Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
for development of
processes
which
utilize
non-traditional
other
machining
methods
such
as
In Unconventional Machining
Different forms of energy directly applied to the
workpiece to have shape transformation or material
removal from work surface.
No chips, No lay pattern on work surface, no direct
physical contact between the tool and the workpiece .
The tool material does not have to be harder than the
work material.
Tool forces do not increase as the work material gets
harder.
Economic metal removal rate does not decrease as the
work material gets harder.
Classification of NTMM
The Non-traditional Machining Methods are classified
according to the major energy sources employed in
machining.
1. Thermal Energy Methods
2. Electro - Chemical Energy Method
Some Observations
EDM has the lowest specific power requirement and can
USM
3. Fine hole drilling and Contour Machining: ECM
4. Clean, rapid Cuts and Profiles: PAM
5. Shallow Pocketing: AJM
Limitations of NTMM
Expensive set up, low MRR and skilled labour required.
The limitation of electrical machining methods is that
ECM
Electrochemical Machining
Electrochemical machining is the reverse of electro
plating
The work-piece is made the anode, which is placed in
close proximity to an electrode (cathode), and a highamperage direct current is passed between them through
an electrolyte, such as salt water, flowing in the anodecathode gap.
Metal is removed by anodic dissolution and is carried
away in the form of a hydroxide in the electrolyte for
recycling or recovery.
MRR in ECM depends on atomic weight of work material
Electrochemical Machining
Variation in the current density will result in work
taking the electrodes shape.
The electrode is fed with a constant velocity, and the
ECM Equipment
ECM Equipment
Supply Voltage 2 to 35 V DC and Current 500 to 40,000 A
The tool-to-work gap needs to be maintained at a very
small value 0.1 to 0.25 mm. A servo drive is provided on
ECM Equipment
The electrolyte consists of the metal debris removed
from the anode, which will have to be filtered before it is
re-pumped into the system.
Also a large amount of heat is generated during the
electrolysis, which heats up the electrolyte, and hence it
needs to be cooled.
Electrolyte
The electrolyte is so chosen that the anode (workpiece)
is dissolved but no deposition takes place on the cathode
(tool).
Properties electrolyte should be
1. High electrical conductivity
2. Low viscosity
3. High specific heat
4. Chemical stability
5. Resistance to formation of passivating film on
workpiece surface
6. Non-corrosive and non-toxic
7. Inexpensive and readily available
Tool
The properties of tool materials should be:
1.
2.
Easy machinability
3.
Good shiffness
4.
Advantages
1. Complex three-dimensional surfaces can be machined
accurately. Good for low machinability or complicated
shapes.
Disadvantages
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Applications
Any electrically conductive work material irrespective
EDM
Physical Principle
Basic process
Physical Principle
An arc jumps between two points along the path of least
resistance.
Physical Principle
The energy of the arc is so concentrated that it causes the
electrode, and the work to melt. But the electrode
material is chosen so that it melts less.
Physical Principle
The metal and dielectric fluid is partly vaporized,
causing sudden expansion.
Physical Principle
The blast from the expanding vapors knocks some
molten particles loose, and the remaining molten metal
hardens.
Characteristics of EDM
Mechanics of material removal - melting and
evaporation aided by cavitation.
The process is based on melting temperature, not
Characteristics of EDM
Uses Voltage of 60 to 300 V to give a transient arc lasting
from 0.1 s to 8 ms.
Typical cycle time is 20 ms or less, up to millions of
EDM Tool
Prime requirements EDM tool Material
1. It should be electrically conductive.
2. It should have good machinability, thus allowing
easy manufacture of complex shapes.
3. It should have low erosion rate or good work to tool
wear ratio.
4. It should have low electrical resistance.
5. It should have high melting point.
6. It should have high electron emission.
EDM Tool
The usual choices for tool (electrode) materials are
Copper,
brass,
alloys of zinc and tin,
hardened plain carbon steel,
copper tungsten,
silver tungsten,
tungsten carbide,
copper graphite, and graphite.
Wear Ratio
One major drawback of EDM is the wear that occurs on
the electrode at each spark. Tool wear is given in terms of
wear ratio which is defined as,
Volume of metal removed work
Wear ratio =
Volume of metal removed tool
Servo-Mechanism
The gap between the tool and work has a critical
Dielectric Fluid
Fluid is used to act as a dielectric, and to help carry away
debris.
If the fluid is pumped through and out the end of the
electrode, particles will push out, and mainly collect at
the edges. They will lower the dielectric resistance,
resulting in more arcs. As a result the holes will be
conical.
If fluid is vacuum pumped into the electrode tip, straight
holes will result.
Quite often kerosene-based oil.
The dielectric fluid is circulated through the tool at a
pressure of 0.35 N/m2 or less. To free it from eroded
metal particles, it is circulated through a filter.
Advantages
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Disadvantages
1. Only electrically conductive materials can be machined
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Applications
EDM can be used for machining any material that is
Applications
EDM is particularly useful when dealing with internal
Applications
The method is also employed for blanking parts from sheets,
Wire EDM
Wire EDM is a special form of EDM wherein the
electrode.
The electrode wire is typically made with a 0.05 to 0.25-
Wire EDM
This process is much faster than electrode EDM.
This process is widely used for the manufacture of
Ultrasonic Machining
Ultrasonic Machining
Ultrasonic Machining
In ultrasonic machining, a tool of desired shape vibrates at an
Process Parameters
Ultrasonic Machine
Ultrasonic Machine
The basic mechanical structure of an USM is very similar
to a drill press.
It has additional features to carry out USM of brittle
work material.
The workpiece is mounted on a vice, which can be
located at the desired position under the tool using a 2
axis table.
The table can further be lowered or raised to
accommodate work of different thickness.
Slurry delivery and return system
Ultrasonic Machine
Feed mechanism to provide a downward feed force on
the tool during machining
The transducer, which generates the ultrasonic vibration
Subsystems of USM
B
Transducer
The ultrasonic vibrations are produced by the
transducer. The transducer is driven by suitable signal
generator followed by power amplifier. The transducer
for USM works on the following principle
Piezoelectric effect
Magnetostrictive effect
Electrostrictive effect
cheaper.
Tool
Tools should be constructed from relatively ductile
materials.
The harder the tool material, the faster its wear rate will
be.
Limitations
Low MRR
Rather high tool wear
Low depth of hole
Applications
Used for machining hard and brittle metallic alloys,
semiconductors, glass, ceramics, carbides etc.
Used for machining round, square, irregular shaped
69
laser welding
Successive pulses from laser gun vaporize tiny bits of
workpiece
Location of laser beam controlled by computer
Workpiece need not be conductive
Cuts are tapered
Gotta trap overshoot from laser beam
70
engines
71
electron
beam
directed
toward
workpiece
Energy of electron beam melts/ vaporizes selected
region of workpiece
Electron beam moved by deflection coils
Similar process to EB welding
72
73
74
75
77
Advantages of AJM
Can be used in any material, conductive, non-
machined.
Disadvantages of AJM
Low MRR
Possibility of stray cutting
Application of AJM
Cutting and drilling on metal foils and thin
automobile windows
Cleaning, polishing and deburring the surface
Abrasive WJ Cutting
Used to cut much harder materials
Water is not used directly to cut material as in Pure,
do the cutting
80-mesh garnet (sandpaper) is typically used though 50
Abrasive WJ Cutting
Evolution
of
mixing
tube
technology
Standard Tungsten Carbide
lasts 4-6 hours (not used much
anymore)
Premium Composite Carbide
lasts 100-150 hours
Consumables include water,
abrasive, orifice and mixing
tube