ABSTRACT

Soil is an important element that is used as foundation support for highway, airfield, railway, building
and so on and/or as a construction material which is sometimes reported to possess unfavorable
strength properties and treated as such by incorporating additive for good performance if the poor soil
cannot be replaced with good one, probably due to high cost of hauling material from farther away or
shortage of materials. There are many existing and patented treatment techniques; the one to be
employed depends largely on geotechnical requirement(s) of the soil, as a particular technique is
seldom suitable for all situations. Other factors involved in the selection process are cost, availability
of the material, and environmental/weather consideration
This research work will investigate the characteristics strength of the soil in Federal University Oye
Ekiti, Ikole Campus. The soil samples to be used will be obtained within Ikole Campus at several
locations as instructed by the supervisor.
Shear strength is a very important property of soils. The concept is used by geotechnical
engineers in estimating the bearing capacity of foundations and in assessing the stability of
retaining walls, slopes, and embankments and the design and construction of highway and
airfield pavements. The shear strength of a soil can be regarded as its intrinsic capacity to
resist failure when forces act on the soil mass. The strength is a function of the type as well
as the physico-chemical make-up of the soil. This chapter explores the strength theories that
are used in geotechnical engineering and which derive essentially from the classical theories
of elasticity and plasticity. Such theories are usually modified when used by soil engineers in
recognition of the discrete and multi-phase nature of soil deposits. It is important therefore to
understand some of the fundamental concepts or hypothesis of continuum mechanics to be

able to appreciate the limitations and applicability of strength theories in geotechnical

engineering.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND
Successful engineering projects often involves the use of engineering principles in the appropriate
manner which in turn answers concerns such as safety and economy. Such concerns includes and is not
limited to a proper understanding of site conditions on which projects are to be built.
Not only do soils serve as underfoot for roads, airfields, train tracks, and houses that sustain our
complex society; they also provide the materials wood, brick, sand, and gravel used to build these
facilities. A cloak of loose, soft material, held to the earths hard surface by gravity, is all that lies
between life and lifelessness (Fuller, 1975). To a civil engineer, a soil is an un-cemented earth
material that can be moved with just a backhoe (i.e. without blasting, which would make it rock to
an engineer). But scientifically, soil is a natural body consisting of layers (soil horizon) of mineral
constituents of variable thickness, which differ from the parent materials in their morphological,
physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics. It is composed of particles of broken rock that
have been altered by chemical and environmental processes that include weathering and erosion. Soil
differs from its parent rock due to interactions between the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and

biosphere. In other words, it is a mixture of mineral and organic constituents that are in solid, gaseous
and aqueous states.
In terms of soil texture, soil type usually refers to the different sizes of mineral particles in a particular
sample. Soil is made up in part of finely ground rock particles, grouped according to size as sand and
silt in addition to clay, organic material such as decomposed plant matter. Each component, and their
size, plays an important role. For example, the largest particles, sand, determine aeration and drainage
characteristics, while the tiniest, sub-microscopic clay particles are chemically active, binding with
water and plant nutrients. The ratio of these sizes determines soil type: clay, loam, clay-loam, silt-loam,
and so on. In addition to the mineral composition of soil, humus (organic material) also plays an
important role in soil characteristics and fertility for plant life. Soil may be mixed with larger aggregate,
such as pebbles or gravel. Not all types of soil are permeable, such is pure clay.

Soil classification deals with the systematic categorization of soils based on distinguishing
characteristics as well as criteria that dictate choices in use. Soil classification is a dynamic subject,
from the structure of the system itself, to the definitions of classes, and finally in the application in the
field. Soil classification can be approached from the perspective of soil as a material and soil as a
resource. Engineers, typically geotechnical engineers, classify soils according to their engineering
properties as they relate to use for foundation support or building material. Modern engineering
classification systems are designed to allow an easy transition from field observations to basic
predictions of soil engineering properties and behaviours. There are two soil classification systems in
common use for engineering purposes. The American Society for Testing Materials, ASTM is used for
virtually all geotechnical engineering work and sometimes also for highway and road construction.
American Association of State Highway and Transport Officials, AASHTO soil classification is another
3

system that is frequently used. Both systems use the results of grain size analysis and determinations of
Atterberg limits to determine soils classification. Soil components may be described as gravel, sand,
silt, or clay. A soil comprising one or more of these components is given a descriptive name and a
designation consisting of letters or letters and numbers which depend on the relative proportions of the
components and the plasticity characteristics of the soil.

