PHYSICS

PROJECT

Certificate

Acknowledgement

AIM
Principle

Introduction of transformer

Construction

Theory and working

Energy losses

Material required

Circuit diagram

Observation conclusion

Precaution
Sources of error

Procedure

Uses of transformer

bibliography

This is to certify that the project work titled "To

investigate the relation between input and output
voltage of a TRANSFORMER " being submitted as a
Project Report for the fulfillment of curriculum of
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
(CBSE), is a record of a bonafide work carried out
by Sanskriti from Queen Marys School, Northend
under my guidance and supervision during the
session April 2015 March 2016.

EXAMINER

Mrs. Neha Khanna

PGT (Physics) Teacher
Queen Marys School
Model Town, Delhi

To
investigate
the
relation between the
ratio of
i) Input
voltage

and

Output

ii) Number of turns in

the secondary coil and
primary coil of a self
designed transformer.

A transformer consists
of
two
electrically

isolated
coils
and
operates on Faraday's
principal of
mutual
induction, in which
an EMF is induced in
the transformers
secondary coil by the
magnetic
flux
generated
by
the
voltages and currents
flowing in the primary
coil winding.

INTRODUCTION
OF
TRANSFORMER
A transformer is an electrical device that is
used to convert alternating current at low
voltage or visa versa, through electromagnetic
induction. If it increases the input voltage
then it is called step-up transformer and if it
decreases the input voltage then it is called
step-down transformer. It is based on mutual
inductance between two or more winding that is
responsible for transformation action in an
electrical transformer.

A varying current in the transformer's primary

winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the
transformer core and a varying magnetic field
impinging on the transformer's secondary
winding. This varying magnetic field at the
secondary winding induces a
varying electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in
the secondary winding. Making use
of Faraday's Law in conjunction with
high magnetic permeability core properties,
transformers can thus be designed to
efficiently change AC voltages from one
voltage level to another within power networks.
Since the invention of the first
constant potential transformer in 1885,
transformers have become essential for the
ACtransmission, distribution, and utilization of
electrical energy.[3] A wide range of
transformer designs is encountered in
electronic and electric power applications.
Transformers range in size

from RF transformers less than a cubic

centimeter in volume to units interconnecting
the power grid weighing hundreds of tons.

A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft

iron core made of laminated sheets, well
insulated from one another. Two coils p1 & p2
and s1 & s2 are wound on the same core, but
are well insulated with each other. Note that
both the coils are insulated from the core, the
source of alternating E.M.F.. is connected to p1
& p2, the primary coil and a load resistance R
is connected to s1 s2, the secondary coil
through an open switch S. Thus there can be
no current through the secondary coil so long
as the switch is open.
For an ideal transformer, we assume that the
resistance of the primary & secondary
winding is negligible. Further, the same flux

links both the primary and secondary coil as

very little flux escape from the core i.e.
energy loss is also negligible.

THEORY AND
WORKING OF
TRANSFORMER
When an altering E.M.F.. is supplied to the primary
coil p1p2, an alternating current starts falling in it.
The altering current in the primary coil produces a
changing magnetic flux, which induces altering
voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary
coil. In a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic
flux linked with primary coil is also linked with the
secondary coil. Then the induced E.M.F.., induced in
each turn of the secondary coil is equal to that
induced in each turn of the primary coil.

Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the

E.M.F..s induced in the primary coil and the
secondary coil.
Let Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary
and secondary coils of the transformer respectively.
d / dt = rate of change of magnetic flux in each
turn of primary and secondary coil at a time t
The induced E.M.F.. in the primary coil:-

d/dt

Ep = -Np
---------(1)

And

The induced E.M.F.. in the secondary coil:d/dt

Es = -Ns
--------(2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant,

so by dividing 2 by 1, we get
Np =K

Es / Ep = Ns /
--------(3)

Where K = Transformation Ratio

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back E.M.F.
induced in the primary coil p1, so the instantaneous

current in primary coil is due to the difference (E

Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the applied and
back E.M.F.. Further if Rp is the resistance of p1p2
coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the
primary coil is given by
Ip

= E E p / Rp
E E p = Ip R p

When the resistance of the primary coil is small, Rp

& Ip can be neglected so therefore
E Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back E.M.F. = input E.M.F.
Hence equation (3) can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E
= output E.M.F. / input

E.M.F.

= Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation
ratio.
In a step up transformer
Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np
In a step down transformer

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If,
Ip= value of primary current at the same instant t
And,
Is = value of sec. current at this instant, then
Therefore,
Input power at the instant t = Ep Ip
And,
Output power at the same instant=Es Is
If there are no loss of power in the transformer
(100% efficiency),
Then,
Input power = output power
E p Ip = E s I s
E s / E p = Ip / I s = N s / N p = K
In a step up transformer
As k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip

i.e. current in secondary coil is weaker when

secondary coils voltage is higher and number of
turns is greater than that of the primary coil.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in
current in the same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down
transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gain
in current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down
the current & a step down transformer steps up the
current.

Efficiency:Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of

output power to the input power. i.e.
= output power / input power
=

E s Is / E p I p

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no

power losses, = 1. But in actual practice, there
are many power losses; therefore the efficiency of
transformer is less than one.

Energy losses:I.

Flux Leakage:There is always some flux leakage; that is, not all
of the flux due to primary passes through the
secondary due to poor designs of core or the air
gaps in the core. It can be reduced by winding the
primary and secondary coils one over the other.

II.

Resistance of the windings:The wire used for windings has some resistance or
so, energy is lost due to heat produced in the wire
(I2R). In high current, low voltage windings, these
are minimized by using thick wires.

III.

Eddy currents:The alternating magnetic flux induces eddy

currents in the iron core and causes heating. This
effect is reduced by having a laminated core.

IV.

Hysteresis:The magnetization of the core is repeatedly

reversed by the alternating magnetic field. The
resulting expenditure of energy in the core

appears as heat and is kept to a minimum by

using a magnetic material which has a low
hysteresis loss.

MATERIAL
REQUIRED

An Iron rod

Copper wires of different gauge

(diameter)

Two A.C. voltmeter

Two A.C. Ammeters

1. Take a thick iron rod and cover it with a

thick paper and wind a large number of
turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper. This
constitutes primary coil of the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of
paper and wound relatively smaller
number of turns of thick copper wire on it.
This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a
step down transformer.
3. Connect P1P2 to A.C. mains and measure
the input voltage and current, using A.C.
voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and
current through S1S2.
5. Now connect the S1S2 to A.C. mains and
again measure voltage and current
through primary and secondary coil of
step-up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made
transformer by changing number of
primary turns in secondary coils.

1. Least count of A.C. voltmeter =________

2. Zero error of voltmeter = _________
3. Range of voltmeter = __________
4. Least count of A.C. ammeter = _________
5. Zero error of ammeter = ___________

6. Range error of ammeter = _________

7. Applied A.C. voltage = ___________

OBSERVATION TABLE

1)

The output voltage of the transformer across

the secondary coil depends upon the turn
ratio (NS/NP) w.r.t. input voltage.
2) The output current of the transformer
across the secondary coil depends upon
the turn ratio (NS/NP) w.r.t. input current.
3) There is loss of power between input and
output coil of a transformer.

Precautions
A. Keep safe yourself from the high
voltage.
B. While taking the readings of
current and voltage, the A.C. main
supply should remain constant.

Sources of
error
A. Values of current can be changed
due to heating effect of current.
B. The eddy current can change the
readings.

USES OF
TRANSFORMER
o

A transformer is used in almost all A.C.

operations
In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator,
computer, air conditioner etc.
In the induction furnaces.
A step down transformer is used for welding
purposes.
A step down transformer is used for obtaining
large current.
A step up transformer is used for the
production of X-Rays and NEON
advertisement.
Transformers are used in voltage regulators
and stabilized power supplies.

Transformers are used in the transmissions of

A.C. over long distances.

Small transformers are used in Radio sets,

telephones, loud speakers and electric bells etc.

BIBLIOGRAPH
Y
Books:1.Comprehensive Practical Physics by Laxmi
Publications (P) Ltd.
2.NCERT Physics class XII
3.Lab Manual Physics by Saraswati Publications

Websites:-

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/transforme
rs
2. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/p
ii
3. http://www.electronics.com/transformer
-construction.html
4. http://www.electrical4u.com/what-istransformer-definition-workingprinciple-of-transformer/