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2G DATA

Parameters regarding in windows like:


a) Current Channel
b) Radio parameters
c) Serving + Neighbors

Current Channel:

Time: It is system time of computer.


Cell name: It displays the name of the sector which is
serving according to the cell file that is loaded in TEMS.
CGI: It stands for the Cell Global Identity which is unique
for every Sector of the site. It consists of MCC, MNC, LAC,
and CI.
MCC: Mobile Country Code 0 999 (e.g. 404 in India),
MNC: Mobile Network Code 0 99 (e.g. 98 for Airtel in

Gujarat) LAC: Location Area Code 0 -65535 (e.g. 5101 in


Gujarat) CI: Cell Identity 0 65535 (e.g. 11001).
Cell GPRS Support: Tells sector is having GPRS or not. Values
are Yes or No.
Band: It tells in which Freq. Band mobile is operating e.g. GSM
900/ 1800.
BCCH ARFCN: It tells by which BCCH is the mobile station getting
served. (OR)
The Frequency on which two time slots are used for control
(broadcast, Common channels and SDCCH), and the other TSs for
Traffic.
BCCH Carrier: C

TCH ARFCN: On which Traffic Freq. call is going on.


TCH Carrier: T

BSIC: (Base Station Identity Code): A unique code contained in a


message on the broadcast control channel of a cell that uniquely
identifies the base station. It is combination of Network Color
Code (NCC) (0 - 7) & Base Station Color Code (BCC) (0 7). e.g.
62. It is decoded by mobile on every Sync. Channel Message.
Mode: It is shows in which state is mobile operating, Idle,
Dedicated & Packet.
Time slot: On which time slot of current TCH call is going on.

Channel Type: Type of channel mobile is getting now.


Like
IDEL MODE:
BCCH
PACKET MODE: PDCH
DEDICATED MODE: BCCH / SDCCH/8 + SACCH/C8
(OR) CBCH / TCH/F +FACCH/F +SACCH/F.
CALL SET UP:
SDCCH/SAACH

Channel Mode: Shows mode of coding like Speech Full


Rate of Half Rate.
Speech Codec: It shows FR for Full Rate, HR for Half
Rate & EFR for Enhanced Full Rate.
AMR: Adaptive Multi Rate
Ciphering Algorithm: It shows ciphering algorithm used
by the system to protect data for privacy. E.g. Cipher by
A5/2.
Sub Channel Number: It is displayed at a time when
mobile is on dedicated mode at time of call setup when it
is getting SDCCH at that time it shows which SDCCH it is
getting out of 8 available. E.g.2.
(OR)
SDCCH is divided into 8 sub channels (index of the used
one).
Hopping Channel: It shows that current sector is having
hopping feature or not. Values are Yes or No.
Hopping Frequencies: It displays no. of freq. on which
mobile is allowed to hop.viz. MA List for hopping of that
sector.
Mobile Allocation Index Offset (MAIO): It is the
number which tells from which freq. from given MA list for
sector hopping has to be started. E.g. 0 means sector will
start from first freq. to hop.
Hopping Sequence Number (HSN): Hopping Sequence
Number is a number that defines the frequency hopping
algorithm, and can vary from 0 to 63, i.e. there are 64
hopping algorithms to be used in GSM.

If HSN is zero, the frequency hopping sequence is cyclic,


i.e. without changes.
If HSN is greater than zero, then frequencies vary pseudorandomly
HSN is used to avoid correlation between the closely
related cells.