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this research is to determine the geotechnical characteristics of soil in Ikole area of Ekiti
state.
This research is carried out to obtain the following objectives;
i. To select three (3) locations in Ikole Etiti area from which to take soil samples to be
representative of soils in Ikole area.
ii. To carry out some geotechnical tests such as moisture content, specific gravity, gradation,
permeability and compaction tests.
iii. To classify the soils, using the American Association of State Highway and Transport Officials
(AASHTO) and Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) methods.
iv. To establish the economic value of the soils.
1.2

AIM AND OBJECTIVES

1.2.1

AIM

The aim of this research project is to examine the causes and effects of flooding in the study area in
other to make necessary recommendation.
1.2.2

OBJECTIVES

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.3

To identify the physical nature of the study area

To identify areas of flooding in the study area
To identify and examine the causes of flooding in the study area.
To examine the effects of flooding in the study area.
To examine measures and management agencies in charge of flood control in the study area.
To make necessary recommendation.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
Nelson (2001) argues that in less developed countries human are particularly sensitive to flood

causalities because of high population, absence of zoning regulation, lack of flood control and also low
response to infrastructure and warning system. Flood has created some havoc and problems in some
parts of the country. Some of these were said to have been resulted in the loss of properties and
displacement of the people (Adeleke, 2007)
Owode, like many other parts of the country is prone to a range of environmental problems
including floods. The nature and severity of the disaster depends on geographical conditions and the
preparedness of the local population. The occurrence of floods has had major impact on the standard
of living of people in Owode, especially those in Iso-garri and Omosanya area.
For example, in June, 2013 there were severe floods in Owode due to intense rainfall, poor
drainage system. As a result of the floods, human lives, farmland and livestock were lost and also there
were destruction of properties. People in the area were reported to be in need of relief items, even
though relief items were distributed to the affected areas, they were insufficient.
Although Owode natural disaster are usually within short time frame, it is capable of
unleashing long term suffering on the populace and the economy of Owode as a whole. It was reported
that Owode market was moved from Iso-garri to its new permanent site due to flood occurrence.

The environmental problems are known to affect the outputs and productivity of the agriculture
and related industries. Given that natural disasters are closely linked to changes in climate patterns,
there is increasing need to study the problem of the annual occurrence of floods in Owode by adopting
an integrated approach. This is the one with the view that one discipline only is not enough in
providing relevant answers to the causes, effects and mitigating strategies for the problems of annual
occurrence of floods in Owode.
In 2014, the level of flood occurrence was very minimal due to low volume of rainfall and the shortage
in duration.
This paper will highlight some of the preventive measures to adopt to reduce the social and
economic effects (costs of floods in Owode).
1.4

RESEARCH QUESTION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

1.5

What are the physical characteristics of the study area?

What are the causes of flooding in the study area?
What are the effects of flooding in the study area?
Who are those in charge of the control/management of flood in the study area?
What are the measures put in place for the control/management of flooding in the study area?
How effective are these measures?
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Scope in terms of subject matter is flooding in which the associated factors such as seasonal

variation of its consequences and so on are considered.

Scope in terms of the study area is Owode. The physical nature of the terrain and other associated
variables are covered.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH
6

The study is considered to be very important as it will investigate the properties of soil in Ikole, and
signify the classification of the soil, which in turns guides the use of the soil.
1.4 LOCATION OF STUDY
The soil that will be used for this research will be taken from three (3) locations in Ikole area of Ekiti
state, Nigeria.
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
The study is an investigation of the soil in Ikole area of Ekiti state. The research is limited to only
three(3) locations for a large area of Ikoles land

CHAPTER TWO
2.0

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Geotechnical and Physical Properties of Soil.

