
Ensures sufficient reserve strength in case of an accident
Expressed as fs
fs=
Failure Stress
Allowable Stress
Or
fs=
Failure Load
Allowable Load
Allowable Stress:
The stress value which is used in design to determine the
dimensions of the component is known as allowable stress.
S yt
(fs)
Where,
Syt= Yield Strength
For brittle materials,
=
Sut
(fs)
Where,
Sut= Ultimate Strength
Factors Difficult to Determine:
Uncertainty in magnitude of external force acting on
component
Variations in properties of material
Variations in dimensions of component due to imperfect
workmanship
Component
Cast Iron
Ductile
Materials(stee
l)
Ductile
Materials
Cam &
follower, gear
Piston
rod/stud
Factor
Safety
3-5
of Failure Type
1.5-2
External Static
Force
1.3-1.5
1.8-2.5
External
Fluctuating
Force
Surface Fatigue
3-6
Buckling
Criterion
Ultimate Tensile
Strength
Yield Strength
Endurance
Strength
Surface endurance
strength
Yield Strength
Modulus of
Elasticity
End condition
Radius of gyration
Hookes Law:
The stress is directly proportional to the strain, within elastic limit.
So,
=E
Where,
= Stress
= Strain
E= Elastic Modulus
&
PL
AE
Where,
P= Force
L= Length
A= Area
Assumptions:
Material is homogeneous
Load is generally applied
Line of action passes through the geometric axis of crosssection
Cross-section is uniform and free from effect of stress
concentration
Shear Stress:
When the external force acting on a component tends to slide the
adjacent planes with respect to each other, the resulting stresses
on those planes are known as direct shear stress. It is expressed
by
=
P
A
=G
Where,
G= Modulus of Rigidity
=Shear Strain
E=2G(1+)
WHERE,
= Poissons Ratio
S sy
fs
Bending Moment:
Bending Stress,
b=
MBy
I
Where,
b =Bending stress
MT r
J
Where,
MT= Applied torque
r= Radial Distance from axis of rotation
J= Polar moment of inertia of cross-section about axis of rotation
& Angle of twist,
=
MT l
GJ
2 n M T
60 10 6
Where,
n= Speed of rotation
MT = Torque
Eccentric Loading:
The load that does not go through the centroid of the crosssection is known as eccentric load.
P Pey
Stress due to it, = A I
> 3
Or,
S yt
(fs)
S
ut
Or = (fs)
1=S ut
S yc
(fs)
Or
Suc
(fs)
1
2
So,
max =
S yt
2
12=
1 2
2
23=
2 3
2
31 =
1 3
2
Or,
1 2 S yt
=
2
2 fs
Or,
1 2=
Similarly,
2 3=
S yt
fs
1 3=
S yt
fs
S yt
fs