Radio Parameters

Rx Lev: Receiving level in terms of dBm that mobile is


receiving from the site. Range of -30 dBm to -110dBm.
EXCELLENT:
-30 to -60
VERY GOOD:
-60 to -70
GOOD:
-70 to -80

ACCEPTED:
-80 to -90
BAD:
-90 to -110
Rx Qual: Quality of voice which is measured on basis of
BER. Range of Rx Qual 0 -7.
EXCELLENT:
0 to 2
GOOD:
2 to 4
BAD:
4 to 6
VERY BAD:
6 to 7
The FULL values are based upon all frames on the SACCH
multiframe, whether they have been transmitted from the
base station or not.
The SUB values are based on the mandatory frames on
the SACCH multifame. These frames must always be
transmitted
FER: Frame Erasure Rate it represents the percentage of
frames being dropped due to high number of noncorrected bit errors in the frame. It is indication of voice
quality in network. (OR)
A measure of the number of frames of data that
contained errors and could not be processed.FER is
usually expressed in percentage or exponent.
FER should be less than 4%.
FER greater than 4% degrades RX Lev, Rx Quality,
BER, SQI, and C/I that leads to Drop call, blocked call,
Mute Call, and Handover Failure.
BER Actual: Ratio of the number of bit errors to the total
number of bits transmitted in a given time interval. BER is
a measure for the voice quality in network.
RXQUAL
0
1
2
3

Bit Error Rate (BER)


BER < 0.2%
0.2% < BER < 0.4%
0.4% < BER < 0.8%
0.8% < BER < 1.6%

4
5
6
7

1.6% < BER < 3.2%


3.2% < BER < 6.4%
6.4% < BER < 12.8%
12.8% < BER

SQI: Speech quality index is a parameter to rate the


voice quality on a particular call. SQI is updated at 0.5 s
intervals. It is computed on basis of BER and FER. For EFR
30, FR 21 & HR 17 are respectively ideal values.
GOOD:
18 to 30
ACCEPTED:
9 to 18
BAD:
0 to 9
VERY BAD:
-20 to 0
C/I: The carrier-over-interference ratio is the ratio
between the signal strength of the current serving cell
and the signal strength of undesired (interfering) signal
components. It should be at least > 9.
GOOD:
15to 30
ACCEPTED:
9 to 15
BAD:
0 to 9
MS Power Control Level: Displays range of power
control from 0 to 8 depending upon network design. E.g.
0 means no power control and 1 means level that is
defined by operator
DTX: A feature in a mobile system where transmitter
mute when there is no information to send such as during
the period of silence this feature prolong the battery life
in portable phone and reduces interference in a wireless
system.
TA: TIME ADVANCE is used to measure the distance of
the mobile from the serving cell.
0: 500m
1: 1 K, and so on.

The timing advance ensures the bursts arrive at their


destination in the appropriate time slot. The mobile
transmits a random access burst in the uplink, and the
BTS will make measurements, sending an adjustment on
the downlink. Timing advance is measured in bits and can
be adjusted up to 63 bits, with each bit lasting 3.69 ms.
Radio Link Timeout (RLT) Counter: It is a bidirectional
counter and is set as per parameter when call started in
downlink in mobile and uplink at TRX in the particular
timeslot.RLT is applied only when call is on TCH, During
call in TCH, in downlink network send system info 5 and 6
which is carrying very important information about
neighbor, cell, power control related in every 480ms( 1
complete SACCH Radio block),If Mobile cannot able to
decode 1 SACCH block then RLT will reduces by 1 and if it
decode SAACH Block then it will increase by 2 and if it
become 0 means call is drop due to some down link
problem.

This parameter indicate how much time call


maintained when radio environments is bed.

If RLT value is high then call is sustain longer time.

Highway and in building cells have higher value of


RLT parameter and it is give better improvement of call
drops.
MS Behavior Modified: This window shows the current
setting for a mobile station, for instance whether
handover is disabled or multi band reporting enabled.

Serving + Neighbor by band

Cell Name: Name that describes the neighboring cell as


per the cell file.
ARFCN: Channel number mobile receives as neighbor.
BSIC: BSIC of the neighboring cell.
Rx Lev: Receiving Level in dBm of neighboring cell.
C1 & C2: These are the cell path loss criterion and cell
reselection criteria. Valid during idle mode of mobile
station.
C 1: Cell Selection Quantity
C2: Cell Reselection Quantity.
C31 & C32:
C31: GPRS signal strength threshold criterion.
C32: GPRS cell ranking criterion.
Valid both in packet idle and packet dedicated mode.