A soil may be considered to have failed to support a built structure if the soil compresses or
settles (or swells) to an extent which causes damage to the structure. This aspect was the
subject of the previous chapter. When reference is made to failure of a soil, however, its
failure in shear is usually meant, that is, the state of stress in the soil is such that the
shearing resistance of the soil is overcome and a relative and significant displacement
occurs between two parts of the soil mass. If this shearing resistance, or shear strength, of
the soil is measured or predicted the geotechnical engineer is then able to analyse problems
of stability of soil masses, estimate margins of safety against the occurrence of failure by

shearing within such masses, and if necessary make design adjustments (Neil Jackson et
al).
2.1.1 Strength
The strength of a soil measures its capacity to withstand stresses without collapsing or becoming
deformed (Brady and weil, 1996). Soil strength can be considered in terms of the ability of a soil to
withstand normal and or shear stresses. Shear stress can be resisted only by the skeleton of solid
particles, by means of the forces developed at the interparticle contracts. Normal stress may be resisted
by the soil skeleton due to an increase in the interparticulate forces. If the soil is fully saturated, the
water filling the voids can also withstand normal stress by an increase in pressure (Craig, 1992). A
soils ability to withstand normal stress can be influenced by a number of related soil characteristics,
amongst which are: soil compressibility; soil compatibility; and bearing resistance.
These factors in turn are determined by parameters such as soil moisture content, particle size
distribution and the mineralogy of soil particles. In general, coarser textured materials have greater soil
strengths than those with small particle size (Brandy and Weil, 1996). For example, quartz sand grains
are subjected to little compressibility whereas silicate clays are easily compressed. The bearing
capacity of the materials can be important both in terms of long-term engineering performance to carry
loads and also supporting heavy plant in the short-term.
2.1.2 Compaction
Compaction is the process of increasing the density of a soil by packing the particles closer together
with a reduction in the volume of air; there is no significant change in the volume of water in the soil.
In general, the higher the degree of compaction, the higher the shear strength will be and the
lower the compressibility of the soil (Craig, 1992).The bulk density of a material is defined as the
mass of a material (including solid particles, any contained water and any fluid stabiliser) per unit
8

volume including voids. The dry density (d) is the mass of material after drying to constant mass at
105C, and after removal of any fluid stabilisers, contained in unit volume of un-dried material (BS
1924: Part 1: 1990). The dry density of a material can be determined for a given compaction at varying
moisture contents. This will determine the optimum moisture content at which a specified amount of
compaction will produce a maximum dry density.
2.1.3 Collapse and Swelling
Certain soil formations are proned to volume change due primarily to variation in moisture content.
For example, loess deposits are characterised by high void ratio, low unit weight and are
incompressible when dry. However, when wet, or subject to shock or dynamic loading they can be
prone to sudden collapse. Inundation collapse is also a common phenomenon associated with loose
man-made fills (Mac Neil and Steele, 2001).
Soils can swell due to rebound after a period of compression or as a result of the introduction of water.
Montmorillonite clays, for example, characteristically swell when saturated leading to significant
changes in volume. Swelling may also occur in soil due to the action of frost or from the exposure to
air and moisture as in the case of some shale. Here expansion results from the formation of clay
minerals. Swelling test requirements also exist for stabilised soils (Mac Neil and Steele, 2001).
2.1.4 Particle Size
Particle size is defined as the percentages of various grain sizes present in a material as determined by
sieving and sedimentation (British Standard BS 1924: Part 1: 1990). BS 1924: Part 1: 1990 identified
three classes of stabilised material depending on their particle size. These are shown in Table 2.1. Any
material is regarded as belonging to the finest-grained group appropriate under the definitions given.
Materials that contain large or irregular shaped particles can be difficult to test in the laboratory, and in
the field they are likely to cause damage to the mixing plant. BS 1924: Part 1: 1990 stated that
9

materials containing greater than 10% retained on the 37.5mm test sieve cannot be fully examined by
the majority of test procedures given in that standard. This problem can be overcome by pre-screening
to remove the large pieces or crushing the larger particles to within acceptable limits. The fine and
medium-grained materials can be further classified as shown in Table 2.2.
The grading of the material to be stabilised can influence the strength gain properties of the treated
material. Well-graded materials have been found to exhibit a linear increase in unconfined
compressive strength (UCS) with increased addition of cement binder (and lime binder before all the
clay minerals have reacted). The mean particle size is not reported to affect this phenomenon;
therefore a linear increase in strength can be expected for either clays or gravels. However, uniformly
graded materials are identified as the exception to this linear behaviour when smaller quantities of
binder are added. Sherwood (1993) suggested that this is due to the binder acting as filler in uniformly
graded materials. Once the binder has improved the grading of the material Sherwood (1993) reported
a linear increase again.
Table 2.1: Classification of materials before stabilisation, based on particle size distribution
Class

