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Asynchronous and Synchronous Communications 11
Word Formats 12
Bit Rate and Baud Rate 13
System Support for Low-level Protocols 14
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The Format 15
The Need for Accurate Timing 15
Autodetecting the Bit Rate 17
Autodetecting a COM Port 18
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Binary Data 18
Text Data 19
ASCII Hex 22
Application-specific Protocols 24
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Flow Control 26
Buffers 27
Event-driven Programming and Polling 28
Acknowledgments 29
Error Checking 29

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Device Manager 31
Port Resources 36
Serial Servers 37
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Drivers 38
Identifying Ports 39
GUIDs for COM Ports 39
COM Port Numbering 40
INF Files 40
Options for Application Programming 41

iv
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Signals 43
Voltages 46
Timing Limits 48
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Interface Chips 49
Short-range Circuits 53
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Using Outputs as a Power Source 56
Regulating the Voltage 57
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Direct Connection 58
Other Unbalanced Interfaces 58

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Connector Options 62
Adapters 63
Using Microcontroller Development Boards 65
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Length Limits 67
Surge Protection 69
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Ways to Achieve Isolation 70
About Grounds 70
Power Supply Grounds 72
Optoisolating 75
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Using a Breakout Box 76
Monitoring with a Voltmeter 77
Oscilloscopes and Logic Analyzers 78

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Balanced and Unbalanced Lines 80
Voltage Requirements 84
Current and Power 85
Speed 87
Internal Protection Circuits 88
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Chips 89
Adding a Port on a PC 91
Converting 3.3/5V Logic 91
Converting RS-232 93
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Re-enabling the Driver 97
Software-assisted Control 97
Hardware Control 99

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When Is a Line Long? 106
Calculating Line Length 109
Choosing a Driver Chip 111
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Characteristic Impedance 112
Adding a Termination 113
Effects of Terminations 115
Reflections 117
Series Terminations 122
Terminations for Short Lines 122
AC Terminations 123
Network Topologies 125
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Open-circuit Protection 127
Short-circuit Protection 130

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How a Wire Picks Up Noise 132
Twisted-pair Cable 133
Selecting Cable 133
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Ensuring a Common Ground 134
Isolated Lines 137
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Adding a Repeater 141
Implementing a Star Topology 141

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Using a Carrier Frequency 146
Spread Spectrum Technology 147
Ensuring Reliable Transfers 147
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Transmitters and Receivers 148
IrDA 149
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Complying with Regulations 149
Choosing an RF Band 150
Implementing a Link 151
Using Other RF Standards 152

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Finding Ports 156
Opening a Port 156
Timeouts 160
Receive Threshold 161
Closing a Port 161
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Transferring Bytes 167
Transferring Text 170

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BinaryReader and BinaryWriter 177
StreamReader and StreamWriter 182
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The Application Settings Architecture 186
Combo Box Example 187

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Setting Timeouts 190
Detecting Received Data 190
Collecting Received Data 197
Ensuring Efficient Transfers 202
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Avoiding Timeouts 203
Sending without Blocking the Application 203
Preventing Buffer Overflows 207
Ensuring Efficient Transfers 208
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Selecting a Method 209
Monitoring and Controlling the Signals 209
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Exceptions 214
The ErrorReceived Event 214
Verifying Received Data 218
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Defining a ComPorts Class 218
Setting Parameters with Combo Boxes 221
Defining Application-specific Events 224

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About the PIC18F4520 230
The Enhanced UART 230

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Configuring and Accessing the Port 231
Setting the Bit Rate 234
Interrupts 237
Basic Operations 239
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Configuring the Port 241
Sending Data 243
Receiving Data 244
Using Interrupts 253
Using Flow Control 256
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Multiple On-chip UARTs 263
Firmware UARTs 263
External UARTs 263

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Steps in Exchanging a Message 268
Protocols 268
Using Existing Protocols 270
Debugging Tips 271
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Assigning Addresses 272
Detecting Addresses 272
Reserving Address Values 273
Defining a Message Format 273
9-bit Format 274

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Transceivers 281
Terminating and Biasing 283
Cabling 283
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Addresses 283
Message Format 283

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Reading a Byte 284
Writing a Byte 286
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Configuring the Driver-enable Line 287
Sending Commands 288
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Auxiliary Routines 291
Decoding Received Data 303

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Assigning a Driver on the Host 318
Requirements 318
Host Responsibilities 319
Device Responsibilities 319
Speed 320
Endpoints 320
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Transfer Types 321
Transactions 322
The Data Toggle 323

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Serial Interface (FT232R) 326
Parallel Interface (FT245R) 328
Prototyping Modules 329
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Drivers 330
Adding Vendor-specific Data 330
Implementing a Virtual COM Port 331
Converting from RS-232 to USB 332

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Documentation 336
Overview 336
Device Controllers 338
Host Drivers 338
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POTS Models 339
Virtual COM Ports 340
Requests 341
Notifications 344
Maximizing Performance 345
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Device Descriptor 346
Configuration Descriptor 346
Communication Class Interface Descriptors 351
Data Class Interface Descriptors 353
String Descriptors 355
The INF File 356
Composite Devices 356

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xi