COVERAGE ISSUES:

REASON OF CALL DROP


a. Bad Quality UL or DL or Both.
b. Bad quality due to interference.
c. Low Signal Strength UL or DL or Both.
d. Timing Advancement limit reached.
e. Radio link Timeout (RLT) Counter reached to its
maximum value.
f. TCH activation failures during call.
g. Missing neighbors (handover not defined).
h. Delayed Handover due to lack of capacity in
target cell.
i. If the SACCH frame is not received, then it is
considered to be dropped call.
j. Faulty TRX.
k. Transmission problem.
l. Hardware Problem (BTS related).
Calls can drop in the network due to quality degradation,
which may be due to many factors such as capacity
limitations,
interference
unfavorable
propagation
conditions, blocking, etc.
Faulty DTRU: Noticing bad Rx-Levels for specific TCHs in
GSM hopping channels window while under site, this may
be due to cabinet TRX-DTRU card hardware problem
which generates power for these TCHs.

NOTE: You have to make sure that these TCHs RxLevels aren't bad because of cross feeder problem
that these TCHs power are not being transmitted in

another region with good levels before deciding


that it is DTRU card hardware problem.
REASON OF HANDOVER FAILURE
HO failure means that MS fails to reach the target cell due
to bad quality or bad coverage or congestion, so it return
to the old cell
a. uplink interference
b. downlink interference
c. neighbors not well defined
d. Non Symmetrical (One Way Neighbors).
e. low uplink RXLev value
f. low downlink RXLev value
g. large distance between BTS and MS
h. discrepancies in the power budget calculations
i. low C/I & C/A values
j. Abis failure (PCM related faults).
k. High TCH Congestion
l. VSWR-DAC Values Issues
m. BTS Hardware Issues
REASON OF BLOCKED CALL
While initiating a call on TEMS, your call is blocked and
you hear call blocked on TEMS, this may occur due to 1 of
the
Following reasons:
a. Congestion.
b. Bad Radio conditions.
c. Hardware problem in handset MS.
d. Transmission problem.
e. Long distance between MS and BTS (MAX TA = 63).
f. Bad quality due to interference.
g. Faulty TRX.

1-Congestion: In 2G there are 2 types of congestion


SDCCH congestion problem [no SD's available for you
to perform call-setup procedure] and it appears on TEMS
in Layer 3 messages as [No Immediate Assignment]
message.
TCH congestion problem [no Traffic channels available
to perform your call-setup procedure] and it appears on
TEMS in Layer 3 messages as [No Traffic Channel
Assignment] message.

NOTE: It's normal that Overshooting site to you


may suffers congestion as it will be carrying traffic
and serving users in its region and other users in
your far away serving region.
2-Bad radio conditions: You then suffer from bad Rx
Level or bad Rx Quality so you can't communicate with
your serving cell or decode any of its DL messages
-Bad

Rx Levels can be a result of bad 2G coverage where


there is no dominant server exists in the area.
-Bad Rx Quality can be caused by bad coverage [bad
levels results bad quality] or due to a high level of
interference [Up-link or Down-link interference] on either
your MS or your serving cell and it appears on TEMS in
Layer 3 messages as [No Service] message.
BUT how to differentiate that bad quality is due to
bad coverage Rx levels or due to interference?

-Bad Quality in case of bad levels is normal as bad levels


will normally causes bad quality While
-Bad Quality in case of good levels, so for sure there is
interference.
3-Hardware problem in ME handset: Sometimes your
test mobile suffers temporary sudden errors due to
excessive usage, so it reports blocked calls with no
apparent reason] and it may appears on TEMS in Layer 3
messages as [No Alert or Connect] message.