Definition

Fine-grained

Containing less than 10% retained on a 2mm test sieve

materials

Containing more than 10% retained on a 2mm test sieve but not

Medium-grained

more than 10% retained on a 20mm test sieve

materials

Containing more than 10% retained on a 20mm test sieve but not

Coarse-grained

more than 10% on a 37.5mm test sieve.

materials
Source: BS 1924: Part 1: 1990
Table 2.2: Soil classifications and properties
Grain size
Maximum (mm)

Coarse sand
2

Fine sand
0.2

Silt
0.06
10

Clay
0.002

Average number

350

350 000

3 108

3 1011

Average surface

40

400

4000

60 000

area per g (cm)

Typical

Quartz,

Quartz, feldspars,

Quartz,

Quartz, feldspars,

mineralogical

feldspars,

ferro-magnesium

feldspars,

secondary clay

make-up

rock

minerals

ferro-

minerals

of particles per g

fragments

magnesium
minerals,
heavy
Loose

minerals
grained, Smooth and

General

Loose

Characteristics

grained, non- non-stick, no air flourlike, non- microscopic to sub

sticky, air in in

pore cohesive,

pore space of space of moist sa

moist sample

Sticky and plastic,

microscopic,

microscopic

exhibit Brownian

mple, visible to

movement

. Visible to the naked eye.

the

naked

Implications for

eye.
Likely to be Likely

Stabilization/Soli

easily mixed. easily

dification (s/s)

Potential

Potential for

ge needs to be

but

for increased

Increased

addressed

stabilised. Clay

permeability

permeability

design.

(over

(over well graded

with binders to

well

/fine

grained

form cementitious

graded/fine

soil).

May be

products.

grained soil)

moisture

to

be Sensitivity to

mixed. moisture chan

sensitive.
Source: Townsend, 1973
11

at

Uniform mixing
may be difficult,
clay is easily

minerals can

react

2.1.5 Cohesion and Plasticity

The properties of clay minerals give unique engineering properties to clay soils: cohesion and
plasticity. Cohesive material can be defined as all material which, by virtue of its clay content, will
form a coherent mass. Non-cohesive (granular) material will not form a coherent mass (BS 1924: Part
1: 1990). Where soils that are predominantly coarse-grained contain sufficient fine grains to show
apparent cohesion and plasticity, they will be classified as fine soils (BS 5930: 1999). As a
consequence, a cohesive soil can comprise less than 10% clay-sized particles.
Knowledge of the cohesivity of a soil assists in the selection of Stabilisation/Solidification (S/S)
treatment methods. Due to the poor mixing characteristics of cohesive material, treatment using ex-situ
(e.g. pug mill) S/S techniques may not be possible, without the inclusion of a lime-treatment step. The
addition of lime to cohesive soils can result in a decrease in plasticity due to the flocculation of clay
particles as well as a longer-term pozzolanic reaction. The initial change in plasticity can significantly
improve the workability of the material, enabling exsitu treatment techniques to be used. The plasticity
of a fine-grained soil can be measured by its Atterberg limits. The plastic limit is defined as the
moisture content at which soil changes in texture from a dry granular material to a plastic material that
can be moulded. With increasing moisture content a cohesive material becomes increasingly sticky,
until it behaves as a liquid. The point at which this phenomenon occurs is known as the liquid limit.
The range of moisture content between the plastic limit (PL) and the liquid limit (LL) is defined as the
plasticity index (PI) i.e. LL PL = PI. These concepts are illustrated in Figure 2.1.
The transition points are fairly arbitrary, determined by index tests described in BS 1377- 2:1990, but
they do serve a valuable function in the classification of cohesive soils. With an increase in moisture
content, granular soils pass rapidly from a solid to a fluid condition. In these circumstances the PL and
LL cannot be identified and such soils are classified as non-plastic (Sherwood, 1993). Cohesive soils

