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NO: 6
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
TECHNIQUES ON SDR PLATFORM
6a) MIMO channel model with beamforming
AIM
To design and analyze the MIMO channel model with beamforming on SDR
platform
THEORY
INTRODUCTION
Software-defined radio (SDR) is a radio communication system where
components that have been typically implemented in hardware (e.g. mixers, filters,
amplifiers, modulators/demodulators, detectors, etc.) are instead implemented by means
of software on a personal computer or embedded system. A basic SDR system may
consist of a personal computer equipped with a sound card, or other analog-to-digital
converter, preceded by some form of RF front end. Significant amounts of signal
processing are handed over to the general-purpose processor, rather than being done in
special-purpose hardware. Such a design produces a radio which can receive and transmit
widely different radio protocols (sometimes referred to as waveforms) based solely on the
software used.
Software radios have significant utility for the military and cell phone services,
both of which must serve a wide variety of changing radio protocols in real time.In the
long term, software-defined radios are expected by proponents like the SDRForum (now
The Wireless Innovation Forum) to become the dominant technology in radio
communications. SDRs, along with software defined antennas are the enablers of the
cognitive radio.
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
APPLICATIONS
Mobile radio telephone
High-Speed Packet Access plus (HSPA+)
CODING
% MATLAB source code for computing the snr for 2*2 MIMO channel model with
beamforming
clc;
clear all;
close all;
N = 10^6; % number of bits or symbols
Eb_N0_dB = [0:25]; % multiple Eb/N0 values
nTx = 2;
nRx = 2;
for ii = 1:length(Eb_N0_dB)
% Transmitter
ip = rand(1,N)>0.5; % generating 0,1 with equal probability
s = 2*ip-1; % BPSK modulation 0 -> -1; 1 -> 1
sMod = kron(s,ones(nRx,1)); %
sModt = reshape(sMod,[nRx,nTx,N/nTx]); % grouping in [nRx,nTx,N/NTx ] matrix
h = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(nRx,nTx,N/nTx) + j*randn(nRx,nTx,N/nTx)]; % Rayleigh channel
n = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(nRx,N/nTx) + j*randn(nRx,N/nTx)]; % white gaussian noise, 0dB
variance
end
for count = 1 : no_of_sources
source(count) = array_center - ((no_of_sources-1)/2)*array_offset + (count - 1)
*array_offset ;
for( k = 1:no_of_phases)
phase(count,k) = (count-1)*phase_offset(k) ;
end
end
x_upper = -6.0 ;
x_lower = 6.0 ;
x_count = 150 ;
delta_x = (x_upper - x_lower) / ( x_count) ;
y_lower = 3*lambda ;
y_upper = 3*lambda + 12.0 ;
y_count = 150 ;
delta_y = (y_upper - y_lower) / ( y_count) ;
for( k = 1:no_of_phases)
for( count1 = 1:x_count)
for( count2 = 1:y_count)
field(count1,count2,k) = 0.0 ;
pos = x_lower + (count1 - 1)*delta_x + j*( y_lower + (count2 - 1)*delta_y ) ;
for( count3 = 1:no_of_sources)
dist = abs( source(count3) - pos ) ;
field(count1,count2,k) = field(count1,count2,k) + sqrt(2*j/(pi*wave_number*dist))*exp(j*(wave_number*dist + phase(count3,k)) ) ;
end
end
end
end
% Maximum Likelihood Receiver
% if [s1 s2 ] = [+1,+1 ]
sHat1 = [1 1];
sHat1 = repmat(sHat1,[1 ,N/2]);
sHat1Mod = kron(sHat1,ones(nRx,1));
sHat1Mod = reshape(sHat1Mod,[nRx,nTx,N/nTx]);
zHat1 = squeeze(sum(h.*sHat1Mod,2)) ;
J11 = sum(abs(y - zHat1),1);
% if [s1 s2 ] = [+1,-1 ]
sHat2 = [1 -1];
sHat2 = repmat(sHat2,[1 ,N/2]);
sHat2Mod = kron(sHat2,ones(nRx,1));
sHat2Mod = reshape(sHat2Mod,[nRx,nTx,N/nTx]);
zHat2 = squeeze(sum(h.*sHat2Mod,2)) ;
J10 = sum(abs(y - zHat2),1);
% if [s1 s2 ] = [-1,+1 ]
sHat3 = [-1 1];
OUTPUT
RESULT
Thus the MIMO channel model with beamforming on SDR platform was
designed and analyzed.
THEORY
BEAMFORMING
Beamforming has the advantage of limiting interference. Beamforming is a wellknown spatial filtering technique which can be used to direct the communication
transmission or reception energy in the presence of noise and interference. Beamforming
allows the establishment of a communication link between the secondary users by
exploiting the absence of a licensed users communication link in a certain geographical
location, also known as the spatial spectrum holes. The definition of spectrum holes is the
frequency bands which are assigned to primary users, which at a particular time and
specific geographical location are not used by them. The basic idea of beamforming in
cognitive radio is to direct the radio signal to the direction of the destination, and to
minimize the transmission energy towards the primary users. This way we can suppress
the interference caused by the secondary users to the primary users. In a multiple-antenna
system, beamforming exploits channel knowledge in the transmitter to maximize the
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver.
CODING
clear all;
close all;
clc;
N = 10^6 % number of bits or symbols
% Transmitter
ip = rand(1,N)>0.5; % generating 0,1 with equal probability
s = 2*ip-1; % BPSK modulation 0 -> -1; 1 -> 0
nTx = 2;
Eb_N0_dB = [0:35]; % multiple Eb/N0 values
for ii = 1:length(Eb_N0_dB)
n = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(1,N) + j*randn(1,N)]; % white gaussian noise, 0dB variance
OUTPUT
N=1000000
RESULT
Thus the transmit beam forming on SDR platform was designed and analyzed.