INTERFERENCE:
When noticing that quality in 2G GSM Radio
Parameters window [Rx Qual] and value of C/I in GSM
Hopping Channels window are bad for specific ARFCNs
while levels of 2G coverage for the same ARFCNs are
good, where
There exist 2 types of interference:
1. Up-link interference.
2.Downlink interference.
1-Up-link interference: (Mobile to BTS)
Your serving cell will not be able to decode any of your
up-link messages if your MS suffers any up-link
interference.
Up-link interference is interference on your MS mobile
handset, causes bad quality in up-link between your MS
and the network, where an external system transmits

power on a specific frequency ARFCN which is the same


as the frequency you are using to communicate with your
serving cell. So, any message or information you are
transmitting on this ARFCN may suffer high amount of
errors due to interference causing high BER [Bit Error
Rate] so quality turned bad by time.
2-Down-link interference: (BTS to Mobile)
Your mobile will not be able to decode any of the network
down-link messages if there is any down-link Interference
on the serving BTS.
There are 2 imp. Types for the down-link interference:
Co-Channel Interference: You find a bad quality and
bad C/I problems for a specific ARFCN in good Rx levels.
Occur when 2 same frequencies interfere with each other
BCCH's or TCH's.
-Neighboring sector to your own serving sector is
transmitting on BCCH/TCH] ARFCN channel which is the
same ARFCN your serving sector is transmitting on to you
in down-link.
Adjacent-Channel Interference: You find a bad quality
and bad C/I problems for a specific ARFCN in good Rx
levels.
Occur when 2 adjacent close frequencies interfere with
each other BCCH's or TCH's.
-Neighboring sector to your own serving sector is
transmitting on an adjacent ARFCN channel to the ARFCN
channel of your serving sector [BCCH/TCH].

OVERSHOOTING

When we get the signal from an away site that not close
to the current area of drive test, whether this site was
serving you or just appears as a neighbor with good Rx
levels to you.
Usually we get bad [Rx Qual] due to down-link
interference from neighboring cells with Co. or Adjacent
channel BCCH and large value for TA [Time Advance]
also it may causes call drop by the time as you will not be
able to perform handover because all the neighboring
sites to you will be missing neighbors for it [not in your
serving site BA list], you will remain on serving site until
call drops due to bad radio conditions. It may also cause
[congestion] problem under this overshooting site as it
is now serving away from its supposed coverage region
so the site near-by users may found no resources to use
+ levels under site may be bad causing coverage
problems specially indoor.
NOTE: Any sites near water may overshoots due to
the ducting phenomena in water that it could
transfers signal for a large distances.

Blocking/Reflections:
Causes temporary bad levels problem

When Rx levels from your serving site suddenly drops to


the -90's/-100's dbm which is very bad [While it was very
good] in the -60's during DT, while you are near to site
and its levels to you was supposed to be very good but it
suddenly turned bad for a while then while moving levels
turned very good again [Temporary bad levels].
In reality field you find a body [building-metal-treesmountain or hill-etc] which existed in the bad levels
region between you and serving site, this obstacle:
-Whether blocks LOS (Line Of Sight) for you from site, so
you can't see site from your position of bad level.
[Blocking]
Back then blocking body height is = or higher than
serving site.
-Or makes reflections to received signal so that it doesn't
reaches you with good levels. [Reflections]

Cell Barred
When served by a cell in dedicated mode and as soon as
you end your call you find yourself in (No Service Mode)
as this cell is banned to be accessed in idle mode, so this
cell only accepts handovers in dedicated mode with good
levels normally but you can't access or initiate a call on it
as it is closed/barred in idle mode.
NOTE:
A cell may sometimes barred by optimization
teams if this cell suffers:

1- High SDCCH congestion causing bad KPI's in CBR


(Call Block Rate) due to high utilization on SD
channels.
2- Temporary hardware problem.

Handover
Ping
(Repeated):

Pong

May causes call drop problem


In very small area/route also in a very small time period
you perform many quickly handovers among 2 or more
cells all are with high levels but none of them is high
enough to be the only dominant serving cell in the area.
While testing, you are performing many handovers
between your serving cell and neighboring cells all are
transmitting power in the area with very good levels.
1. Lack of dominance
2. Poor quality (due to poor frequency, HSN/MAIO plan etc)
3. Poor parameter value in CDD (such as wrong handover
hysteresis value or penalty timer after emergency HO)

VSWR-Hardware
problem

Causes bad levels or even gaps under site


Right under a site on TEMS map or very near to it but the
Rx levels from it is very bad, so coverage under the site
will be bad that it may causes calls to be dropped right
under serving site due to bad levels.