12

may be classified according to their plasticity properties. Silts have low plasticity indices, which mean
that they quickly become difficult to handle once the moisture content exceeds the plastic limit. With
increasing clay content in a soil, both the plastic limit and the liquid limit increases. The difference
between the two limits may widen due to the activity of the clay minerals present (Sherwood, 1993,
Cernica, 1995). The activity of clay minerals can be related to plastic index, fineness of clay particles
and behavioural tendency to volume changes (Cernica, 1995).Cohesive soils characteristically have
high plasticity indices. Stavridakis and Hatzigogos (1999) stated that in soils containing expansive
clay minerals with high liquid limits (40- 60%), the liquid limit can be used to gauge the amount of
cement required to stabilise a soil. Although soils with liquid limits >60% can be stabilised, the
amounts of cement required can be uneconomical and result in unacceptable volume increase.

Increasing Moisture
Content
P

Powdered condition
L

Plasticity

Plastic condition

Liquid condition

Index (PI)
PI = LL PL
Figure 2.1: Definitions of soil plasticity (Sherwood, 1993)
2.1.6 Permeability
The term permeability is used to express the coefficient of permeability or hydraulic conductivity,
describing the rate (ms )at which water can flow through a permeable medium. Permeability is
related to the distribution of particle sizes, particle shape and soil structure. In general, the smaller the
particles, the smaller are the average size of the pores and the lower is the coefficient of permeability.
The transport of water through a soil will be faster if the soil has a higher coefficient of permeability
13

than if it has a lower value (Craig, 1992). However, it should be noted that the rate of transport of
contaminants depends upon a number of factors including solubility and the rate at which
contaminants are attenuated in a soil. The determination of the coefficient of permeability using the
constant head method or in a cell under known effective stress conditions are described in BS 1377:
1990.
2.1.7 Shear Strength
Shear strength is a term used in soil mechanics to describe the magnitude of the shear stress that a soil
can sustain. The shear resistance of soil is a result of friction and interlocking of particles, and possibly
cementation or bonding at particle contacts. Due to interlocking, particulate material may expand or
contract in volume as it is subject to shear strains.

Figure 2.1: Consistency limits (Das, 2006).

Strength is imparted to a soil by virtue of cohesive forces between particles; and frictional resistance
met by particles that are forced to slide over one another, or move from interlocked positions. When
soil is loaded, shearing stresses are induced in it. When the shearing stresses reach a limiting value,
shear deformation takes place, leading to the failure of the soil mass. Shear strength of the soil is the
14

resistance to deformation by continuous shear displacement of soil particles or on masses upon the
action of a shear stress (Punmia et. al., 2005). The shear is the most difficult to comprehend and one
of the most important of the soil characteristics.
The main objectives of shear strength test in soil engineering, is generally to determine the shear
strength parameters (i.e., the cohesion and angle of internal friction) in terms of total or effective
stresses under known test condition. The two parameters cohesion (c) and angle of friction () depends
on the following factors; grading, particle shape and void ratio. The cohesion also depends on degree
of saturation, while angle of internal friction did not (Gidigasu, 1976).The shear strength
characteristics of lateritic soils have been found to depend significantly on the parent materials, and
the degree of weathering. Therefore, the higher the degrees of laterization, the more favourable are the
shear strength parameters. The stress-strain relationship of soils, and therefore the shearing strength, is
affected (Poulos, 1989) by:
i.

Soil composition (basic soil material): mineralogy, grain size and grain size distribution, shape
of particles, pore fluid type and content, ions on grain and in pore fluid.

ii.

State (initial): Defined by the initial void ratio, effective normal stress and shear stress (stress
history). State can be described by terms such as: loose, dense, over consolidated, normally
consolidated, stiff, soft, contractive, dilative, etc.

iii.

Structure: Refers to the arrangement of particles within the soil mass; the manner the particles
are packed or distributed. Features such as layers, joints, fissures, slickensides, voids, pockets,
cementation, etc., are part of the structure. Structure of soils is described by terms such as:
undisturbed, disturbed, remolded, compacted, cemented; flocculent, honey-combed, singlegrained; flocculated, deflocculated; stratified, layered, laminated; isotropic and anisotropic.
15

iv.

Loading conditions: Effective stress path, i.e., drained, and undrained; and type of loading, i.e.,
magnitude, rate (static, dynamic), and time history (monotonic, cyclic).

The shear strength of soils can be improved or increased through stabilization.

2.1.7.1

Mechanism of Stabilization

Before the selection of the specific stabilizer, it is necessary to understand the behaviors and
mechanism of the stabilizer with the soil. The soil stabilization mechanism can be portrayed as coating
and / or binding of soil particle to form another output soil with improved characteristics (Texas DOT,
2005). The efficiency and effectiveness of the stabilizer depends upon the type of the soil be stabilized,
the type and properties of during compaction as well as the long-term moisture content. Furthermore,
the effectiveness of the stabilizer can be measured by its ability to provide enough calcium to chemical
stabilizers. Fly ash that possesses self-cementing property that can stabilizer / treat soil without
cement or lime are called Class C Fly ash, whereas that often used either with lime or cement in other
to make it more reactive are called Class F or non-cementing Fly ash. The mechanism of stabilization
for these stabilizers is almost similar regardless of few different processes. The overall stabilization
process can be summarized into four different processes (Prusinski and Bhattacharja, 1999; Mallela et
al 2004). All four processes mentioned below will occur in cement treated subgrade soils, whereas in
case of lime treated soils, cemetitious hydration will be absent due to lack of calcium aluminates
hydrate (C-A-H) after hydration of the stabilizer.

Cation Exchage
Flocculation and Agglomeration,
Pozzolanic Reaction.

16

Cation exchange includes an immediate reaction of the clay with the stabilizer within few minutes of
mixing, resulting in a soil with improved texture. The tetrahedral (T) and octahedral (0) combinations
of clay mineral in 1:1 (IT and 1O) or 2:1 (2T and 1O) have charge deficiency that result in the
prevalent in clay minerals along with water. However, these cations can be replaced by the higher
valence cations like Al+3, Ca+2, Mg+2 etc., so called cation exchange. During this process calcium rich
chemical stabilizer provides enough cations to replace the monovalent cations resulting in a reduced
thickness of diffused double layer (Geiman et al 2005). The calcium is released in suspension of
stabilizer soil water and will be available for the stabilization of soil. The general reaction of the
cement with water that yields calcium is presented in equation 2.1 and 2.2
C3S + H

- C-S-H+CaC0H2 .equation 2.1

C2 S+ H

- C-S- H + Ca [0H2] equation 2.2

Where H-H20, C=Ca, S = S, 02, C3 S= tri- calcium silicate, C2 S = di calcium silicate and C-S-H = C 3
S2 H3
Flocculation and agglomentation is the rearrangement of the clay particles from face orientation to
more compaction edge face orientation (Fig 2.2). The fine grained soil changes to the more coarse
grained with much more improved strength stiffness as well as workability (al-Mulchtar et al, 2010;
Brooks et al, 2010) as cation exchange, flocculation and agglomeration is also a short- term process,
which take place within few hours of mixing the stabilizer and water with sub-grade soil.

17

Fig 2.2 Flocculation and Agglomeration of Clay Particles (Prusinki and Bhattacharja, 1999).

CHAPTER THREE
3.0

METHODOLOGY AND STUDY AREA

3.1

STUDY AREA
This chapter is formulating appropriate methodology frame work to give detail background

about the study area in order to achieve the aim and objective of the study.
However the main purpose of this research work is on An Examination of Management of
Public Owned Gateway Media village with references to Ajebo, Ogun-State. In view of the above
study will need to determine the management tactics employed for the village include the poor
maintenance and that no professionals was involved in the management of the village.
3.1.1

GEOGRAPHICAL AREA
Abeokuta is a city in the southwest of Nigeria, which is the capital of the Ogun-State. The city

is located out the East side of the Ogun River, enclosing a cluster of rock-strewn protrusions above the
18

adjacent forested savannah. The city derives its name from the Olumo Rock, a gigantic outcrop of
granite rocks.
The city of Abeokuta is located at a distance of 100km from the city of Lagos. The city of
Ibadan, the capital of the Oyo-State, is located to the North of Abeokuta, about 70km away. Abeokuta
also has road connections to Ilaro, Shagamu, Iseyin and Ketou.