VSWR may be due to a problem in feeders, jumpers or


connectors connecting the cabinet to sector antenna also
it might be an antenna or a DTRU-card hardware problem
inside cabinet.
NOTE: VSWR [Voltage Standing Wave Ratio] is
simply means that the full EIRP that is generated
from cabinets are not fully reaching sector antenna
so levels under site turned very bad.
EIRP: EFFECTIVE ISORTROPIC RADIATED POWER
A measure of the power in the main beam of an antenna
relative to an isotropic radiator.

No or Late Handover
Leads to call dropped due to bad radio conditions
In window [GSM Serving + Neighbors] , you find a better
neighbor in level which is better than your now-serving
cell but no or late(takes a while and not quickly) handover
occurred to this neighbor which leads to bad radio
conditions from your serving now cell by the time and
might cause call dropped.
No or late handover can be due to:
1. TCH congestion.
2. Poor-wrong H.O parameters.
1-TCH congestion:
This better neighbor in level back then it may was
suffering from TCH congestion, so it has no TCH resources
left to be assigned to new users, so no H.O occurred to it
until call is dropped.
2-Poor H.O parameters:
Imagine you were served by Cell 1 with bad levels due to
large distance away from it, you see cell2 as neighbor

with better levels but no H.O occurred!!! Usually due to


large value of H.O margin between 2 cells.
NOTE: H.O margin is a 2G cell parameter, this
parameter determines when to leave your serving
cell 1 and perform H.O to the better neighbor cell
2, in another words I should perform H.O to the
neighbor cell 2 when its level is better than cell 1
by how many dBs?
In some cases like this one H.O margin of cell 1 is
large so however cell 2 level was better than cell 1
but no H.O occurred to cell 2 as its level is not
reached yet the margin threshold of H.O to cell 1
which causes the delay in H.O between the 2 cells.

Wrong Handover
When a handover procedure occurs from a better Rx-level
serving cell to a lower/worse Rx-level neighbor cell [occur
when H.O target cell is lower in level than serving cell]
which is wrong.
Or
When H.O process occurs from a cell [serving cell 1] to
another cell [target H.O cell 2] which is normally better
than [serving cell 1], while there exists a better
neighboring cell 3 which is better in level than both
[serving cell 1] and[target H.O cell 2].
H.O command was supposed to be on cell 3 instead of
cell 2 as cell 3 level is > cell 2 level but may be cell 3 was
suffering from TCH congestion so you didn't receive a H.O
command to camp on it from BSC.

Data link failure:


MS connection with the mobile network is established
upon layers connection, so in order for MS to establish
connection with the new target H.O cell to complete
handover process, MS should establish a transmission
layer 2 [Data link layer] with the new BTS. When MS fails
to any reason to establish layer 2 with new BTS, H.O fails
and MS returns to old serving BTS ROC and you hear H.O
failure on TEMS.
(OR) If you come across any data link failure in sites it
means that packets are not sent properly. So from RF side
we have to check whether any interference is there or
not.

Missing Neighbor
Might leads to call dropped due to bad radio
conditions from serving cell.
When approaching near cell 2 while attached by another
serving cell 1 in dedicated mode [during a call], you
notice that cell 2 BCCH doesn't exist in GSM Serving +
Neighbors window at all
(disappeared)

To make sure cell 2 is a missing neighbor to your


serving cell 1
Check BA list in [System information type 5] in layer 3
messages for same band BCCH's or BA list in [System

information type 5-ter] for other band BCCH's to see all


defined neighbors BCCH's to your serving cell.
Served by cell 12203 BCCH: 64 while radio conditions
was getting bad, noticed 2 near-by cells [BCCH's: 83,728]
but there BCCH's don't exist in GSM Serving +
Neighbor window, they may be missing neighbors.
To confirm that, we checked both Sys.Info Type 5 and
Sys.Info Type 5-ter in layer 3 messages and both
BCCHs were not defined to serving cell BCCH.

Good Rx-Levels in 1 direction BUT turned bad in


opposite direction
When performing DT for a route, moving from Cell 1
towards Cell 2 While served by Cell 1, you notice normal
good Rx-Levels on TEMS map BUT when moving
backwards on same route from Cell 2 towards Cell 1 you
notice that Rx- Levels turned bad on TEMS map.

This problem may occur due to 1 of 2 possible reasons:


1.Served by DCS of Cell 2.
2.Delay H.O from Cell 2 to Cell 1.
1-Served by DCS of Cell 2:
You were served by Cell 2 DCS band with bad levels as
DCS has high serving priority over GSM even if it was
serving with bad levels and GSM levels were better back
then.
1-Delay H.O from Cell 2 to Cell 1:
You performed late H.O to Cell 1 may be due to poor H.O
parameters or TCH congestion on Cell 1, this delayed H.O
causes these bad levels on route as Cell 2 was serving
with bad levels until H.O occurred to Cell 1 and levels
enhanced.

EDGE vs GPRS
EDGE:

Enhanced GPRS or Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution or IMT Single Carrier
makes superior data transmission rates possible.
1: EDGE data rate is 3 times of GPRS data rate
2: It has a higher bit rate precisely because the technology is based on a modulation structure of
8PSK

3: EDGE can be used for any packet switched application, such as an Internet connection

EDGE can carry a bandwidth up to 236 kbit/s for 4


timeslots (theoretical maximum is 473.6 kbit/s for
8 timeslots) in packet mode, this means it can
handle traffic 4-times more standard than GPRS.
EDGE uses nine Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCS-1 to 9), of which the first four have
similar performance (but not equal) to GPRS.

EDGE:
EDGE Modulation and
Coding
Scheme (MCS)

Bit Rate
(kbit/s/slot)

Modulation

MCS-1

8.80

GMSK

MCS-2

11.2

GMSK

MCS-3

14.8

GMSK

MCS-4

17.6

GMSK

MCS-5

22.4

8-PSK

MCS-6

29.6

8-PSK

MCS-7

43.8

8-PSK

MCS-8

54.4

8-PSK

MCS-9

59.2

8-PSK

GPRS: General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service on
the 2G and 3G cellular communication system's global system for mobile communications
(GSM).
GPRS uses four coding schemes (CS-1 to 4) and modulation GMSK.
Coding scheme

Speed (kbit/s)

CS-1

8.0

CS-2

12.0

CS-3

14.4

CS-4

20.0

Coding scheme (CS-4) is available near a base transceiver station (BTS), while the most robust
coding scheme (CS-1) is used when the mobile station (MS) is further away from a BTS.

Using the CS-4 it is possible to achieve a user speed of 20.0 kbit/s per time slot. However, using
this scheme the cell coverage is 25% of normal. CS-1 can achieve a user speed of only 8.0
kbit/s per time slot, but has 98% of normal coverage.

CHANNELS

TRAFFIC CHANNELS
Once call set-up procedures have been completed on the control physical channel, the MS
tunes to a traffic physical channel. It uses the Traffic Channel (TCH) logical channel. There are
two types of TCH :
Full rate (TCH): transmits full rate speech (13 k bits/s). A full rate TCH occupies one physical
channel.

Half rate (TCH/2): transmits half rate speech (6.5 k bits/s). Two half rate TCH's can share one
physical channel, thus doubling the capacity of a cell.

Access Grant Channel (AGCH):

A downlink control channel used in


GSM systems to assign mobiles to a SDCCH for initial assignment.

Slow Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH):

A low-speed bidirectional point-to-point control channel used to transmit service request, subscriber
authentication, ciphering initiation, equipment validation and traffic channel assignment
messages between the mobile and the network.

Physical Channel: The actual radio channel that carries the various logical and
traffic channels in a wireless system.

Logical Channel: A communications channel derived from a physical channel. A


physical channel, i.e. RF channel, typically carries a data stream that contains several logical
channels. These usually include multiple control and traffic channels.

Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH):

A logical channel in
GSM systems used to transmit a frequency correction data burst of all "zeros". The resulting
frequency shift seen by the mobile is then used for frequency correction.

Synchronization Channel (SCH):

A logical channel used by mobile

stations to achieve time synchronization with the network.

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH): A downlink point to multipoint


logical channel in GSM and cdma2000 systems used to send identification and organization
information about common control channels and cell services.

Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH):

A low-speed
control channel associated with a traffic channel and used to transmit supervision and control
messages between the mobile and the network.

Paging Channel (PCH):

A logical channel used to send messages to mobile


station. Used primarily to notify the mobile that it has an incoming call.

Cell Broadcast Channel (CBCH): A downlink point to multipoint logical


channel in a GSM system used to broadcast user information from a service center to mobile
stations listening in a given cell area.

Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH):

The channel
derived by preempting information in a traffic channel. It is used to send handoff and similar
messages.

GSM Call Flow


There are various control channels involved in setting up of a voice call in a GSM network.
On Broadcast Channels system information and various parameters along with synchronization
and frequency correction information is transmitted. Common Control Channels are used for
informing the mobile or the GSM network about a service (voice, data, SMS) initiation
and Dedicated Control Channels are used for call setup, authentication, location updating and
SMS. A mobile is informed on a paging channel (PCH) that it has a call or SMS, to which the
mobile station responds with a Random Access Channel (RACH) request. The mobile station is
notified on an Access Grant Channel (AGCH) that it may tune to a specific Stand-alone
dedicated control channel (SDCCH) which is called Immediate Assignment. The user is
authenticated and ciphering commands are received on this channel. After successful
authentication the mobile station is requested to tune to an assigned traffic channel (TCH). This
process is called TCH assignment. Then the user starts to move from one cell to another and
the process of smooth transitioning of call from one cell to the other is called a handover. While
on the SDCCH or TCH a call may get dropped which is accounted to SDCCH drop or TCH drop
respectively.

We do not keep BCCH on hopping radio:

Because
BCCH is used to transmit all the overhead information needed for an MS to recognize the
network in idle mode, so there is no need for a hopping radio. But we keep the SDCCH and
TCH on hopping TRXs so that the MS does not experience call drops when it is either in
dedicated mode or during call setup procedure.

GSM 900

Up link: 890 915 MHz


Down link: 935 - 960 MHz

DCS 1800

up link: 1710 - 1785 MHz


Down link: 1805 1885 MHz

Bands Carrier frequencies

GSM 900 (915-890) MHz / 200 kHz = 125, (1 124) ARFCNs


DCS 1800 (1785-1710) MHz / 200 kHz = 375, (1 374) ARFCNs
Each band having a carrier separation of 200 kHz.

Frequency Division Multiple Accesses (FDMA):


Method of allowing multiple users to share the radio frequency spectrum by assigning each
active user an individual frequency channel. In this practice, users are dynamically allocated a
group of frequencies so that the apparent availability is greater than the number of channels.

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA): A technology for


digital transmission of radio signals between, for example, a mobile telephone and a radio base
station. In TDMA, the frequency band is split into a number of channels which in turn are stacked
into short time units so that several calls can share a single channel without interfering with one
another.

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA):

One of several
digital wireless transmission methods in which signals are encoded using a specific pseudorandom sequence, or code, to define a communication channel. A receiver, knowing the code, can
use it to decode the received signal in the presence of other signals in the channel.

Time Division Duplex (TDD): A duplexing technique dividing a radio


channel in time to allow downlink operation during part of the frame period and uplink operation in
the remainder of the frame period.

Frequency Division Duplex (FDD):

Radio technology using a

paired spectrum. This type is typically used in GSM.

There are four different types of handovers in


GSM:

Channels (timeslots) in the same cell (intra-BTS handover)


Cells under the control of the same BSC (inter-BTS handover).
Cells under the control of different BSCs, but belonging to the same MSC (inter-BSC
handover)
Cells under the control of different MSCs (inter-MSC handover)

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