3.1.2

HISTROICAL BACKGROUND
Gateway Media Village was constructed by Ministry of Housing and Urban Development in

order to Housing the Journalist and Officials that covered Gateway festival in 2006 and also officials
of FIFA Junior world cup in that same year. But apart from this festival, Ogun-State Government have
the aim to used that estate as a low-cost housing for Government workers and private individuals
where they will be paying installmetally, which they want to used to develop Ajebo area. But the
lands belong to Federal Government but were given to Ogun-State Government in order to built
Gateway Media Village for Game village. The estate contain One hundred and forty unit [140] with
2bedrooms and 3bedrooms respectively. They also have landlord association in that estate which is
Triumphant Media Village where they look into the affair of that estate.
3.1.3

SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND
Abeokuta lies infertile country of wooded savannah, the surface of which is broken by masses

of grey granite which spread over an extensive area, being surround by mud walls 18millses in extent.
Palm-oil timber, rubber, yams, rice, cassava, maize, cotton, other fruits and shed better are the chief
articles of trade. It is a key export location for cocoa, palm products, fruit and kola nuts.

19

Abeokuta is the headquarters of Federal Ogun-Oshin river Basin Authority which is

responsible for development of land and water resources for Lagos, Ogun and Oyo states included in
this are irrigation, food processing and electrification local industries include but are not limited to
fruit canning plants, plastics, breweries, sawmills and an aluminium products factory. South of town
are the Aro Granite Quarries.

3.2

RESEARCH DESIGN
This study a systematic plan to study a scientific problem of this projects by using Descriptive

design to analysis this project very well because Descriptive deals with case-study naturalistic
observation, survey. Also the best method for collecting information that will demonstrate relationship
and describe the world as it exists.Onakoya (2014).
3.2.1

TARGET POPULATION
Population is the whole set for objects or individual about which statistical investigation

carried out, it refers to some total of all units of analysis. Before research is possible the population
must be clearly defined. The population of the study area is approximately 750 peoples. The numbers
of houses that are fully occupied in the study area is relatively more than the houses that is not
occupied.
3.2.2

DATA TYPES AND SOURCES

The sources of data used in this dissertation can be classified into two
i.
ii.

Primary sources
Secondary sources
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Primary sources is the in the form of personal interview and discussion with the land peoples
living in that estate and through the use of questionnaire to know that place is being managed
when is not under Ogun-State Property Investment Corporation. The secondary sources is
through relevant textbooks, journals published on Real Estate management, past projects and a
host of other sources that are considered vital to the study.
3.2.3

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
The techniques that is being adopted in this project is Random Sampling Techniques in other to

know the minds of the peoples in that estate toward the Management of that estate and the problems
they face in the management when it is not under the Ogun-State Government port folio Management,
which allows every units of a population or size an equal chance of selection with the attributes of
i.
ii.
3.2.3

Free from possible bias

Reliable estimates of population characteristics

DATA COLLECTION
The main data collection for this project is Primary Data Collection through personal interview

and discussion with the peoples living in that estate, through the Ministry of Housing and Urban
Development, Oke-Mosan and also through the use of Questionnaire to the people in the estate to
know there opinion about the estate.

3.2.5

METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS

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The method of Data Analysis is that would be used in this project is Descriptive Analysis
because it describe the main features of a collection of information and summarize a sample and the
observation that have been made which may be either quantitative i.e. summary statistics, or visual i.e
simple to understand graphs.Todd G. [2007].

3.2

RESEARCH DESIGN
A research design is the arrangement of condition for collection and analysis of data in a

manner the aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure. In order to
make this project a meaningful and to ensure valid result, a research process was gathered and
adopted. A diagrammatic representation of the research design is shown below.

Problem Identification Formulation and conceptualization of aim and objectives

Findings

Proposal

Data Analysis

Survey

Presentation

METHODS
Data collection techniques are reconnaissance survey, questionnaire, observation and interview.

RECOMMENDATION

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valuation and appreciation of the proposal with view of formulating policy, strategies and policy framework

3.2.1

DATA TYPES AND SOURCES

This study made use of two main sources of data which are the primary and secondary sources.
The primary source of data was based on the use of questionnaire, direct observation, interview

guide and the likes. The questionnaire covered such information as the distribution of household, age,
frequency of flood in the areas, causes of flood, problems caused by flood, types of drainage and
public role at minimizing or cubing flood.
The secondary source of information includes, data derived from academic journals,
magazines, test books, dissertations, encyclopedia and dictionaries, newspapers, government
documents, census department, metrological department, Town planning office etc
3.2.2

METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

3.2.2.1 PRIMARY SOURCES

Primary sources which include questionnaire method, personal field survey, physical
observation and oral interviews.

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QUESINTIONNAIRE: Involves the administration of questionnaire on the sampled and the

flood prone areas. The questionnaire covered all information aforementioned under primary

sources of data.
OBSERVATION METHOD: This involves a thorough examination of areas liable to flood
and also the impacts of flooding in the study area. The use of camera (photographs) to show the

intensity and gravity of flooding was also adopted.

PHYSICAL AND ORAL INTERVIEW: Involves physical and eye saw of event as it occurs
and asking of question from the inhabitants. The inhabitants were interviewed to know the
level of involvement as regard participation in the prevention of flood problem In Owode.

3.2.2.2 SECONDARY SOURCES OF DATA

This involves the sourcing of information in respect of this study through textbooks, journal,
internet surfing, seminar papers, monographs, magazines, newspapers and statistical data, related maps
from academic institution, government parastatal, ministries and non-governmental agencies both
published and unpublished data which are not directly from the field.
The secondary sources of data forms the literature that was reviewed in the second chapter of
the study and the literature read on the topics has contributed significantly to the success and quality of
this project.
The literature review gave insight into what the overall meaning of the subject matter is and it
helps in knowing what next to do when such a problem has been identified
3.2.3

SAMPLE AND SAMLING TECHNIQUES

A sample is a fraction or proportions of the entire population selected to represent the total

population. In order word, A sample is a smaller representation of a larger whole. The law of statistical
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regularity states that a group of objects selected at random from a population tends to possess the
characteristics of the larger group. This law is real only if the samples are chosen by a method in
which every items of the population have an equal chance of selection.
A proportionate systematic sampling method is used through which houses are selected at some
regular interval. Every third house along the street is sampled. A total of one hundred questionnaires
were made, sixty questionnaires for Iso-Garri and the remaining forty for Omosanya street. Every third
household along each street are systematically sampled. N units in a population are numbered I to N in
some order, to select a sample of n units, a unit was took at random from the first K units and every k th
unit after.
SAMPLE FRAME
In the two areas mentioned earlier a total number of 423 houses were identified. 328 in Iso-garri and
195 were identified in Omosanya area. While hundred houses were sampled representing one-third of
the total houses (428) in the study area.

SAMPLE SIZE
The people from this sampled houses were interviewed, that is, a total of 60 questionnaires were
administered in Iso-garri, while a total of 40 questionnaires were administered in Omosanya area.
Hence, a total number of 100 questionnaires were administered across all the two areas.
3.3

INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION

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Instrument simply means the devices, tools, equipment etc used in the collection of data by the
researcher.
The Instrument for data collection are as follows to enable the research work to be successful.
1. QUETIONNAIRE: This involves the preparation of list of relevant questions administered on
the identified respondent.
2. INTERVIEW: This involves the direct questioning or probing of the respondent about the
subject matter of the research with a view to gathering useful information that form the basis of
the finding of the research.
3. CAMERA: Photographs of the flood prone areas were taken to present the existing situation of
the study area.
4. TABLES AND FIGURES: The information gathered are tabulated and illustrated with tables
and figures.

3.4

VALIDATION
The questionnaire used for the research work was properly checked by the project supervisor
before administering them. Other instrument such as photographs, figures etc. are also validated
for the project.

3.5

METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS

Descriptive and inferential methods are of data analysis were used to analyze the collected

data. The use of table, maps and photographs were employed for this study. The tables were used to
analyze some background characteristics of the respondents, existing facilities and services and their
collection in the study area, which owing to change done by the flood. Maps were also used to aid our

26

understanding of the subject matter. Photographs were used to present the true pictures of the sampled
areas and it helps a lot in expressing the situation to the people and technocrats
3.6 LIMITATION
No research is done without facing some challenges. Therefore, the limitations of this research work
are as follows;
1. Lack of access to photographs
2. Inability to enter some historical places in the study area
3. Lack of adequate information from the respondents
.

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